Dear editor
Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a major indoor pollutant that causes serious health problems among all those exposed, especially pregnant women.1 Prevalence of exposure to SHS among pregnant women is high in China.2 In the 2010 Global Adult Tobacco Survey in China, 65.1% of non-smoking women of childbearing age were exposed to SHS at home and another 52.6% were exposed to SHS in the workplace.3 Globally, it was estimated that about one-third of adults (33% men and 35% women) are exposed to SHS,4 which is comparatively lower than the exposure level in Chinese women. This pattern of exposure to SHS among adults highlights the fact that many of the over 100 million annual pregnant women globally will be exposed to SHS, and will expose their unborn children to tobacco-induced harms.1 Therefore, public health implications of exposure to SHS during pregnancy by women and their babies are substantial3 and need urgent attention. This study examined the behavioural practices of pregnant Chinese women in avoiding exposure to SHS in indoor environments.
A cross-sectional survey, using a structured questionnaire, was conducted among pregnant women, recruited from 16 hospitals in 5 provinces of China, from June to August 2015. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chongqing Medical University. All the participants in the study gave written informed consent. The participants were asked about the preventive measures they had taken to avoid exposure to SHS in indoor environments based on five response categories: (1) Open a window to improve ventilation, (2) Walk away, (3) Dissuade, (4) Ignore and (5) Not applicable. We also examined how the respondents' preventive behaviours changed due to the relationship with the smoker. Relationships examined were: Stranger, Colleague, Friend, Relative, Father-in-law, Mother-in-law, Father, Mother and Husband.
Of the total number of participants (N=2345), 74.84% were pregnant for the first time, and for the remaining 25.16% this was their second pregnancy; the mean age of the participants was 28.12 years (SD 4.13 years), 80.17% were from urban areas, and 3.84% were smokers. The participants were educated up to junior middle school or below, high school or vocational/technical secondary school and junior college, and senior college and university or above and their percentages were17.14%, 15.10% and 67.76%, respectively. Table 1 shows that the preventive measures taken varied among the participants according to the nature of relationship with the smokers. Some pregnant women walked away more often when a stranger (72.92%) or a friend (36.42%) was a smoker, and less often when the mother (17.06%) or the husband (19.66%) was a smoker. Some participants choose to open a window more often when a friend (15.91%) or a colleague (12.75%) was a smoker, and less often in case the mother-in-law (5.20%), or the mother (4.56%) was a smoker; some participants choose to ignore more often in case of strangers (4.48%) or a colleague (2.60%) was a smoker, and less often in case the mother (1.83%) or the husband (1.75%) was a smoker; others choose to dissuade more often a colleague (37.10%) or the husband (34.41%), and less often the mother-in-law (17.48%) or the mother (18.85%).
Table 1.
Measures taken by pregnant women to avoid indoor secondhand smoke exposure by relationships with the smoker (n, %)
| Measures taken by pregnant women |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoker | Open a window to improve ventilation | Walk away | Dissuade | Ignore | Not applicable |
| Stranger | 202 (8.61) | 1710 (72.92) | 111 (4.73) | 105 (4.48) | 217 (9.25) |
| Colleague | 373 (15.91) | 854 (36.42) | 569 (24.26) | 59 (2.52) | 490 (20.90) |
| Friend | 299 (12.75) | 655 (27.93) | 870 (37.10) | 61 (2.60) | 460 (19.62) |
| Relative | 262 (11.17) | 718 (30.62) | 551 (23.50) | 55 (2.35) | 759 (32.37) |
| Father-in-law | 196 (8.36) | 617 (26.31) | 577 (24.61) | 60 (2.56) | 895 (38.17) |
| Mother-in-law | 122 (5.20) | 432 (18.42) | 410 (17.48) | 47 (2.00) | 1334 (56.89) |
| Father | 173 (7.38) | 504 (21.49) | 662 (28.23) | 43 (1.83) | 963 (41.07) |
| Mother | 107 (4.56) | 400 (17.06) | 442 (18.85) | 43 (1.83) | 1353 (57.70) |
| Husband | 155 (6.61) | 461 (19.66) | 807 (34.41) | 41 (1.75) | 881 (37.57) |
The findings of this study have implications on the WHO recommendations on prevention and management of tobacco use and SHS exposure during pregnancy, especially on the protection of fetus from exposure to SHS during pregnancy.1 Usually, in the face of exposure to SHS in indoor environment, the more close the relationship of the respondent with the smoker, the more the possibility of dissuading smoking. Among family members, the smallest percentage of pregnant women dissuaded their mother-in-law from smoking indoors to prevent exposure to SHS. This is due to the sensitive nature of relationship between a mother-in-law and a daughter-in-law in China. It is likely that pregnant women were concerned about disrupting family harmony if they asked their husbands or other family members to stop smoking,5 because smoking is socially acceptable in China. The preventive measures that we have identified are the common measures practiced by pregnant Chinese women to avoid exposure to SHS. These measures may be not particularly effective at protecting pregnant women as they do not strictly follow the complete ban on exposure to SHS at home or elsewhere. Also, China's indoor smoking policies differ by region and are mostly implemented in major cities.6 Moreover, the policies do not include smoking in workplaces.6 Although active smoking among Chinese women is low, because of the high rates of male smoking and the lack of enforcement of smoking laws in workplaces or public places the exposure to SHS is relatively high among women in China. The findings of this study highlight the difficulties of pregnant Chinese women in avoiding complete exposure to SHS and point to the urgent need to promote a complete ban on home smoking and restrictions on smoking in public places and workplaces in China. The findings have implications for other countries with similar sociocultural norms, especially countries in Asia and the Middle East, to adopt article 8 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control that requires parties to implement and enforce smoke-free policies to protect people from exposure to tobacco smoke.7
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all those who participated in this study. This project was supported by the Medjaden Academy & Research Foundation for Young Scientists (Grant number MJR20150047) and China Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Research (number 15YJA860020).
Footnotes
Contributors: XX was responsible for analysis, literature searches, interpretation of the results and writing the manuscript. YR, ASA, MS, JJG and YZ contributed to the drafting of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the concept of the article, reviewed the final version of the paper and approved it for publication.
Funding: The Medjaden Academy & Research Foundation for Young Scientists. Grant number MJR20150047.
Competing interests: None declared.
Patient consent: Obtained.
Ethics approval: The Ethics Committee of Chongqing Medical University.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
References
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