Abstract
Using the cloned Saccharomyces cerevisiae YPT1 gene as hybridization probe, a gene, designated ypt2, was isolated from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and found to encode a 200 amino acid long protein most closely related to the ypt branch of the ras superfamily. Disruption of the ypt2 gene is lethal. The bacterially produced ypt2 gene product is shown to bind GTP. A region of the ypt2 protein corresponding to but different from the 'effector region' of ras proteins is also different from that of ypt1 proteins of different species but identical to the 'effector loop' of the S.cerevisiae SEC4 gene product, a protein known to be required for vesicular protein transport. The S.pombe ypt2 gene under control of the S.cerevisiae GAL10 promoter is able to suppress the temperature-sensitive phenotype of a S. cerevisiae sec4 mutant, indicating a functional similarity of these GTP-binding proteins from the two very distantly related yeasts.
Full text
PDF





Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Adari H., Lowy D. R., Willumsen B. M., Der C. J., McCormick F. Guanosine triphosphatase activating protein (GAP) interacts with the p21 ras effector binding domain. Science. 1988 Apr 22;240(4851):518–521. doi: 10.1126/science.2833817. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Baker D., Wuestehube L., Schekman R., Botstein D., Segev N. GTP-binding Ypt1 protein and Ca2+ function independently in a cell-free protein transport reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jan;87(1):355–359. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.1.355. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ballester R., Michaeli T., Ferguson K., Xu H. P., McCormick F., Wigler M. Genetic analysis of mammalian GAP expressed in yeast. Cell. 1989 Nov 17;59(4):681–686. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90014-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Barbacid M. ras genes. Annu Rev Biochem. 1987;56:779–827. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.004023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beckner S. K., Hattori S., Shih T. Y. The ras oncogene product p21 is not a regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. Nature. 1985 Sep 5;317(6032):71–72. doi: 10.1038/317071a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Birchmeier C., Broek D., Wigler M. ras proteins can induce meiosis in Xenopus oocytes. Cell. 1985 Dec;43(3 Pt 2):615–621. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90233-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bourne H. R. Do GTPases direct membrane traffic in secretion? Cell. 1988 Jun 3;53(5):669–671. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90081-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Calés C., Hancock J. F., Marshall C. J., Hall A. The cytoplasmic protein GAP is implicated as the target for regulation by the ras gene product. Nature. 1988 Apr 7;332(6164):548–551. doi: 10.1038/332548a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chardin P., Madaule P., Tavitian A. Coding sequence of human rho cDNAs clone 6 and clone 9. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Mar 25;16(6):2717–2717. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.6.2717. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chardin P. The ras superfamily proteins. Biochimie. 1988 Jul;70(7):865–868. doi: 10.1016/0300-9084(88)90226-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DeFeo-Jones D., Scolnick E. M., Koller R., Dhar R. ras-Related gene sequences identified and isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature. 1983 Dec 15;306(5944):707–709. doi: 10.1038/306707a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DeFeo-Jones D., Tatchell K., Robinson L. C., Sigal I. S., Vass W. C., Lowy D. R., Scolnick E. M. Mammalian and yeast ras gene products: biological function in their heterologous systems. Science. 1985 Apr 12;228(4696):179–184. doi: 10.1126/science.3883495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dever T. E., Glynias M. J., Merrick W. C. GTP-binding domain: three consensus sequence elements with distinct spacing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Apr;84(7):1814–1818. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.7.1814. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fawell E., Hook S., Armstrong J. Nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding a YPT1-related protein from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Jun 12;17(11):4373–4373. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.11.4373. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Flores da Cunha M. Mitotic mapping of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genet Res. 1970 Oct 2;16(2):127–144. doi: 10.1017/s0016672300002366. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fukui Y., Kaziro Y. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a ras gene from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. EMBO J. 1985 Mar;4(3):687–691. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03684.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fukui Y., Kozasa T., Kaziro Y., Takeda T., Yamamoto M. Role of a ras homolog in the life cycle of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cell. 1986 Jan 31;44(2):329–336. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90767-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gallwitz D., Donath C., Sander C. A yeast gene encoding a protein homologous to the human c-has/bas proto-oncogene product. Nature. 1983 Dec 15;306(5944):704–707. doi: 10.1038/306704a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goud B., Salminen A., Walworth N. C., Novick P. J. A GTP-binding protein required for secretion rapidly associates with secretory vesicles and the plasma membrane in yeast. Cell. 1988 Jun 3;53(5):753–768. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90093-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Haubruck H., Disela C., Wagner P., Gallwitz D. The ras-related ypt protein is an ubiquitous eukaryotic protein: isolation and sequence analysis of mouse cDNA clones highly homologous to the yeast YPT1 gene. EMBO J. 1987 Dec 20;6(13):4049–4053. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02750.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Haubruck H., Prange R., Vorgias C., Gallwitz D. The ras-related mouse ypt1 protein can functionally replace the YPT1 gene product in yeast. EMBO J. 1989 May;8(5):1427–1432. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03524.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hengst L., Lehmeier T., Gallwitz D. The ryh1 gene in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe encoding a GTP-binding protein related to ras, rho and ypt: structure, expression and identification of its human homologue. EMBO J. 1990 Jun;9(6):1949–1955. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08322.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ito H., Fukuda Y., Murata K., Kimura A. Transformation of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations. J Bacteriol. 1983 Jan;153(1):163–168. doi: 10.1128/jb.153.1.163-168.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kataoka T., Powers S., Cameron S., Fasano O., Goldfarb M., Broach J., Wigler M. Functional homology of mammalian and yeast RAS genes. Cell. 1985 Jan;40(1):19–26. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90304-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Langford C. J., Gallwitz D. Evidence for an intron-contained sequence required for the splicing of yeast RNA polymerase II transcripts. Cell. 1983 Jun;33(2):519–527. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90433-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Langford C. J., Klinz F. J., Donath C., Gallwitz D. Point mutations identify the conserved, intron-contained TACTAAC box as an essential splicing signal sequence in yeast. Cell. 1984 Mar;36(3):645–653. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90344-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Madaule P., Axel R., Myers A. M. Characterization of two members of the rho gene family from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Feb;84(3):779–783. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.3.779. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):499–560. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Molenaar C. M., Prange R., Gallwitz D. A carboxyl-terminal cysteine residue is required for palmitic acid binding and biological activity of the ras-related yeast YPT1 protein. EMBO J. 1988 Apr;7(4):971–976. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02903.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nakamaye K. L., Eckstein F. Inhibition of restriction endonuclease Nci I cleavage by phosphorothioate groups and its application to oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Dec 22;14(24):9679–9698. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.24.9679. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pai E. F., Kabsch W., Krengel U., Holmes K. C., John J., Wittinghofer A. Structure of the guanine-nucleotide-binding domain of the Ha-ras oncogene product p21 in the triphosphate conformation. Nature. 1989 Sep 21;341(6239):209–214. doi: 10.1038/341209a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Powers S., Kataoka T., Fasano O., Goldfarb M., Strathern J., Broach J., Wigler M. Genes in S. cerevisiae encoding proteins with domains homologous to the mammalian ras proteins. Cell. 1984 Mar;36(3):607–612. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90340-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rose M. D., Novick P., Thomas J. H., Botstein D., Fink G. R. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic plasmid bank based on a centromere-containing shuttle vector. Gene. 1987;60(2-3):237–243. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90232-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Russell P., Nurse P. Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a look at yeasts divided. Cell. 1986 Jun 20;45(6):781–782. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90550-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Salminen A., Novick P. J. A ras-like protein is required for a post-Golgi event in yeast secretion. Cell. 1987 May 22;49(4):527–538. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90455-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Saxe S. A., Kimmel A. R. Genes encoding novel GTP-binding proteins in Dictyostelium. Dev Genet. 1988;9(4-5):259–265. doi: 10.1002/dvg.1020090408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schmitt H. D., Puzicha M., Gallwitz D. Study of a temperature-sensitive mutant of the ras-related YPT1 gene product in yeast suggests a role in the regulation of intracellular calcium. Cell. 1988 May 20;53(4):635–647. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90579-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schmitt H. D., Wagner P., Pfaff E., Gallwitz D. The ras-related YPT1 gene product in yeast: a GTP-binding protein that might be involved in microtubule organization. Cell. 1986 Nov 7;47(3):401–412. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90597-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Segev N., Mulholland J., Botstein D. The yeast GTP-binding YPT1 protein and a mammalian counterpart are associated with the secretion machinery. Cell. 1988 Mar 25;52(6):915–924. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90433-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sigal I. S., Gibbs J. B., D'Alonzo J. S., Temeles G. L., Wolanski B. S., Socher S. H., Scolnick E. M. Mutant ras-encoded proteins with altered nucleotide binding exert dominant biological effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Feb;83(4):952–956. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.4.952. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tanaka K., Matsumoto K., Toh-E A. IRA1, an inhibitory regulator of the RAS-cyclic AMP pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Feb;9(2):757–768. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.2.757. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Toda T., Uno I., Ishikawa T., Powers S., Kataoka T., Broek D., Cameron S., Broach J., Matsumoto K., Wigler M. In yeast, RAS proteins are controlling elements of adenylate cyclase. Cell. 1985 Jan;40(1):27–36. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90305-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Touchot N., Chardin P., Tavitian A. Four additional members of the ras gene superfamily isolated by an oligonucleotide strategy: molecular cloning of YPT-related cDNAs from a rat brain library. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Dec;84(23):8210–8214. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.23.8210. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Trahey M., Wong G., Halenbeck R., Rubinfeld B., Martin G. A., Ladner M., Long C. M., Crosier W. J., Watt K., Koths K. Molecular cloning of two types of GAP complementary DNA from human placenta. Science. 1988 Dec 23;242(4886):1697–1700. doi: 10.1126/science.3201259. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vieira J., Messing J. The pUC plasmids, an M13mp7-derived system for insertion mutagenesis and sequencing with synthetic universal primers. Gene. 1982 Oct;19(3):259–268. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(82)90015-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vogel U. S., Dixon R. A., Schaber M. D., Diehl R. E., Marshall M. S., Scolnick E. M., Sigal I. S., Gibbs J. B. Cloning of bovine GAP and its interaction with oncogenic ras p21. Nature. 1988 Sep 1;335(6185):90–93. doi: 10.1038/335090a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wagner P., Molenaar C. M., Rauh A. J., Brökel R., Schmitt H. D., Gallwitz D. Biochemical properties of the ras-related YPT protein in yeast: a mutational analysis. EMBO J. 1987 Aug;6(8):2373–2379. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02514.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Walworth N. C., Goud B., Kabcenell A. K., Novick P. J. Mutational analysis of SEC4 suggests a cyclical mechanism for the regulation of vesicular traffic. EMBO J. 1989 Jun;8(6):1685–1693. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03560.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yeramian P., Chardin P., Madaule P., Tavitian A. Nucleotide sequence of human rho cDNA clone 12. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Feb 25;15(4):1869–1869. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.4.1869. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zahraoui A., Touchot N., Chardin P., Tavitian A. The human Rab genes encode a family of GTP-binding proteins related to yeast YPT1 and SEC4 products involved in secretion. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jul 25;264(21):12394–12401. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- de Vos A. M., Tong L., Milburn M. V., Matias P. M., Jancarik J., Noguchi S., Nishimura S., Miura K., Ohtsuka E., Kim S. H. Three-dimensional structure of an oncogene protein: catalytic domain of human c-H-ras p21. Science. 1988 Feb 19;239(4842):888–893. doi: 10.1126/science.2448879. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]