Physical activity affects the condition of the cardiovascular system. Regular exercise has been suggested to delay or prevent an increase in arterial stiffness [1], which is an independent marker of coronary atherosclerosis and a predictor parameter of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality [2]. However, high-intensity aerobic exercise causes systemic vascular remodeling that shifts the effect of aerobic exercise from cardioprotective to atherogenic and increases the risk of coronary heart disease [3].
A new method for determining approved indicators of cardiovascular risk is the oscillometric method, which evaluates pulse wave velocity (PWV) and central aortic pressure [4]. This method allows evaluation of elastic properties of the aorta on the basis of PWV and pulse wave reflection expressed as the aortic augmentation index (AIx) and pulse pressure amplification (PPA). These parameters are valuable for cardiovascular risk evaluation [5].
Aerobic, extremely vigorous exercise is a special challenge for cardiovascular system adaptation. Still there is insufficient knowledge about the temporary response of the vascular wall to hyperkinetic circulation. We decided to evaluate the hemodynamic response of the cardiovascular system to a half marathon race in amateur runners, in particular for the estimation of cardiovascular risk factors including arterial stiffness and parameters describing pulse wave form during recovery.
The study group consisted of healthy male amateur runners (n = 8, age 27 ±2 years, weight 77.1 ±7.3 kg, height 182 ±8.0 cm, body mass index (BMI) 23.2 ±1.3 kg/m2). Participants were selected through medical screening before the study (according to the guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine and pre-participation medical screening [6]).
Exclusion criteria were: age ≥ 30 years, cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes mellitus, peripheral arterial disease, alcohol, obesity, smoking, history of vascular surgery, arrhythmia, cardiac valvulopathy or myocardial ischemia, drug treatment, and disorders in ECG.
All subjects of the study completed the full course (21.097 km) with a time between 1:18.22 and 1:51.45 hours.
Blood pressure and pulse waveform were evaluated in the supine position after 15 min of rest by means of the oscillometric method using Vasotens technology (BP Lab) [7]. The measurements were obtained on the left arm three days before the race and 30 min after the end of the half marathon race. Examination was continued until it revealed repetitive results. The peripheral arterial waveform was registered at the brachial artery during step-by-step deflation, and after “transfer function” application was used for evaluation of central aortic pressure, PWV, reflected wave transit time (RWTT), and ejection duration (ED). The augmentation index set to 75 heart beats per minute (AIx75), PPA, and subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR) were analyzed from the central pulse wave form.
Statistical analysis included the Shapiro-Wilk test to confirm the normal distribution of the data. Parameters before and after the half marathon race were compared using an dependent Student’s t test. For parameters with a non-normal distribution, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for small groups was applied. Results were regarded as statistically significant at p < 0.05.
Comparison of blood pressure values presented in Table I demonstrated absence of significant differences in peripheral and central blood pressure between pre- and post-half marathon conditions. However, after the half marathon race, the runners showed significantly decreased aortic pulse pressure (PP). There was an increase of heart rate (HR) and a decrease of ED (Table II); both variables changed significantly.
Table I.
Peripheral and central blood pressure
| Variables | Pre-half marathon | Post-half marathon | Significance P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | ± SD | Mean | ± SD | ||
| HR [bpm] | 56 | 13 | 93 | 8 | 0.0002 |
| SBP [mm Hg] | 131 | 11 | 129 | 13 | NS |
| DBP [mm Hg] | 69 | 4 | 64 | 10 | NS |
| MBP [mm Hg] | 90 | 8 | 84 | 10 | NS |
| PP [mm Hg] | 61 | 7 | 65 | 8 | NS |
| SBPao [mm Hg] | 116 | 7 | 106 | 10 | NS |
| DBPao [mm Hg] | 69 | 4 | 64 | 10 | NS |
| PPao [mm Hg] | 47 | 4 | 41 | 5 | 0.044 |
Values for n = 8, HR – heart rate, SBP – systolic blood pressure, DBP – diastolic blood pressure, MBP – mean blood pressure, PP – pulse pressure, SBPao – aortic systolic blood pressure, DBPao – aortic diastolic blood pressure, PPao – aortic pulse pressure, NS – not significant.
Table II.
Parameters of aortic pulse wave
| Variables | Pre-half marathon | Post-half marathon | Significance P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | ± SD | Mean | ± SD | ||
| PWV [m/s] | 8.2 | 0.84 | 11.87 | 1.58 | 0.000006 |
| RWTT [ms] | 171.0 | 13.62 | 118.9 | 14.3 | 0.000001 |
| AIx75 (%) | –9.5 | 12.2 | 5.8 | 4.2 | 0.02 |
| PPA (%) | 129.0 | 5.1 | 156.7 | 7.4 | 0.0006 |
| ED [ms] | 383.0 | 77.7 | 274.9 | 19.5 | 0.008 |
| SEVR (%) | 152.6 | 59.6 | 87.4 | 20.7 | NS |
Values for n = 8. PWV – pulse wave velocity, RWTT – reflected wave transit time, AIx75 – augmentation index set to 75 heart beats per minute, PPA – pulse pressure amplification, ED – ejection duration, SEVR – subendocardial viability ratio, NS – not significant.
The results presented in Table II showed that the half marathon race significantly affected aortic stiffness. We noted a decrease of RWTT parallel to the increase of PWV. Central pulse wave form analysis revealed significant increase of AIx75 and PPA. Nevertheless, we observed an insignificant change of SEVR.
Our findings are summarized as follows. First, our data demonstrate that participation in a half marathon race was accompanied with a significant increase in aortic stiffness and wave reflection indexes immediately after the race. Second, blood supply in comparison with the oxygen requirement of the heart evaluated by SEVR was not impaired. Third, peripheral and central blood pressure remained unchanged.
Pulse wave velocity and AIx increase in parallel to cardiovascular risk factors [5]. In healthy young men with compliant arteries, the reflected pressure wave returns to the heart during late systole. This phenomenon protects the microvascular circulation from damage and improves blood flow through the coronary system. The PWV and AIx75 of our study participants, who are amateur runners, significantly rose after the marathon race. This is consistent with the demonstrated increase of arterial stiffness in response to a rising load level in a clinical exercise test in young men who do not participate in regular exercise training [8]. However, high PWV results in earlier arrival of reflected waves, and thereby augments central systolic pressure during early systole and raises afterload to the heart. There was noted increased PWV and AIx together with central systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and HR in response to an exercise test [9]. In our study, HR increased as well. However, central and peripheral blood pressure, together with MAP, was maintained even if ED decreased.
It was reported that left ventricular end diastolic volume declined immediately after the marathon [10]. On the basis of our study, we suggest that the probability of stroke volume decrease after a half marathon race could be equilibrated by an increase of aortic stiffness and pulse wave reflection indexes. This phenomenon could support the systemic blood pressure level. During exercise, PPA changes because of preferential stiffening of peripheral arteries [8]. In our study, increase of PPA could help eventually maintain blood pressure after the race.
Extremely high endurance effort connected with a marathon race affects cardiovascular system remodeling. It is reported that long-term participants develop large-artery wall stiffness, coronary artery calcification, and acute ischemia-reperfusion injury to the heart, leading to myocardial fibrosis [3]. Thus, the temporary response of the aortic wall to a marathon race seems to be a cardiovascular risk factor but with delayed action.
We conclude that young male amateur runners reveal transient alteration of the aorta’s properties after a marathon race. It manifests in the form of great vessels’ stiffening and augmented wave reflection parallel to maintained blood pressure.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
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