Multidrug intolerance in the treatment of hypertension: result from an audit of a specialized hypertension service

Abstract

Background:

Hypertension as a cardiovascular disease risk factor continues to take a heavy toll on the population despite efforts with containment. Poor control, even among those on treatment, is part of the challenge and results from patient, physician and health system factors. When the problem resides at patient level, adherence is largely responsible. An entity defined as multidrug intolerance (MDI) is hardly considered. A situation when a patient is willing to adhere but is compelled otherwise could frustrate both patient and physician. Encountering a few such cases prompted the author to audit his specialized hypertension service in order to evaluate the burden of MDI and its associations.

Methods:

Between 7 May and 30 July 2016 (to cover a 12-week cycle which ensured all attendees were captured), all patients attending follow up for blood pressure control had their records evaluated for intolerance to three or more different classes of anti-hypertensives, which defines MDI. Their ages, sex, control state and co-morbidities were extracted from the records.

Results:

A total of 489 patients with hypertension were seen over the period; 271 (55.4%) of whom were women and 248 (50.7%) were uncontrolled. Overall 15 (3.1%) satisfied the definition of MDI; 10 women and 5 men. All the men with MDI were uncontrolled while 7 out of the 10 women were uncontrolled; with two having premenstrual syndrome as co-morbidity. A total of four patients (three men, one woman) had history suggesting allergy and two (one man, one woman) were on treatment for anxio-depressive illness.

Conclusion:

MDI does occur in sub-Sahara African patients with hypertension and should be considered before describing hypertension as resistant or considering alternative treatments including device therapy. Staggering doses or trying different formulations could be of benefit.

Introduction

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) negatively affect drug adherence¹ and in the treatment of hypertension result in sub-optimal blood pressure control. This takes a heavy toll on patients with regard to morbidity and mortality. When a patient is intolerant of three or more drugs with no clear immunological mechanism, a clinical entity called multidrug intolerance (MDI) is said to exist.² According to some workers,³ it occurs almost exclusively in patients of white European ethnicity. One encounters in practice in Jos, Nigeria, patients who are intolerant of anti-hypertensives at initiation or at some point down the line of treatment. This variability in time-to-symptom has been previously observed. When early, pre-existing cross reactive memory CD8 T-cells are pathogenic while immune-mediated ADRs of delayed onset results from activation of de novo T-cells.⁴ This makes control impossible, frustrating the physician and leaving the patient at risk of complications, with huge economic and psychosocial consequences. At times life is lost.

This entity which patients describe poorly or with difficulty stands in the way of treatment as control is poor³ and patients resist re-introduction of drugs for treatment. This makes them willing converts to phytomedicine and nutraceuticals in the erroneous belief that as ‘natural products’, they are like food and devoid of untoward effects. Encountering a few among local patients in this sub-Sahara African facility, against the back drop that it has not been reported in Blacks despite their association with resistant hypertension,⁵ one was encouraged to scrutinize the hypertension database of this specialized hypertension service. This was with a view to assessing the quantum of the problem, and to be able to plan containment strategies. No series of this entity has been reported in our sub-region to the best of the author’s knowledge.

Methodology

The author runs a purely outpatient-based specialized hypertension service in Jos, Nigeria where patients come on their own volition or are referred from about 10 out of the 36 states of Nigeria. Occasionally they come from far-flung states on the advice of their relations resident in Jos. The reasons for referral vary but are mostly for hypertension associated with target organ involvement, co-morbidities and difficulties to control. Effectively, patients come from all cultural backgrounds and cut across sex and socioeconomic strata in Nigeria, the most populous Black nation in the world.

Patients are seen solely by the author and are given appointments ranging from 2–12 weeks. Over 3 months (May–July 2016) to cover a 12-week cycle which ensured all attendees were captured, all patients with hypertension consulting the author had their records evaluated for intolerance to three or more different classes of anti-hypertensives. This was made easy because as a matter of practice, any reported drug intolerance is usually documented on the case note to avoid patients being prescribed such drugs subsequently. Drugs prescribed depended on patients’ cardiovascular disease profile. The consent for use of data of those with documented evidence of intolerance to three or more anti-hypertensives was sought and given in all instances. Their ages, sex, control status and co-morbidities were extracted from the records and entered on a data collection sheet. No patient was recorded more than once. Data were anonymized to avoid breach of confidentiality, obviating the need for Institutional Board Review. Only frequencies and percentages are presented.

Results

A total of 489 patients with hypertension were seen, 271 (55.4%) of whom were women. About half 248/489 were uncontrolled. Overall, 15 out of the 489 (3.1%) consisting of 10 women and five men, satisfied the definition of MDI. Their ages ranged from 38–71 years of age with most of them being in their 7th decade of life. All the 5 men in this sub-group were uncontrolled while 7 out of the 10 women were uncontrolled. Overall, two of the women suffered from premenstrual syndrome. A total of 8 out of the 15 (2 men, 6 women) had a history suggestive of allergy; and two (1 man, 1 woman) were on treatment for anxio-depressive illness. Most drug classes were represented and patients reported palpitations, dizziness, tinnitus, insomnia, headache, body aches and being restless as symptoms of intolerance, which were of such severity to interfere with daily routine and prompt discontinuation before reporting to author. In some cases, the intolerance was reported with one brand only of a drug and not the others, or they would initially tolerate a drug but show intolerance later and vice versa. Table 1 shows details of drugs the patients were intolerant of with co-morbidities and current regimen.

Table 1.

Drugs causing intolerance with description of reactions in study population.

S/No	Sex	Age	HBP drugs	Reaction	Other drugs	Remarksb
1	F	58 years	Atenolol	‘Bad’a	Cataflam	Moduretic daily
			Nifedipine	Backachec	C/Col	Carvedilol 3.125 mg daily
			Moduretic	Coughc		(No co-morbidity)
2	F	64 years	Norvasc	Headache	Maldox	Miniplus daily
			Diovan	‘Terrible’a		Norvasc 10 mg daily
			Amlovas	Very weakc		(Co-morbid diabetes)
			Zestoretic	Dizzy
			Telmisartan	Body painc
			Inderal	Plantar painc
			Tritazide	Body painc
			Arbitel – H	Body itchingc
3	M	66 years	Miniplus	Tinnitusc	Ciproflox	Nebilong 5 mg daily
			Rosart	Headachec	Erythromycin	(Co-morbid depression)
			Atenolol	Tight chest
			Exforge HCT	Body painc
			Norvasc	‘Bad’a
			Moduretic	Body painc
			Nebilong-H	Tinnitusc
4	F	34 years	Thiapril	Tinnitusc	Depo-Provera	Ramitace 2.5 mg in 3 days
			Lofral	Epigastric painc	Fansidar	(Co-morbid PMS)
			Ramitace	Dizziness	Zaditen
			Miniplus	Palpitationsc	Amiodarone
			Tritace	Chest painc	Tryptizol
5	F	63 years	Atenolol	Palpitationsc	Amoxyl	Asomex 2.5 mg 5 days/weeks
			Losartan	Heartburnc	Rosuvastatin	Aldactone 25 mg 2 days/weeks
			Thiapril	Cough		(Co-morbid depression)
			Asomex	Head ache
			Miniplus	Insomniac
			Tenoric	Head achec
6	F	54 years	Sinepress	Flushing	Cognitol	Moduretic daily
			Atenolol	‘Bad’a	Coenzyme Q10	Atenolol 25 mg in 3 days
			Moduretic	Palpitationsc	Eve	(Co-morbid PMS)
7	M	62 years	Miniplus	‘Bad’a	Crestor	Plendil 5 mg daily
			Moduretic	Chest painc	Aldactone 12.5 mg daily
			Co-Diovan	Body painc	(Co-morbid Met Syn)
8	F	66 years	Atenolol	Palpitationsc	Oruvail	Hydrex 50 mg daily
			Nifedipine	Insomniac		(Co-morbid Rh. Dx)
			Junolol	Palpitationsc
			Cascor	Insomniac
			Hydrex	Palpitationsc
9	F	68 years	Rosart	Body painc	Nil	Tenoric 25 mg alt day
			Miniplus	Tinnitusc		S/amlodipine 2.5 mg daily
			Carvedilol	Catarrhc
			Atenolol	Headachec
10	F	65 years	Cladipine	Headache	Nil	No drug
			Tenoretic	Dry skin	Nil
			Thiapril	Carpal spasmsc
11	M	38 years	Cardvedilol	Headachec	Nil	Miniplus daily
			Acefex	Headache
			Arbitel H	Headachec
12	M	63 years	Miniplus	Heavinessc	Nil	Hyporetic daily
			Amlodipine	Heavinessc		Aldactone 25 mg daily
			Hyporetic	Head achec		Lasix 40 mg daily
			Twynstar	‘Bad’a		(Co-morbid Stroke)
13	F	54 years	Lisinopril	Headachec	Nil	Nebilong 2.5 mg weekly
			Moduretic	‘Bad’a
			Aldomet	Lethargy
			Amlodipine	‘Bad’a
			Nebilong-H	Headachec
14	F	56 years	Aldactone	Giddinessc	Dolobid	Aldactone 25 mg bid
			Thiapril	Weight gainc	Perfloxacin	(Co-morbid MetSyn)
			Asomex	Body painc
			Cardrex	Ankle swelling
			Lisofil	Wheezing
			Carvedilol	‘Bad’a
			Diovan	Headachec
15	M	71 years	Diovan	Giddiness	Aloe vera	Cilzec 40 mg in 3 days
			Co-diovan	Body rashc	Voltaren	(Co-morbid Met Syn)
			Moduretic	Joint pains	Cashew nuts
			Aldomet	Body rashc
			Asomex	Palpitation
			Losium	Body itchingc
			Brinerdin	Body rash
			Arbitel H	‘Bad’a

^a‘Bad’ and ‘Terrible’ were terms used by patients to describe reactions that they could not clearly describe.

^bDrugs under remarks column are current regimen.

^cIndicates reactions not readily anticipated from pharmacology and considered Type B or off-target. C/Col, chloramphenicol; F, female; M, male; Met Syn, metabolic syndrome; Nebilong-H, nebivolol + hydrochlorothiazide; PMS, premenstrual syndrome; Rh. Dx, rheumatoid disease.

Discussion

There are individual and group variations in drug response in different disease entities.⁶ With hypertension, inter-patient variability in drug response could be huge, and reasons for varying response to a particular drug and cardiovascular outcomes are still blurred.⁷ As a result, a more person-centered approach to treatment of hypertension would be beneficial. This nonuniformity in response led some workers to wade into a new frontier of ‘personalized medicine’, which for hypertension, seeks to avert patient-specific risk factors for ADRs.⁸ Though most ADRs to anti-hypertensives do not threaten life directly, they do so indirectly by contributing to nonadherence and adverse outcomes with heavy economic burden.⁹ Generally, ADRs are said to be a great burden to patients and health systems alike, with the majority being predictable (Type A/on-target) and about 20% which are not readily anticipated (Type B/off-target).⁴

Almost all drug classes were involved and prominent symptoms of intolerance prompting discontinuation included palpitations, dizziness, tinnitus, insomnia and body aches among others. More women were affected in this series. Sex representation has varied in different series, though on balance more women are reportedly affected.³ Physiological differences impacting on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics across sexes are considered plausible.¹⁰ Patients with a background of allergy are also said to be prone, as some of them would also have ADRs to other drug classes.¹¹ Overall, 8 eight of them also reacted to either or both of antibiotics or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. (See Table 1). For these, altered mast cell degranulation may be the underlying mechanism.¹² An imbalance of the immune system manifesting excess activation of effector T-cells and inadequately low function of T-Reg cells has been reported in some cases.¹³ In this series 8/15 gave histories suggesting allergy disease and may actually have what is called ‘multiple drug allergy syndrome’. The link with anxio-depressive illness has also been made.¹⁴ This is because of their predisposition to nocebo effect¹⁵ and some nonpharmacologically expected as well as nonidiopathic ADRs which are exaggerated in severity.¹⁶ Overall, 2 of the 15 patients meeting the criteria for diagnosis of MDI in this series were already on treatment for anxio-depressive disorders.

The 3.1% prevalence of MDI in this series is slightly higher than the 2.1% in the United States (US) population.¹⁷ It is understandable since this series focused on patients with hypertension in a specialized hypertension clinic while the US data were population-wide. Some MDI reactions may arise from nonspecific histamine release. Histamine in the human circulation evokes the release of adrenaline from the adrenal glands. This would increase the rate and force of cardiac contraction¹¹ resulting in instances of palpitation, headache, tinnitus, increased alertness and insomnia, anxiety and panic attacks. Reactions to drug classes in one formulation as opposed to another may be due to difference in excipients used by different manufacturers or differences in physicochemical properties of solid dose formulations.³ All considered, the fact that 12/15 patients satisfying the diagnosis of MDI had their blood pressures uncontrolled shows how much this can cause sub-optimal control and should worry clinicians caring for patients with hypertension. For these patients, it may be helpful to consider reducing total cardiovascular disease risk profile rather than pushing blood pressure reduction to an arbitrary cutoff point with attendant risk of drug reaction and its consequences. In such cases, a higher blood pressure level may be accepted as ‘satisfactory goal’ provided other cardiovascular disease risk factors which increase morbidity are well controlled.

In conclusion, MDI does occur in Nigerian patients with hypertension. When blood pressure control is poor and drug adherence is suspect, the possibility of MDI should be explored among other issues. Such patients should be offered staggered doses of solid formulations, liquefied or topical formulations before considering device-based therapy. Staggered doses of solid formulations seem to work here in preventing ADRs (See Table 1) where drugs are given on alternate days, every third day and once a week. Liquefied and topical formulations were not readily available and hence not administered.