Abstract
Objective
Cervicogenic headache is a disabling headache where pharmacological management have limited effect. Thus, non-pharmacological management is warranted. Our objective was therefore to investigate the efficacy of chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy versus placebo (sham manipulation) and control (continued usual but non-manual management) for cervicogenic headache in a prospective 3-armed single-blinded, placebo, randomized controlled trial of 17 months’ duration.
Results
Nineteen participants were equally randomized into the three groups, and 12 participants completed the randomized controlled trial. Headache frequency improved at all time points in the chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy and the placebo group. Headache index improved in the chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy group at all time points, while it improved at 6 and 12 months’ follow-up in the placebo group. The control group remained unchanged during the whole study period. Adverse events were few, mild and transient. Blinding was concealed throughout the RCT. Thus, our results suggest that manual-therapy might be a safe treatment option for participants with cervicogenic headache, but data need to be confirmed in a randomized controlled trial with sufficient sample size and statistical power.
Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01687881, 11 September 2012
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2651-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords: Randomized controlled trial, Cervicogenic headache, Headache, Chiropractic, Spinal manipulative therapy, RCT
Introduction
Cervicogenic headache (CEH) is a secondary headache characterized by unilateral headache, and symptoms and signs of neck involvement [1, 2]. It is often worsened by neck movement, sustained awkward head position or external pressure over the upper cervical or occipital region on the symptomatic side [1, 2]. The prevalence of CEH varies from 1.0 to 4.6% in the general population depending on the diagnostic criteria [1, 3–6]. The efficacy of pharmacological management for CEH is poor and medication overuse is frequent [7]. Due to insufficient pharmacological treatment strategies, spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) has been recommended as a treatment option, despite the methodological shortcomings found in previous manual-therapy clinical trials [8, 9]; especially three-armed studies, including an active, a placebo, and a control group, have not previously been conducted, although this is recommended as the gold standard in RCTs.
The primary objective was to investigate the efficacy of chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy (CSMT) versus placebo (sham manipulation) and CSMT versus control (continued usual management but no manual-therapy were allowed during the trial period) in participants with CEH.
Main text
Methods
Design
This study was a prospective triple-armed, placebo RCT of 17 months’ duration with single blinded treatment and blinded outcome measures. The trial consisted of 1 month baseline, 3 months’ treatment with a total of 12 intervention sessions, and follow-up analysis at end of intervention and 3, 6, 12 months’. Participants were block randomized into: (a) CSMT, (b) placebo (sham manipulation), or (c) control (continued usual management but no manual-therapy were allowed during the trial period). The study design conforms the International Headache Society (IHS) and CONSORT [10–13]. The full trial protocol has been published previously and contains explicit details regarding the methodology [14].
Participants
Participants were recruited from September to October 2012 through the Akershus University Hospital and Innlandet Hospital Trust, Norway.
Eligible participants were between 18 and 70 years of age, diagnosed with a CEH by a neurologist, including at least three major criteria of the CHISG but not including occipital nerve blockage [1]. Exclusion criteria are described in details in the available protocol [14].
Eligible participants were invited to an interview and physical assessment by a chiropractor (AC) including meticulous investigation of the spinal column. Participants, who were randomized to CSMT or placebo, had a full spine radiographic examination prior to intervention commenced.
Intervention
The CSMT group received SMT using the Gonstead method, directed to spinal biomechanical dysfunction as diagnosed by standard chiropractic tests [15].
The placebo group received sham manipulation at the lateral edge of the scapula and/or the gluteal region [16].
The control group continued their usual pharmacological management without receiving manual intervention.
The interventions are described in details in the available trial protocol [14].
Blinding
After each treatment session, participants completed a de-blinding questionnaire, see protocol for details [16].
Outcome measures
Headache characteristics were recorded in the chiropractic in-depth interview followed by 1 month of validated diagnostic headache diary for baseline recordings [17], which was returned on a monthly basis [14].
The primary end-point was 25% reduction in number of headaches days per month (30 days/month) from baseline to end of intervention and 3, 6 and 12 months follow-up as compared to the placebo group and the control group respectively. Secondary end-points included a 25% improvement in headache duration, headache intensity and headache index (HI). HI was calculated as mean days with headache (30 days) × mean headache duration (hours per day) × mean intensity (0–10 NRS). End-points were based on IHS clinical guidelines [10, 11].
All adverse events (AEs) were recorded after each consultation in accordance with the CONSORT recommendations and IHS Task Force on AEs in migraine trials [12, 13].
Power calculation
The power was based on a recent group comparison study of topiramate [18]. A sample size of 20 patients was required in each group to detect a statistical significant average difference in reduction of 25% with 80% power, see protocol for details [14].
Statistical analysis
Data were recorded in MS Excel 2007. All analysis was performed by a blinded investigator using sealed serial number for each participant. Results for primary and secondary end-points are presented individually for each participant while mean change for each group are presented in figures. Mean HI and 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for baseline characteristics using SPSS v22.
Ethics and data security
All methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines and regulations. Ethical details are available in the trial protocol [14].
Results
Ninety-five participants with CEH diagnosed by a neurologist at Akershus University Hospital or Innlandet Hospital Trust, Norway were contacted. Twenty-one did not reply to the 1st or 2nd invitation letter. Among the 74 participants screened by telephone, 27 participants did not meet the inclusion criteria, i.e., nine (two men and seven women) had received CSMT within the last 12 months, four (one man and three women) had spinal radiculopathy, one woman had a dens fracture, one woman had a vertebral artery insufficiency, one woman had a cervical spine tumour, five (two men and three women) had headache remission, three (one man and two women) suffered depression, one woman had a brain tumour, one woman had insufficient Norwegian language skills, and one woman was pregnant.
Among the 47 eligible participants, 28 refrained to participate, i.e., due to time concerns (1 man and 11 women), physicians advised against participation (one man and two women), no faith in the treatment (one man and one woman), and unknown reason(s) (eight men and three women).
A total of 19 participants (5 men and 14 women) were randomized (Additional file 1). Three participants dropped out and four participants were excluded after randomization. Reasons for dropping out included, refrained to keep a headache diary (one woman), refrained to stop physiotherapy (one woman), and inclusion in an obesity rehabilitation program (one woman). Reasons for exclusion included, headache diaries not returned (two women), depression (one woman) and inflammatory disease (one man). Four participants were allocated to each of the three interventions. Baseline characteristic across the three groups were similar (Table 1).
Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics
| Chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy | Sham manipulation (placebo) | Control group | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Males | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Females | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| Age ± SD (range) | 36.0 ± 12.8 (26–54) | 49.8 ± 12.3 (32–58) | 48.0 ± 9.8 (39–61) |
| Duration (years with headache ± SD) | 7.3 ± 3.3 | 8.5 ± 1.3 | 13.8 ± 10.4 |
| Headache frequency (mean 30 days/month) | 20.5 ± 9.9 | 25.5 ± 5.2 | 19.3 ± 7.9 |
| Headache duration (mean hours/day) | 19.5 ± 3.8 | 19.5 ± 7.7 | 19.3 ± 5.1 |
| Headache intensity (mean 0–10 VAS) | 6.0 ± 2.3 | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 7.0 ± 2.0 |
| Co-morbid migraine | 0/4 | 2/4 | 0/4 |
| Primary end-point (1 month baseline) | |||
| Headache frequency (mean 30 days/month) | 20.0 ± 12.0 | 22.8 ± 12.3 | 19.0 ± 8.4 |
| Secondary end-points (1 month baseline) | |||
| Headache duration (mean hours/day) | 9.6 ± 5.2 | 10.9 ± 3.3 | 9.9 ± 6.9 |
| Headache intensity (mean 0–10 VAS) | 6.6 ± 2.5 | 4.3 ± 1.7 | 6.3 ± 1.6 |
| Headache index (HI) (mean frequency × duration × intensity) |
956 95% CI 438 to 1475 |
1141 95% CI 283 to 1999 |
1635 95% CI −37 to 3307 |
Outcome measures
Individual changes in headache frequency, duration, intensity and HI from baseline to post-treatment and 3, 6 and 12 months follow-up are presented in Table 2.
Table 2.
Mean changes for each participant from baseline to post-treatment and 3, 6 and 12-months follow-up
| Chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy (CSMT) | Sham manipulation (placebo) | Control group | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII | VIII | IX | X | XI | XII |
| Headache frequency | 30 | 14 | 30 | 6 | 30 | 12 | 19 | 30 | 13 | 12 | 21 | 30 |
| Headache duration | 15.4 | 4.6 | 5.7 | 12.5 | 13.3 | 6.4 | 10.6 | 13.3 | 7.3 | 1.4 | 15.1 | 15.8 |
| Headache intensity | 3.7 | 9.4 | 5.5 | 7.6 | 5.9 | 3.7 | 5.4 | 2.1 | 4.4 | 5.6 | 7.2 | 7.9 |
| Headache index | 1709 | 605 | 941 | 570 | 2354 | 284 | 1088 | 838 | 418 | 94 | 2283 | 3745 |
| Post-treatment | ||||||||||||
| Headache frequency | 30 (0.0) | 11 (21.4) | 12 (60.0) | 3 (100.0) | 30 (0.0) | 6 (50.0) | 22 (15.8) | 0 (100.0) | 13 (0.0) | 14 (16.7) | 20 (4.8) | 29 (3.3) |
| Headache duration | 7.0 (54.5) | 10.2 (121.7) | 2.7 (52.6) | 7.8 (37.6) | 14.6 (9.8) | 4.2 (34.4) | 10.6 (0.0) | 0 (100.0) | 4.1 (43.8) | 1.0 (28.6) | 13.3 (11.9) | 15.4 (2.5) |
| Headache intensity | 1.2 (67.6) | 9.6 (2.1) | 2.2 (60.0) | 4.2 (44.7) | 6.1 (3.4) | 4.8 (29.7) | 6.7 (24.1) | 0 (100.0) | 5.1 (15.9) | 4.1 (26.8) | 5.9 (18.1) | 8.6 (8.9) |
| Headache index | 252 (85.3) | 1077 (78.0) | 71 (92.5) | 98 (82.8) | 2672 (13.3) | 121 (57.4) | 1562 (43.6) | 0 (100.0) | 272 (34.9) | 57 (39.4) | 1569 (31.3) | 3841 (2.6) |
| 3-months follow-up | ||||||||||||
| Headache frequency | 30 (0.0) | 5 (64.3) | 8 (73.3) | 11 (83.3) | 30 (0.0) | 7 (41.7) | 20 (5.3) | 6 (80.0) | 17 (30.8) | 2 (83.3) | 25 (19.0) | 30 (0.0) |
| Headache duration | 11.0 (28.6) | 6.2 (34.8) | 1.9 (66.7) | 12.6 (0.8) | 12.9 (3.0) | 6.8 (6.2) | 13.1 (23.6) | 4.2 (68.4) | 6.1 (16.4) | 5.3 (278.6) | 15.1 (0.0) | 15.0 (5.1) |
| Headache intensity | 2.3 (37.8) | 7.5 (20.2) | 1.9 (65.4) | 6.8 (10.5) | 4.9 (16.9) | 5.4 (45.9) | 8.1 (50.0) | 1.0 (52.4) | 4.8 (9.1) | 1.0 (82.1) | 6.8 (5.6) | 8.1 (2.5) |
| Headache index | 759 (55.6) | 233 (61.5) | 29 (96.9) | 942 (65.3) | 1896 (19.5) | 257 (9.5) | 2122 (95.0) | 25 (97.0) | 498 (19.1) | 11 (88.3) | 2567 (12.4) | 3645 (2.7) |
| 6-months follow-up | ||||||||||||
| Headache frequency | 30 (0.0) | 5 (64.3) | 9 (70.0) | 13 (116.7) | 30 (0.0) | 6 (50.0) | 17 (10.5) | 8 (73.3) | 13 (0.0) | 14 (16.7) | 26 (23.8) | 30 (0.0) |
| Headache duration | 11.0 (28.6) | 5.4 (17.4) | 2.3 (59.6) | 12.8 (2.4) | 9.4 (29.3) | 11.2 (75.0) | 10.8 (1.9) | 13.9 (4.5) | 3.9 (46.6) | 1.0 (28.6) | 15.8 (4.6) | 15.0 (5.1) |
| Headache intensity | 1.7 (54.1) | 8.8 (6.4) | 1.4 (74.5) | 7.2 (5.3) | 3.2 (45.8) | 6.3 (70.3) | 6.9 (27.8) | 0.9 (57.1) | 4.7 (6.8) | 4.1 (26.8) | 6.9 (4.2) | 8.5 (7.6) |
| Headache index | 561 (67.2) | 238 (60.7) | 29 (96.9) | 1198 (110.2) | 902 (61.7) | 423 (48.9) | 1267 (16.5) | 100 (88.1) | 238 (43.1) | 57 (39.4) | 2835 (24.2) | 3825 (2.1) |
| 12-months follow-up | ||||||||||||
| Headache frequency | 30 (0.0) | 4 (71.4) | 4 (86.7) | 8 (33.3) | 30 (0.0) | 2 (83.3) | 19 (0.0) | 8 (73.3) | 15 (15.4) | 20 (66.7) | 28 (33.3) | 30 (0.0) |
| Headache duration | 12.1 (21.4) | 5.6 (21.7) | 2.5 (56.1) | 12.5 (0.0) | 13.9 (4.5) | 7.5 (17.2) | 8.7 (17.9) | 8.6 (35.3) | 10.7 (46.6) | 1.3 (7.1) | 15.7 (4.0) | 15.0 (5.1) |
| Headache intensity | 1.5 (59.5) | 9.4 (0.0) | 9.4 (70.9) | 7.9 (3.9) | 4.6 (22.0) | 4.9 (32.4) | 6.3 (16.7) | 1.1 (47.6) | 6.0 (36.4) | 4.6 (17.9) | 5.6 (22.2) | 8.1 (2.5) |
| Headache index | 545 (68.1) | 211 (65.1) | 15 (98.4) | 790 (38.6) | 1918 (18.5) | 74 (73.9) | 1041 (4.3) | 76 (90.9) | 963 (130.4) | 120 (27.7) | 2462 (7.8) | 3645 (2.7) |
Mean change in primary and secondary end-points for each group are presented in Fig. 1a–d.
Fig. 1.
a–d Mean changes from baseline to follow-up for primary and secondary end-points
The main effect of the treatment was on headache frequency in both the CSMT and the placebo group, an effect that was maintained at follow-up (Fig. 1a).
Headache index improved in the CSMT group at all time points while it improved at 6 and 12 months follow-up in the placebo group.
The control group remained unchanged during the whole study period (Fig. 1a–d).
Blinding
The four participants who received CSMT believed they received it with a mean 9.1 certainty, whereas the four participants who received placebo believed they received active CSMT with a mean 6.4 certainty.
Adverse effects
Mild transient AEs were local tenderness and tiredness on the treatment day in both the CSMT and the placebo group. No severe or serious adverse events were reported in the study.
Discussion
To our knowledge, this is the first triple-armed chiropractic manual-therapy RCT to include a placebo and a control group for participants with CEH. The study is also the first to successfully maintain blinding throughout a full length intervention period. Our main results demonstrate reduction in headache frequency and HI in the CSMT and the placebo group, an effect that lasted at follow-up, while the control group was unchanged throughout the RCT.
Methodological considerations
As compared to previous manual-therapy RCTs, our participants were selected based on more rigorous criteria for CEH and the diagnosis was confirmed by a neurologist experienced in headache disorders [9]. The exclusion criteria i.e., depression, chiropractic treatment within the previous 12 months and pregnancy, excluded 36% of the participants. Furthermore, rigorous RCT rules limiting participants to omit from any manual therapies throughout the 12 months’ follow-up period was necessary to obtain a homogenous sample population, avoid type-II errors, and enable a successful blinding in the placebo group.
Similar to other studies of CEH, and considering that the prevalence of CEH is 0.17% in the general Norwegian population [7], we experienced severe challenges in recruiting and maintaining participants in the trial. Thus, we can only present descriptive data. Although a cross-over design would have strengthen the power, several limitations exists with this design, i.e., (a) longer intervention period extended by a wash-out period; (b) the ethical concerns regarding switching from a successful treatment to placebo; (c) reports of AEs could possible unmask the blinding. It was also surprising that 38% declined to participate, primarily due to time concerns which might indicate that their CEH might be less severe or lack of enthusiasm due to previous therapy failures [19].
The strength of our RCT includes diagnosis and intervention by a single experienced chiropractor which contribute to a strong internal validity. Prospective headache diaries give near exact measurements. The HI has despite the lack of consensus been recommended as a measurement outcome to give an indication of the total level of suffering [11].
Results discussion
The results in this trial are similar to previous results reported in reviews on SMT for CEH [9, 20]. A Danish RCT found headache intensity to reduce by 36 and 22% in the SMT group at post treatment and 1 week follow-up respectively as compared to the soft tissue treatment group [21]. An Australian RCT with high methodological quality reported 71% of the participants having >50% reduction in headache frequency while 33% reported a 100% improvement in the SMT group [22]. Two American RCTs reported a mean reduction of 43, 29 and 40% reduction in headache intensity at 4, 12 and 24 weeks follow-up respectively in the SMT group, while mean headache frequency similarly reduced by 49, 34 and 52% respectively [23, 24].
The placebo effect is known to be high in headache RCTs and assumed similar high for non-pharmacological clinical trials [25–27]. The placebo effect for headache frequency was high in our RCT, while HI improved first at 6 months follow-up in the placebo group. One should therefore not disregard the fact that the effect shown in our RCT could be a placebo effect.
A confounding factor for which no improvement in days with headache was omitted for one participant in the CSMT group, i.e., participant one; and two participants in the placebo group, i.e., participant five and seven according to their diaries, was the fact that they probably suffered medication overuse headache [2].
It is not uncommon that participants receiving placebo intervention report similar AEs as seen in the active intervention, likely produced by expectations [28, 29]. AEs following placebo administration in pharmacological clinical trials for primary headache disorders has been reported as high as 43% [30], often related to the study information letter, the informed consent and attitude towards participants. Considering our success in concealing the blinding, the latter fact seems unlikely. However, the true nature of the nocebo effects cannot be identified from our three-armed RCT since the control group was included to quantify the placebo effect, and AEs was not monitored in the control group.
Finally, one participant in the placebo group i.e., participant eight, experienced daily headache frequency at baseline and no headache post-treatment, which slightly increased at 3, 6 and 12 months follow-up. This certainly influenced the results in the placebo group, and the complete resolution of the headache at post treatment stay in contrast to the other participants, and one can speculate whether this is a real phenomenon or an issue of non-compliance when returning the headache diary.
Given the limited effect of pharmacological management for CEH, this study adds knowledge to previous observed effects from SMT [9]. Unfortunately, the low sample size limits our conclusions; replications of this trial with a substantial increased sample size which follows the recommended IHS clinical trial guidelines are needed to confirm the results [10, 11]. Our attempt to blind participants, in order to establish a placebo group in a manual-therapy RCT was our most successful result.
Limitations
Small sample size enforced us to present descriptive data and limits our conclusions.
Authors’ contributions
MBR had the original idea of the study and planned the overall design. AC prepared the initial draft, conducted the treatments and is the main author of the present manuscript. HK collected data and diagnosed invited participants. AC, PT and MBR were involved in data analysis and interpretation and assisted in preparation of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Akershus University Hospital and Innlandet Hospital Trust, Norway, kindly provided research facilities. Innlandet Hospital Trust, Department of Radiology, Elverum and Chiropractor Clinic 1, Oslo, Norway performed x-rays assessment. We would also like to acknowledge prof. Jūratė Šaltytė Benth for her statistical inputs to the study.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
No additional data are available for sharing.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethical approval
The Norwegian Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics approved the project (ID of the approval: 2010/1639/REK) and the Norwegian Social Science Data Services (ID no. 11-77, Akershus University Hospital) approved the project. Oral and written consent was obtained from all participants.
Funding
The study has received funding from Extrastiftelsen (Grant Number: 2829002), the Norwegian Chiropractic Association (Grant Number: 2829001), Akershus University Hospital (Grant Number: N/A) and University of Oslo in Norway (Grant Number: N/A). The funding sources were non-commercial, and the study was designed and conducted by the authors without any influence by the funding sources.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abbreviations
- AE
adverse event
- CEH
cervicogenic headache
- CI
confidence interval
- CSMT
chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy
- HI
headache index
- HVLA
high velocity low amplitude
- IHS
International Headache Society
- MOH
medication overuse headache
- RCT
randomized controlled trial
- SMT
spinal manipulative therapy
Additional file
Additional file 1. Participants flow diagram.
Footnotes
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2651-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Contributor Information
Aleksander Chaibi, Email: aleksander.chaibi@medisin.uio.no.
Heidi Knackstedt, Email: heidi.knackstedt@sykehuset-innlandet.no.
Peter J. Tuchin, Email: peter.tuchin@mq.edu.au
Michael Bjørn Russell, Email: m.b.russell@medisin.uio.no.
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