Organ System Pathology
Once the student has mastered the fundamental mechanisms and processes for causing, sustaining, extending, or resolving injury, this knowledge can be integrated to understand how pathology in each organ system affects the initial pathologic site, multi-organ systems, and the overall function of the patient.
There are 23 topics within this competency area. Each topic includes general learning goals and specific objectives that medical students should be able to meet upon graduation from medical school. Table 2 lists the topic areas and shows the number of goals and objectives for each.
Table 2.
Topic |
Number of Goals |
Number of Objectives |
Reference Code |
Cardiovascular: blood vessels |
3 |
10 |
CBV |
Cardiovascular: heart |
6 |
22 |
CH |
Hematopathology: red cell disorders |
1 |
7 |
HRC |
Hematopathology: white cell disorders |
7 |
28 |
HWC |
Hematopathology: platelets and coagulation disorders |
2 |
19 |
HPCD |
Respiratory system |
4 |
26 |
RS |
Head and neck |
2 |
7 |
HN |
Gastrointestinal tract |
8 |
22 |
GT |
Hepatobiliary |
7 |
23 |
HB |
Pancreas |
2 |
5 |
P |
Kidney |
5 |
17 |
UTK |
Bladder |
3 |
10 |
UTB |
Male reproductive: prostate |
2 |
6 |
MP |
Male reproductive: testes |
2 |
5 |
MT |
Breast |
2 |
11 |
BR |
Female reproductive: uterus, cervix, and vagina |
4 |
10 |
FU |
Female reproductive: ovary |
2 |
6 |
FO |
Female reproductive: disorders of pregnancy |
1 |
7 |
FDP |
Endocrine |
6 |
19 |
EN |
Skin |
5 |
11 |
SK |
Musculoskeletal system |
2 |
12 |
MS |
Nervous system: CNS |
7 |
27 |
NSC |
Nervous system: PNS and eye |
3 |
7 |
NSP |
Topic: Cardiovascular—Blood Vessels (CBV)
Cardiovascular disorders resulting from abnormal development, hypoxia, immune dysregulation, infections and smooth muscle changes as they relate to the blood vessels are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis
Apply knowedge of immunologic principles, inflammation, and tissue repair to explain atherosclerosis and its complications.
Objective CBV1.1: Factors Contributing to Endothelial Injury
Explain how environmental factors (including elevated cholesterol and LDL complexes, infection, and smoking) can contribute to endothelial cell injury.
Objective CBV1.2: Feedback in Endothelial Damage
Describe the positive feedback loop in which damaged endothelial cells cause further endothelial damage.
Objective CBV1.3: Atherosclerosis Plaque Rupture
Predict the local and distant consequences that are likely to follow rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and the resultant clinical presentation.
Objective CBV1.4: Vascular Aneurysm
Describe the morphologic changes in atherosclerosis and discuss how atrophic changes in the vessel wall may result in aneurysm formation.
Learning Goal 2: Vascular Damage and Thrombosis
Apply knowledge of the cellular response to injury and basic hemodynamic principles to explain how defective or excessive inflammatory and reparative processes damage blood vessels and how this damage results in thrombus formation.
Objective CBV2.1: Thrombus Formation
Discuss the steps in thrombus formation and its predisposing factors.
Objective CBV2.2: Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection
Compare and contrast aortic aneurysms and aortic dissections in terms of their predisposing factors, the sites of involvement, and patient populations likely to be affected.
Objective CBV2.3: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Describe the clinical consequences of an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Learning Goal 3: Vasculitis
Apply knowledge of microbiological principles and mechanisms of immunologically mediated disease to discuss the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, morphological features, and laboratory diagnosis of the different vasculitides.
Objective CBV3.1: Drug-induced Vasculitis
Describe how a drug-induced vasculitis depends on a functioning immune system.
Objective CBV3.2: Autoimmune Vasculitis
Compare and contrast the mechanisms by which an autoimmune disease can appear as a vasculitis in 1 specific organ or as a generalized disease in many organs.
Objective CBV3.3: Categories of Vasculitis (Vessel Size)
Describe the vasculitides that occur in large, medium, and small vessels.
Topic: Cardiovascular—Heart (CH)
Cardiovascular disorders resulting from abnormal development, hypoxia, immune dysregulation, infections and intrinsic muscle disease as they relate to the heart are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Heart Failure
Apply knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and general pathophysiologic principles to describe the clinical presentation associated with heart failure.
Objective CH1.1: Right- and Left-Sided Heart Failure
Compare and contrast right heart versus left heart failure in terms of clinical features, pathologic features, and the short-term and long-term consequences.
Objective CH1.2: Cardiomyopathy
Compare and contrast the clinicopathologic features of dilated, restrictive, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies.
Learning Goal 2: Atherosclerosis in Heart Disease
Apply knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and general pathophysiologic principles to explain how atherosclerosis leads to heart disease and death.
Objective CH2.1: Ischemic Heart Disease
Explain how ischemic heart disease can progress while remaining entirely free of symptoms for many years.
Objective CH2.2: Angina
Contrast the clinical, physiologic, and histologic differences between exercise-induced angina and unstable angina.
Objective CH2.3: Reperfusion Versus Ischemic Injury
Contrast the behavior of the myocardium that has been subjected to chronic ischemia alone from that of reperfused myocardium following therapy for infarction.
Objective CH2.4: Timing of Changes in Myocardial Infarction
Compare and contrast the gross and microscopic features of acute myocardial infarction and remote myocardial infarction, and at what point gross or microscopic pathology appears.
Objective CH2.5: Histopathology of Myocardial Infarction
Describe the histologic features of acute myocardial infarction and explain the pathophysiology underlying the histologic changes from initial infarction through fibrosis and relate to the laboratory diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
Objective CH2.6: Complications of Myocardial Infarction
Identify short-term and long-term complications of myocardial infarction.
Learning Goal 3: Cardiovascular Malformation
Apply knowledge of embryologic principles to describe how improper development of the heart and blood vessels leads to cardiac dysfunction.
Objective CH3.1: Congenital Heart Disease
Name the most common forms of congenital heart disease and outline their clinical presentation, natural history, and long- and short-term complications.
Objective CH3.2: Congenital Heart Disease Associated with Genetic Disorders
Name several common genetic disorders associated with congenital heart disease, and describe the clinical presentation.
Objective CH3.3: Paradoxical Embolism
Describe a paradoxical embolus in terms of congenital heart disease.
Objective CH3.4: Cardiac Shunts
Define the concepts of left to right shunt, right to left shunt, and shunt reversal, and correlate with clinical presentation.
Learning Goal 4: Cardiac Infection
Apply knowledge of immunological and microbiological principles to explain the role of infectious agents in myocardial dysfunction and describe the related clinical presentations.
Objective CH4.1: Rheumatic Fever
Describe the major manifestations of rheumatic fever and its effect on the endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium.
Objective CH4.2: Rheumatic Fever and Endocarditis
Compare the effects of rheumatic fever and bacterial endocarditis on the endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium.
Objective CH4.3: Infective Endocarditis
Describe the 2 major patterns of infective endocarditis and the pathologic changes seen in the cardiac valves.
Objective CH4.4: Noninfective Endocarditis
Discuss the pathologic features of noninfective endocarditis on the cardiac valves.
Objective CH4.5: Myocarditis
Describe the clinicopathologic features of myocarditis.
Objective CH4.6: Pericarditis
Summarize the common causes of pericarditis and their pathophysiologic features.
Learning Goal 5: Valvular Dysfunction
Apply knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of heart valves to explain how valvular dysfunction leads to heart failure and describe the related clinical presentation.
Objective CH5.1: Valve Stenosis
Discuss the complications associated with aortic stenosis.
Objective CH5.2: Valve Insufficiency
Describe the clinicopathologic features of mitral valve prolapse.
Learning Goal 6: Hypertension and the Heart
Apply knowledge of the mechanism of response of cardiac muscle to increased resistance to describe the clinical and pathologic changes seen in systemic and pulmonary hypertension.
Objective CH6.1: Cardiac Changes in Pulmonary Hypertension
Describe the gross and microscopic adaptive changes in the myocardium that result from pulmonary hypertension.
Objective CH6.2: Cardiac Changes in Systemic Hypertension
Discuss the pathogenesis of hypertension and the gross and microscopic adaptive changes in the myocardium that result from systemic hypertension.
Topic: Hematopathology—Red Cell Disorders (HRC)
Red blood cell disorders resulting from abnormal development, nutritional derangements, inherited disorders, and intrinsic disease as they relate to anemia are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Anemia
Apply knowledge of nutritional biochemistry, erythropoiesis, and red blood cell structure and function to a discussion of the behavioral, hereditary, developmental, and chronic causes of anemia.
Objective HRC1.1: Iron-Deficiency Red Blood Cell Development
Explain the contribution of iron to red blood cell development and function. Describe behaviors and conditions that lead to iron deficiency and contrast the morphology and laboratory parameters of normal red cells versus iron-deficient cells.
Objective HRC1.2: Hereditary Spherocytosis
Discuss the pathophysiology of hereditary spherocytosis.
Objective HRC1.3: Hepcidin Regulation, Iron Overload, and Anemia of Chronic Disease
Discuss the role of hepcidin as an iron regulator and describe how different types of alterations in the hepcidin pathway can produce anemia of chronic disease or iron overload.
Objective HRC1.4: B12 and Folate Deficiencies
Discuss the role of vitamin B12 and folic acid in red cell development and describe the pathophysiology of anemia arising from B12 and folic acid deficiency.
Objective HRC1.5: Anemias of Red-Cell Destruction
Explain the mechanisms by which anemia is produced on the basis of shortened red cell survival, distinguishing between intrinsic and extrinsic causes of red cell destruction.
Objective HRC1.6: Aplastic Anemia
Compare and contrast congenital and acquired forms of aplastic anemia.
Objective HRC1.7: Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemia
Describe the structural alterations and regulatory abnormalities associated with hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia, and discuss how these abnormalities give rise to the clinical manifestations of these diseases.
Topic: Hematopathology—White Cell Disorders, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus (HWC)
White blood cell disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, infections, and intrinsic disease as they relate to reactive and neoplastic abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Development of White Blood Cells and Nonneoplastic Causes of Neutropenia
Apply knowledge of anatomy and physiology to describe the normal development of white blood cells and nonneoplastic conditions leading to increased or decreased numbers of white blood cells.
Objective HWC1.1: Morphology of White Cells
Describe the maturational pathway of white blood cells, naming and describing the morphology of the cells present at each stage for each white blood cell type.
Objective HWC1.2: White Cell Growth Factors
Define the role of growth factors in the development and maturation of white blood cells.
Objective HWC1.3: Leukocytosis
Define leukocytosis, describe several etiologies leading to it, and contrast it with leukemoid reaction.
Objective HWC1.4: Leukopenia
Compare and contrast the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of neutropenia and lymphopenia.
Objective HWC1.5: Neutrophilia
Describe the common causes for neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, and basophilia.
Objective HWC1.6: Neutropenia
Discuss the common causes for neutropenia, lymphopenia, and leukopenia and compare with pancytopenia.
Learning Goal 2: Genetic Mutations in Hematologic Malignancy
Apply knowledge of general concepts of neoplasia to explain how genetic mutations can produce hematologic malignancies and how the clinical behavior of different malignancies can be explained by different mutations.
Objective HWC2.1: Germline and Somatic Mutations in Hematologic Malignancy
Explain the difference between germline and somatic mutations; give examples and explain how each mutation contributes to the development of hematologic malignancies.
Objective HWC2.2: Translocations in Oncogenes
Compare and contrast, with examples, translocations that result in malignancy by activation of oncogenes with those that produce fusion proteins.
Objective HWC2.3: Cell Proliferation or Cell Death in Lymphomas
Explain with examples how dysregulation of cell proliferation or of cell death can give rise to lymphomas, and compare and contrast diseases arising by each mechanism with respect to morphologic appearance and clinical behavior.
Objective HWC2.4: Molecular Basis of Leukemia and Lymphoma
Describe how understanding the molecular pathogenesis of leukemia and lymphoma can suggest targets for therapeutic intervention and give examples of diseases currently treated by targeted therapy.
Objective HWC2.5: Multiple Myeloma
Describe the clinicopathologic features of multiple myeloma in terms of clinical presentation, laboratory findings, radiologic findings, histologic features, and prognosis.
Learning Goal 3: Classification of Leukemia and Lymphomas
Apply knowledge of hematopoiesis to discuss the pathophysiologic basis for the classification of leukemia and lymphomas.
Objective HWC3.1: Morphology of Acute Leukemia and Lymphoma
Describe the morphologic features that characterize typical cases of acute leukemia and lymphoma.
Objective HWC3.2: Myeloid Neoplasia
Compare and contrast myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and acute myeloid leukemia with respect to morphologic appearance, clinical features, and underlying pathophysiology.
Objective HWC3.3: Categories of Lymphoma
Compare and contrast low-grade or indolent lymphomas and high-grade or aggressive lymphomas with respect to underlying pathophysiology that yields specific morphologic features and clinical behavior.
Objective HWC3.4: Morphology of Acute Versus Chronic Leukemia
Discuss the morphologic appearance of a blast and be able to distinguish acute myeloid leukemia from chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Objective HWC3.5: Morphology of Lymphomas
Describe the histologic appearance of typical cases of follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and Hodgkin lymphoma.
Objective HWC3.6: Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Compare and contrast Hodgkin lymphoma with at least 2 non-Hodgkin lymphomas with respect to age and clinical symptoms at presentation, sites and pattern of spread of disease, cell of origin, histologic appearance, and prognosis and response to therapy.
Learning Goal 4: Clinical Features of Hematolymphoid Neoplasms
Discuss the clinical manifestations of hematolymphoid neoplasms including age distribution of different tumors, presenting symptoms and signs, disease complications, natural history, and response to therapy.
Objective HWC4.1: Clinical Features of Bone Marrow Neoplasms
Identify the tumors of bone marrow most likely to present with anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia and discuss the presenting clinical features most likely to be associated with each.
Objective HWC4.2: B Symptoms in Hematolymphoid Neoplasia
Define B symptoms, list which lymphomas are most and least likely to be associated with them, and discuss the prognostic implications of B symptoms in these diseases.
Objective HWC4.3: Staging of Hematolymphoid Neoplasia
Define staging as it applies to lymphoma and give examples of different lymphomas in which staging has different clinical implications.
Objective HWC4.4: Extranodal Lymphoma
Identify lymphomas most likely to present in or involve extranodal sites such as the gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow, blood, skin, or central nervous system.
Learning Goal 5: Stem Cells in Hematolymphoid Neoplasia
Describe how stem cells give rise to the diverse cell populations seen in bone marrow and lymph nodes and discuss how knowledge of hematopoietic cell development can provide a framework for understanding hematolymphoid neoplasia.
Objective HWC5.1: Cell of Origin and the Morphology of Neoplasia
Outline, with examples, the difference between the cell of origin of a neoplasm and the morphologic expression of that disease.
Objective HWC5.2: Stem Cells in Myeloid Leukemias
Discuss the evidence that supports the existence of stem cells in myeloid leukemias and list the features of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms that suggest they are derived from stem cells.
Objective HWC5.3: Lymphoid Response to B-Cell Activation
Describe the morphologic and molecular changes that take place within a lymph node in response to B-cell activation and explain how these changes relate to different types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Learning Goal 6: Thymus
Thymus Apply knowledge of the anatomy and function of the thymus to summarize how developmental anomalies, immune disorders, and malignant transformation of epithelial and lymphoid cells lead to immune dysfunction.
Objective HWC6.1: Thymoma
Compare and contrast thymoma from lymphoma and describe the clinicopathologic features of thymic neoplasms.
Objective HWC6.2: Thymic Development
Explain how deficits in particular stages of thymic development can produce specific types of disease.
Learning Goal 7: Spleen
Apply knowledge of the anatomy and function of the spleen to explain how developmental anomalies, immune, and metabolic disorders neoplasia lead to splenic dysfunction.
Objective HWC7.1: Splenic Function
Explain the contribution of normal splenic function to nonneoplastic diseases.
Objective HWC7.2: Splenomegaly
Describe the clinicopathologic features of neoplastic and nonneoplastic disorders leading to splenomegaly.
Topic: Hematopathology—Platelets and Coagulation Disorders (HPCD)
Platelet disorders resulting from abnormal development, inherited disorders, immune, and infectious diseases and their central role in blood clotting as they relate to coagulation and hemostasis abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Platelets
Apply knowledge of platelet structure and function to discuss qualitative and quantitative disorders leading to abnormal bleeding.
Objective HPCD1.1: Platelets in Hemostasis
Summarize the role played by platelets in hemostasis, including platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation.
Objective HPCD1.2: Thrombocytopenia
Identify the examples of each of the following pathogenetic categories of thrombocytopenia: decreased production, decreased platelet survival, sequestration, dilutional effect.
Objective HPCD1.3: Thrombocytopenic Syndromes
Compare and contrast the following thrombocytopenia syndromes: immune thrombocytopenic purpura, drug-induced thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
Objective HPCD1.4: Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Compare and contrast thrombotic thromobocytopenic purpura with hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Objective HPCD1.5: Platelet Disorders
Explain the biochemical basis of the following congenital and acquired defective platelet disorders: Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Glanzmann thrombasthenia, storage pool disorders, aspirin-related dysfunction, uremia-related dysfunction.
Objective HPCD1.6: Bone Marrow Aplasia
Explain the bases of marrow aplasia/myelophthisis, nutritional deficiency, and myelodysplasia as causes of thrombocytopenia form of marrow failure.
Learning Goal 2: Hemostasis
Apply knowledge of normal hemostasis, interaction of platelets, and procoagulant and anticoagulant factors to describe qualitative and quantitative disorders leading to abnormal bleeding and thrombosis.
Objective HPCD2.1: Types of Hemorrhage
Distinguish among the following manifestations of hemorrhage: hematoma, petechiae, purpura, and ecchymoses.
Objective HPCD2.2: Stages of Hemostasis
Compare and contrast the following stages of hemostasis: vasoconstriction, primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and antithrombotic counterregulation.
Objective HPCD2.3: Secondary Hemostasis
Outline the process of secondary hemostasis, in terms of intrinsic pathway, extrinsic pathway, common pathway, fibrin formation, and fibrinolysis.
Objective HPCD2.4: Proteases and the Coagulation Cascade
Describe how particular proteins that regulate the proteases to activate the clotting cascade either promote or inhibit coagulation.
Objective HPCD2.5: Mechanisms of Hypercoagulability
Compare and contrast the roles of endothelial injury, stasis, and alterations in the regulation of blood clotting in the development of the hypercoagulable state.
Objective HPCD2.6: Risk Factors for Thrombophilia
Give examples and discuss the pathophysiology of inherited versus acquired conditions that increase the risk of thrombophilia.
Objective HPCD2.7: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy
Discuss disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) in terms of etiologies, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and course.
Objective HPCD2.8: Inherited Hemophilia
Discuss the pathogenesis and clinical and laboratory manifestations of hemophilia A and explain how it differs from hemophilia B.
Objective HPCD2.9: Vitamin K and Liver Disease
Describe the pathogenesis and clinical and laboratory findings in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency.
Objective HPCD2.10: von Willebrand Disease
Compare and contrast types I, II, and III von Willebrand disease and explain the quantitative or qualitative abnormalities and the laboratory features observed in each type.
Objective HPCD2.11: Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
Describe the pathogenesis and clinical and laboratory findings in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.
Objective HPCD2.12: Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
Explain the mechanism of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis and describe its clinical presentation and approach to therapy.
Objective HPCD2.13: Thrombophilia in Cancer
Explain the risk of thrombophilia in cancer, describe the context of Trousseau syndrome, and give classic examples of malignancies associated with thrombophilia.
Topic: Respiratory System (RS)
Respiratory disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, immune, infections, and intrinsic disease as they relate to lung abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Vascular Diseases of the Lung
Apply knowledge of the structure and function of blood vessels to explain the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and pathologic findings in pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage syndromes.
Objective RS1.1: Clinical Features of Pulmonary Embolism
Compare and contrast the clinical manifestations, radiographic and pathologic findings, and potential consequences of pulmonary embolism in terms of single versus multiple, and small versus large emboli.
Objective RS1.2: Conditions Predisposing to Pulmonary Embolism
Discuss the factors, including underlying conditions, which can impact the incidence and clinical significance of pulmonary embolism.
Objective RS1.3: Pulmonary Hypertension
Describe the structural cardiopulmonary conditions that are frequently associated with pulmonary hypertension.
Objective RS1.4: Conditions Contributing to Pulmonary Hypertension
Explain how each of the following cardiopulmonary conditions contributes to pulmonary hypertension: increased pulmonary blood flow or pressure, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, or left heart resistance to blood flow.
Objective RS1.5: Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Hypertension
Describe the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in hereditary and secondary forms and the characteristic gross and microscopic morphologic features of each.
Objective RS1.6: Goodpasture Syndrome and Wegener Granulomatosis
Compare and contrast the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and pathologic findings in Goodpasture Syndrome and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis).
Learning Goal 2: Pulmonary Infection
Apply knowledge of the local pulmonary defense mechanisms and systemic host resistance to infection to discuss pathogenesis, classification, clinical manifestations, and pathologic findings in lower respiratory tract infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts.
Objective RS2.1: Pulmonary Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient
Discuss the common infectious agents that produce pulmonary disease that are generally associated with defects in innate, humoral, or cell-mediated immunity.
Objective RS2.2: Classification of Pneumonia by Agent
Describe the classification of pneumonias by clinical setting and name the common etiologic agents for each category.
Objective RS2.3: Clinical Features of Pneumonia
Compare and contrast the clinical presentation and manifestations, gross and microscopic pathology, prognosis, and potential complications for each category of pneumonia.
Objective RS2.4: Categorization of Pneumonia
Define bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia, and atypical pneumonia/interstitial pneumonitis and compare and contrast the common etiologic agents and pathologic findings for each.
Objective RS2.5: Tuberculosis
Compare and contrast the clinical presentation and gross and microscopic findings in primary, secondary/reactivation, and miliary tuberculosis.
Objective RS2.6: Influenza
Define antigenic drift and antigenic shift in influenza viruses and discuss how these can result in epidemics and pandemics.
Objective RS2.7: Clinical Features of Upper- and Lower-Respiratory Infections
Compare and contrast the pathologic findings in upper and lower respiratory tract influenza infections.
Objective RS2.8: Aspiration Pneumonia
Name risk factors for aspiration pneumonia and describe the pathology, prognosis, and potential complications.
Objective RS2.9: Lung Abscess
Define lung abscess in terms of pathogenesis, typical microorganisms, clinical presentation and course, and pathologic findings.
Objective RS2.10: Fungal Pneumonia
Compare and contrast the causative agents, geographic locations, clinical presentation, and pathologic findings in chronic pneumonia caused by fungal organisms.
Objective RS2.11: Features of Pulmonary Infections in the Immunocompromised and Immunocompetent
Discuss the differences in clinical presentation and etiologic agents of pneumonia in immunocompetent versus immunocompromised hosts.
Learning Goal 3: Lung Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the molecular basis of neoplasia to describe clinical presentation, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of lung neoplasms.
Objective RS3.1: Lung Neoplasms
Describe the common locations for the different types of lung cancer.
Objective RS3.2: Morphologic Features of Lung Neoplasms
Discuss key gross and histopathologic features that may help differentiate between small cell, adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
Objective RS3.3: Metastatic Carcinoma to the Lung
Describe features that favor the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma over a primary lung tumor.
Objective RS3.4: Genetics of Lung Cancer
Describe the contribution of specific genetic mutations that are found in particular lung cancers and explain how these mutations affect therapeutic decisions.
Objective RS3.5: Environmental Factors Predisposing to Lung Cancer
Explain the environmental factors that predispose to the development of lung cancer and illustrate how these factors interact with genetic factors in the development of cancer.
Learning Goal 4: Obstructive Diseases of the Lung
Apply knowledge of the genetic and environmental factors leading to cell injury to explain the clinical and pathophysiological consequences that result in obstruction to airflow.
Objective RS4.1: Emphysema
Describe the role of smoking in emphysema; name the 4 different types of emphysema, which is most common, and which lobes of the lungs are most involved in centrilobular emphysema.
Objective RS4.2: Bronchiectasis
Explain the gross morphologic changes associated with bronchiectasis and name 2 diseases that may lead to bronchiectasis.
Objective RS4.3: Pneumoconiosis
Describe the clinicopathologic features identified with common forms of pneumoconiosis.
Objective RS4.4: Asthma
Compare and contrast the clinicopathologic features and causes of asthma and describe the morphologic changes and consequences that result in airflow obstruction.
Topic: Head and Neck (HN)
Head and neck disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, immune, and intrinsic disease as they relate to salivary and upper respiratory abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Nonneoplastic Salivary Gland Disorders
Apply knowledge of the structure and function of the salivary glands to an understanding of the clinicopathologic features associated with disorders presenting with gland enlargement.
Objective HN1.1: Salivary Duct Obstruction
Describe the potential causes for obstruction of the salivary gland duct.
Objective HN1.2: Lymphocytic Sialadenitis
Discuss disorders arising from lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary glands and discuss their potential neoplastic complications.
Objective HN1.3: Sjögren Syndrome
Describe Sjögren syndrome and discuss how it relates to salivary gland dysfunction, its effect on multiple organ systems, complications, and long term risks.
Learning Goal 2: Head and Neck Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the etiology, pathogenesis, morphological appearance; and classification of neoplasms involving the salivary glands, oral cavity, upper airways, and larynx to their diagnosis; and prediction of biological behavior, prevention, and treatment.
Objective HN2.1: Benign and Mucoepidermoid Tumors of Salivary Glands
Distinguish the clinicopathologic features of the 2 benign tumors (pleomorphic adenoma or mixed tumor and Warthin tumor) from the malignant mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Objective HN2.2: Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx
Discuss the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and the spectrum of histologic findings from normal mucosa to invasive disease.
Objective HN2.3: Causes of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Compare and contrast human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven and alcohol-/tobacco-driven development of squamous cell carcinoma including precursor lesions, tumor formation and progression, anatomic location, and survival rate.
Objective HN2.4: Developmental Neck Masses and Other Neck Tumors
Compare and contrast developmental lesions that present as masses in the neck (branchial cyst and thyroglossal duct cyst) from a paraganglioma including pathogenesis and morphologic features of each.
Topic: Gastrointestinal Tract (GT)
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, immune, infections, and intrinsic disease as they relate to the esophagus, small, and large intestine abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Embryology of the Gut
Apply knowledge of the embryology of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut to summarize the morphological features and clinical presentation of developmental anomalies.
Objective GT1.1: Congenital Disorders of the Gut
Discuss the clinicopathological features of tracheoesophageal fistula, pyloric stenosis, intestinal atresia, Meckel diverticulum, and Hirschprung disease.
Learning Goal 2: Anatomy and Blood Supply of the Gut
Apply knowledge of the gross anatomy of the GI tract and hemodynamic principles to discuss vascular disorders.
Objective GT2.1: Ischemic Disorders of the Gut
Explain the pathogenesis and clinicopathological features for common disorders of the GI tract that arise from hypoxia or ischemia.
Objective GT2.2: Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Compare and contrast the pathophysiology of necrotizing enterocolitis from bowel infarction due to shock and atherosclerosis.
Learning Goal 3: Gastrointestinal Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the molecular basis of neoplasia to explain the clinical presentation, inheritance risk, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of gastrointestinal neoplasms.
Objective GT3.1: Precursors to Bowel Carcinoma
Discuss the precursor lesions, risk factors, and hereditary cancer syndromes that lead to GI neoplasia.
Objective GT3.2: Molecular Basis of Bowel Neoplasms
Summarize the molecular basis and clinicopathologic features, local and systemic, for esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, GI lymphoma, GIST, colon, and anal cancer.
Objective GT3.3: Esophageal Carcinoma
Describe the location of adenocarcinomas versus squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus and list the major risk factors for each.
Objective GT3.4: Colon Carcinoma
Discuss the 2 most important prognostic factors for colon cancer and explain why they are most important.
Objective GT3.5: Colonic Polyps
Compare and contrast the different types of polyps and their risk of developing cancer.
Learning Goal 4: Features of Gastrointestinal Neoplasms
Apply knowledge of the gross anatomy of the GI tract and its blood supply to describe presenting signs and symptoms and pattern of spread of gastrointestinal neoplasms.
Objective GT4.1: Right- and Left-Sided Colon Carcinoma
Distinguish between carcinomas arising in the left and right colon in terms of symptoms and morphology.
Objective GT4.2: Staging of Colon Carcinoma
Describe how colon cancers are staged and list the common sites of metastases.
Learning Goal 5: Immune-Related Disorders of the Bowel
Apply knowledge of immune system dysregulation to discuss specific immune-related disorders.
Objective GT5.1: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Compare and contrast the pathophysiology and clinicopathological features of inflammatory bowel disease.
Objective GT5.2: Celiac Disease
Explain the pathophysiology of gliadin hypersensitivity (celiac disease).
Objective GT5.3: Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Describe the distribution of Crohn’s disease, pathogenesis, and how transmural involvement is related to complications and compare and contrast Crohn’s disease with ulcerative colitis
Learning Goal 6: Malabsorption
Apply knowledge of gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology to summarize the clinicopathologic features, diagnostic criteria, and therapy of disorders presenting with malabsorption.
Objective GT6.1: Systemic Disorders With Malabsorption
Compare and contrast the pathogenesis and clinicopathologic features of systemic disorders leading to malabsorption.
Objective GT6.2: Pancreaticobiliary Causes of Malabsorption
Outline disorders of the pancreas and bile acid metabolism, and discuss how they lead to malabsorption.
Objective GT6.3: Inflammatory Causes of Malabsorption
Explain how celiac disease, sprue, gastroenteritis, and inflammatory bowel disease lead to malabsorption.
Learning Goal 7: Bowel Infections
Apply knowledge of common pathogens and principles of immunity to describe the morphological features and clinical presentation of infectious diseases affecting immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients.
Objective GT7.1: Bowel Infections
Compare the underlying mechanism and clinicopathologic features of GI tract involvement by common bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens.
Objective GT7.2: Helicobacter Infection
Relate the clinicopathologic features of Helicobacter to chronic gastritis and ulcer formation.
Learning Goal 8: Mechanical Disorders of Bowel
Apply knowledge of GI anatomy and physiology to explain the clinicopathologic features, diagnostic criteria, and therapy of disorders resulting in acid reflux, abnormal GI motility, and gastrointestinal tract obstruction.
Objective GT8.1: Dysphagia
Describe the pathophysiology and clinicopathological features of disorders presenting with dysphagia.
Objective GT8.2: Bowel Obstruction
Compare and contrast the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disorders that present with GI obstruction, including disorders such as volvulus, hernias, adhesions, and intussusception.
Objective GT8.3: Diverticulosis
Describe the pathogenesis and complications of diverticulosis.
Objective GT8.4: Appendicitis
Describe the clinicopathologic features of acute appendicitis and discuss the clinical differential diagnosis and potential complications of this disorder.
Topic: Hepatobiliary (HB)
Hepatobiliary disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, immune, infections, toxins, and intrinsic disease as they relate to liver and biliary abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Hepatitis
Apply knowledge of pathogenic organisms infecting the liver and their transmission, natural history, pathogenesis, laboratory profiles, and histopathological patterns of injury to the prevention and diagnosis of hepatitis.
Objective HB1.1: Transmission of Hepatotropic Viruses
Explain the routes of transmission of different hepatotropic viruses and how they relate to the public health measures that have been implemented to prevent their transmission.
Objective HB1.2: Progression of Hepatitis
Compare and contrast the possible clinical outcomes of the major hepatotropic viruses with particular reference to the incidence of progression to chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis.
Objective HB1.3: Pathophysiology of Hepatitis
Describe the pathophysiology associated with the major hepatotropic viruses and explain how this knowledge can be used to assess the presence of hepatitis, and the management and prognosis of this disease.
Objective HB1.4: Histopathology of Hepatitis
Explain the pathogenetic mechanisms of injury that result in the histopathological findings observed in acute and chronic viral hepatitis.
Objective HB1.5: Hepatic Abscess
Describe the etiology of hepatic abscesses and the pathways that infectious agents may take to reach the liver.
Objective HB1.6: Cirrhosis
Classify types of cirrhosis, in terms of etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic pattern (gross and microscopic), and their relationship to neoplasia.
Learning Goal 2: Liver Toxins
Apply knowledge of the cellular response to injury, the pathogenic mechanisms leading to disease and the biochemical alterations of hepatic function to explain the clinicopathologic features, prognosis, and treatment of disorders resulting from ethanol and other drugs and toxins.
Objective HB2.1: Steatosis
Describe the clinicopathologic features of excessive ethanol ingestion, focusing on biochemical pathways and short- and long-term complications, and compare and contrast alcoholic with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Objective HB2.2: Acetaminophen Toxicity
Describe the clinicopathologic features of excessive acetaminophen ingestion focusing on biochemical pathways and short- and long-term complications.
Objective HB2.3: Hemochromatosis
Discuss the clinicopathologic features of excessive iron absorption, focusing on biochemical pathways, genetic factors, and short- and long-term complications.
Learning Goal 3: Hepatic Neoplasms
Apply knowledge of the molecular basis of neoplasia to describe the clinical presentation, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of hepatic neoplasms.
Objective HB3.1: Causes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Compare and contrast, in the context of geographic location, the epidemiological importance of the known etiologic agents associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and suggest public health measures that might decrease its incidence.
Objective HB3.2: Pathogenesis
Discuss the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma arising in the setting of hepatitis B and hepatitis C, chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis.
Objective HB3.3: Molecular Basis of Hepatic Adenoma
Describe how the molecular basis of a hepatic adenoma contributes to the risk of malignant transformation.
Objective HB3.4: Radiology of Cirrhosis
Identify the major space-occupying lesions that may be seen on radiographic imaging of the normal and cirrhotic liver, and discuss the complications of cirrhosis.
Objective HB3.5: Metastasis to the Liver
Describe the factors that lead to metastasis to the liver and the features of metastatic disease that distinguish it from primary neoplasms.
Learning Goal 4: Inflammatory and Congenital Hepatobiliary Disorders
Apply knowledge of the cellular response to injury, the pathogenic mechanisms leading to disease and the biochemical alterations of hepatic function to describe the clinicopathologic features, prognosis, and treatment of intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tract diseases.
Objective HB4.1: Inflammatory Disorders of the Liver
Outline how autoimmune hepatitis, primary and secondary biliary cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis differ regarding associated conditions, incidence, sex predilection, etiology, laboratory features, clinical features and prognosis.
Objective HB4.2: Congenital Disorders of the Liver
Compare and contrast the etiology and treatment of biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis.
Learning Goal 5: Molecular Basis of Biliary Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the molecular basis of neoplasia to an understanding of the clinical presentation, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of neoplasms involving the biliary tree.
Objective HB5.1: Extrahepatic Biliary Carcinoma
Describe the epidemiology, morphology, and clinical features of gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary tract carcinoma.
Objective HB5.2: Cholangiocarcinoma
Describe the presenting symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma and how the symptoms relate to the location.
Learning Goal 6: Nonneoplastic Disorders of Biliary Tree
Apply knowledge of both the embryonic principles of hepatic and bile tract development and mechanisms of fibro-inflammatory injury to an understanding of disorders due to maldevelopment and acquired abnormalities of the biliary tree.
Objective HB6.1: Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis
Describe the inheritance, etiology, clinical and laboratory features, and prognosis of congenital hepatic fibrosis.
Objective HB6.2: Polycystic Liver Disease
Describe the inheritance, etiology, clinical and laboratory features, and prognosis of polycystic liver disease.
Learning Goal 7: Cholelithiasis
Apply knowledge of general biochemical principles to an understanding of how gallstones develop, risk factors for their development, and their clinical presentation and complications.
Objective HB7.1: Gallstones
Describe the risk factors, clinical features, complications, mechanisms, and composition of gallstones.
Objective HB7.2: Cholecystitis
Differentiate the epidemiology, morphology, clinical features, and complications of acute and chronic cholecystitis.
Objective HB7.3: Empyema and Hydrops of the Gallbladder
Differentiate the etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, and clinical features of empyema and hydrops of the gallbladder.
Topic: Pancreas (P)
Pancreas disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, immune, infections and intrinsic disease as they relate to the exocrine pancreatic abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Nonneoplastic Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas
Apply knowledge of the structure and function of the pancreas to an understanding of the clinicopathologic features and diagnostic criteria of disorders resulting from cellular injury to the exocrine pancreas.
Objective P1.1: Pancreatitis
Compare and contrast acute and chronic pancreatitis in terms of etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic features, and complications.
Objective P1.2: Genetic Disorders of the Pancreas
Describe with examples genetic disorders that affect the function of the exocrine pancreas.
Learning Goal 2: Pancreatic Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the molecular basis of neoplasia to an understanding of the clinical presentation, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of pancreatic neoplasms.
Objective P2.1: Neoplasia of the Pancreas
Describe the major types of neoplasms affecting the exocrine pancreas.
Objective P2.2: Clinical Features of the Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Explain how the location of a pancreatic neoplasm determines its presenting symptoms and discuss the risk factors for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Objective P2.3: Endocrine Neoplasms of the Pancreas
Describe clinicopathological features of neoplasms of the endocrine pancreas.
Topic: Kidney (UTK)
Kidney disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, immune, infections, and intrinsic disease as they relate to renal abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Renal Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the molecular basis of neoplasia to explain the clinical presentation, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of renal neoplasms.
Objective UTK1.1: Renal Cell Carcinoma
Compare and contrast the 3 major types of renal cell carcinoma (clear cell, papillary, and chromophobe) in terms of clinical presentation, diagnostic morphological features, and molecular pathogenesis.
Objective UTK1.2: Urothelial and Renal Cell Carcinoma
Compare and contrast pelvic urothelial malignancies with renal cell carcinomas in relation to risk factors, microscopic appearance, and biological behavior.
Objective UTK1.3: Grading and Staging of Renal Carcinoma
Describe how renal cell carcinoma is graded and staged and discuss the factors that determine prognosis.
Objective UTK1.4: Wilms Tumor
Describe the clinical and pathologic features and molecular basis for Wilms tumor and list the histologic features that are important to recognize in determining prognosis, and the etiology of Wilms tumor as part of different syndromes.
Learning Goal 2: Structure and Function of the Nephron
Apply knowledge of kidney structure and function to summarize how acquired and hereditary abnormalities of the renal tubules and interstitium cause acute and/or chronic renal dysfunction.
Objective UTK2.1: Tubulointerstitial Diseases
Describe the clinicopathological features and pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial diseases and discuss how their pathogenesis relates to treatment and outcomes.
Objective UTK2.2: Nephritis
Compare and contrast acute pyelonephritis, drug-induced interstitial nephritis, and lupus nephritis in terms of pathogenesis, clinical presentation, histopathological appearance, and treatment.
Objective UTK2.3: Acute Tubular Injury
Compare and contrast ischemic and nephrotoxic forms of acute tubular injury, including typical clinical contexts, pathogenesis of renal failure, microscopic appearance, and expected outcome.
Objective UTK2.4: Chronic Inflammatory Injury
Compare and contrast chronic pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy, including the organisms commonly associated with each.
Learning Goal 3: Renal Vascular Dysfunction
Compare and contrast the common causes of renal vascular dysfunction in terms of size and types of vessels involved, characteristic gross and microscopic morphology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation.
Objective UTK3.1: Renal Artery Occlusion
Compare thrombotic and embolic causes of renal arterial occlusions in terms of underlying pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathological anatomy, and clinical presentation.
Objective UTK3.2: Renal Changes in Hypertension
Discuss how the pathogenesis of hypertension leads to structural changes in the renal vasculature and how the characteristic pathological vascular lesions of the kidney seen in hypertension cause renal dysfunction.
Objective UTK3.3: HUS and TTP
Compare and contrast typical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), atypical HUS, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) in terms of clinical presentation, renal histopathology, pathogenesis, and prognosis.
Learning Goal 4: Congenital Disorders of the Kidney
Apply knowledge of the embryologic principles of kidney and lower urinary tract development to explain developmental anomalies.
Objective UTK4.1: Inherited Renal Disorders
Compare autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease in terms of pathological anatomy, molecular pathogenesis, and clinical presentation.
Learning Goal 5: Renal Syndromes
Apply knowledge of the structure and function of the kidney to describe the pathogenetic mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, and clinicopathologic features of glomerular diseases presenting with asymptomatic proteinuria, nephrotic and nephritic syndrome.
Objective UTK5.1: Nephritic Syndrome
Describe the proliferative and proinflammatory pathologies of conditions presenting with nephritic syndrome.
Objective UTK5.2: Nephrotic Syndrome
Describe the pathophysiology and morphologic features of nephrotic syndrome, and contrast with nephritic syndrome.
Objective UTK5.3: Immune-Mediated Renal Disease
Compare and contrast the mechanisms of immune complex and antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis.
Objective UTK5.4: Diabetic Nephropathy
Describe the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and the associated clinicopathologic features.
Objective UTK5.5: Dysproteinemic Nephropathies
Describe the pathogenesis of the nephropathies associated with dysproteinemia.
Topic: Bladder (UTB)
Bladder disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, infections, obstructions and intrinsic disease as they relate to urothelial abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Bladder Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the molecular basis of neoplasia to describe the clinical presentation, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of bladder neoplasms.
Objective UTB1.1: Urothelial Carcinoma
Compare and contrast the different precursor lesions of urothelial carcinoma in terms of architecture, cytologic features, molecular–genetic changes, and propensity for invasion/progression.
Objective UTB1.2: Risk Factors for Urothelial Carcinoma
Relate the risk factors for urothelial carcinoma to general principles of carcinogenesis.
Objective UTB1.3: Diagnosis and Surveillance of Urothelial Carcinoma
Describe the typical clinical presentation of urothelial carcinoma and the advantages and limitations of urine cytology in diagnosis and surveillance of urothelial carcinoma.
Objective UTB1.4: Staging of Bladder Cancer
Relate stage of bladder cancer to prognosis and therapy, including the role of BCG, in the treatment of low-stage tumors.
Learning Goal 2: Bladder Infection
Apply knowledge of innate and adaptive immunity, pathogenic organisms infecting the bladder and their transmission to explain the natural history, pathogenesis, diagnosis, laboratory profiles, histopathological features, and prevention of cystitis.
Objective UTB2.1: Acute Cystitis
Discuss the typical clinical symptomatology of acute cystitis and the organisms commonly causing this disorder.
Objective UTB2.2: Noninfectious Cystitis
Describe the most common noninfectious causes of cystitis.
Objective UTB2.3: Cystitis Associated With Bladder Mass
Describe examples in which cystitis may result in mass lesions or morphologic lesions of the urinary bladder, and describe the pathogenesis of the process.
Learning Goal 3: Urinary Obstruction
Apply knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the kidney to describe how disorders may lead to obstruction of urinary outflow.
Objective UTB3.1: Bladder Diverticula
Describe the pathogenesis of bladder diverticula, including congenital and acquired, and their potential role in infection, lithiasis, and obstruction and occult carcinoma.
Objective UTB3.2: Nephrolithiasis
List the different chemical types of nephrolithiasis, and explain the pathophysiologic mechanisms related to development and therapy/prevention of urinary stones.
Objective UTB3.3: Causes of Urinary Obstruction
Explain and give specific examples of several causes of urinary obstruction.
Topic: Male Reproductive—Prostate (MP)
Prostrate disorders resulting from genetic mutations, infections, and intrinsic disease as they relate to prostate abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Prostate Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the molecular and cellular origins of prostate cancers, specifically adenocarcinoma, to summarize the epidemiology, clinicopathological features, natural history, and treatment strategies for this disease.
Objective MP1.1: Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Outline the cellular phenotype of the typical adenocarcinoma cell and describe its molecular and immunohistochemical characteristics.
Objective MP1.2: Histopathologic Criteria for Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Define the histopathological diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma.
Objective MP1.3: Epidemiology of Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Explain the epidemiology of prostate cancer with respect to age, race, and family history.
Objective MP1.4: “Histological” versus “Clinically Significant” Adenocarcinoma
Compare and contrast the significance of “histological” adenocarcinoma versus a “clinically significant” adenocarcinoma.
Learning Goal 2: Nonneoplastic Disorders of the Prostate
Apply knowledge of the molecular and cellular origins of nonneoplastic disorders of the prostate, specifically prostatitis and nodular hyperplasia, to explain the epidemiology, clinicopathological features, natural history, and treatment strategy for these diseases.
Objective MP2.1: Nodular Hyperplasia
Explain the molecular and hormonal origins of nodular hyperplasia, the area of the prostate affected, the natural history of the disease, various treatment strategies, and anticipated outcomes of treatment.
Objective MP2.2: Prostatitis
Describe the pathophysiologic basis for inflammatory conditions affecting the prostate, including the organisms causing this condition.
Topic: Male Reproductive—Testes (MT)
Testicular disorders resulting from abnormal development, germ cell lesions, infections, and intrinsic disease as they relate to testes abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Nonneoplastic Disorders of the Testes
Apply knowledge of the molecular and cellular origins of nonneoplastic disorders of the testis to explain the epidemiology, clinicopathological features, natural history, and treatment strategy for these diseases.
Objective MT1.1: Cryptorchism
Name the structure through which the testes descend during fetal development and what is brought with the testes in the descent. Describe the complications observed for failure of the testes to descend (cryptorchidism).
Objective MT1.2: Testicular Torsion
Describe the clinicopathologic features that occur in the testis due to torsion of the spermatic cord.
Objective MT1.3: Orchitis
Discuss several inflammatory conditions affecting the testis and the clinicopathologic features associated with each.
Learning Goal 2: Testicular Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the molecular and cellular origins of the common types of testicular cancer to explain the epidemiology, clinicopathological features, natural history, and treatment strategies for this disease.
Objective MT2.1: Germ-Cell Tumors of the Testis
Describe the most important risk factors for development of a germ cell tumor of the testis and outline the clinicopathologic features for the different morphologic patterns seen.
Objective MT2.2: Diagnosis of the Testicular Mass
Discuss a differential diagnosis for a testicular mass.
Topic: Breast (BR)
Breast disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, immune mediated, infections, and intrinsic disease as they relate to breast abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Nonneoplastic Disorders of the Breast
Apply knowledge of the embryology, cellular responses to injury, underlying etiology, and biologic and molecular alterations to describe the clinical presentation, inheritance risk, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of nonneoplastic disorders of the breast.
Objective BR1.1: Clinical Presentation of Breast Lesions
Identify the most frequently diagnosed breast lesions by age of the patient, based on the most common clinical presentations in males versus females.
Objective BR1.2: Silicone Breast Implants
Discuss silicone breast implants in terms of the morphologic changes in the adjacent breast and the risk of subsequent autoimmune disease and cancer.
Objective BR1.3: Reactive Breast Conditions
Compare and contrast reactive breast conditions in terms of etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, and clinical features.
Objective BR1.4: Fibrocystic Change
Discuss the clinical significance of proliferative and nonproliferative fibrocystic change, with and without atypia, and describe how each of these changes and the family history affects the subsequent risk of developing breast cancer.
Learning Goal 2: Molecular Basis of Breast Neoplasms
Apply knowledge of the molecular basis of neoplasia to describe the clinical presentation, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of breast neoplasms.
Objective BR2.1: Fibroadenoma and Phyllodes Tumor
Compare and contrast fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor in terms of clinical features, morphologic findings, and prognosis.
Objective BR2.2: Precursors to Breast Carcinoma.
Describe the proposed precursor-carcinoma sequence in breast cancer and name the characteristic morphologic changes.
Objective BR2.3: Ductal Carcinoma-in-Situ
Compare and contrast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) in terms of incidence, clinical presentation, morphology, biomarker expression, pattern of spread, natural history, treatment, and prognosis.
Objective BR2.4: Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes
For the most common breast cancer susceptibility genes, describe the normal function of the gene product, incidence of gene mutation, reasons for its association with cancer, percentage of hereditary breast cancer, and risk of breast cancer by age 70.
Objective BR2.5: Gene Expression in Breast Cancer
Explain the major molecular classes of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast identified by gene expression profiling, and describe how each correlates with prognosis and response to therapy.
Objective BR2.6: Categories of Breast Cancer
Construct a table to compare and contrast invasive ductal carcinoma (NOS), invasive lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, colloid (mucinous) carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, and metaplastic carcinoma of the breast in terms of incidence, age predilection, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, gross and microscopic morphology, grade, molecular classification, patterns of spread, clinical course, prognostic indicators, treatment options, and survival rates, and indicate which are more common in males versus females.
Objective BR2.7: Factors Affecting Response and Prognosis of Breast Cancer
Explain the prognosis and likelihood of recurrence and response to therapy for breast cancer patients based on knowledge of molecular classification and/or gene expression profiling, morphologic classification, grade, prognostic marker studies, and other predictive factors.
Topic: Female Reproductive—Uterus (FU)
Uterine disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, infections, and intrinsic disease as they relate to uterine abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Uterine Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the molecular basis of neoplasia to describe the clinical presentation, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of uterine neoplasms.
Objective FU1.1: Clinical Features of Uterine Neoplasms
Compare and contrast common benign and malignant uterine neoplasms, including important clinicopathological features related to treatment and prognosis.
Objective FU1.2: Endometrial Carcinoma
Compare and contrast the precursors, clinical setting, risk factors, pathologic findings and prognosis for type I and type II carcinomas of the endometrium.
Objective FU1.3: Hereditary Colorectal Cancer and Endometrial Carcinoma
Discuss the relationship of endometrial carcinoma to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma.
Objective FU1.4: Smooth Muscle Tumors of the Uterus
Discuss the natural history, clinical presentation, and management of benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus and the risk for malignant transformation.
Learning Goal 2: Nonneoplastic Uterine Disorders
Apply knowledge of uterine physiology, endocrinology, and anatomy to compare and contrast the clinical presentation and pathology of common nonneoplastic uterine disorders.
Objective FU2.1: Endometrial Hyperplasia
Define endometrial hyperplasia and discuss its etiology, classification, and prognosis.
Objective FU2.2: Menstrual Cycle
Identify the phases of the menstrual cycle and the major hormonal changes that occur, comparing normal menstruation to common causes of abnormal bleeding in adolescents, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women.
Objective FU2.3: Uterine Adenomyosis
Compare and contrast the pathology of adenomyosis with endometriosis.
Objective FU2.4: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Discuss causes of abnormal uterine bleeding including hormonal disturbances, acute and chronic endometritis, and endometrial polyps.
Learning Goal 3: Cervical Disorders
Apply knowledge of cervical physiology and anatomy to compare and contrast the clinical presentation and pathology of common cervical disorders.
Objective FU3.1: Clinical Features of Cervical Dysplasia and Neoplasms
Discuss the common human papillomavirus (HPV) types that affect the cervix and discuss the pathogenesis of cervical dysplasia and neoplasia, and cervical screening methods and prevention.
Learning Goal 4: Female Genital Tract
Apply knowledge of physiology and anatomy to compare and contrast the clinical presentation and pathology of common female genital tract disorders.
Objective FU4.1: Clinical Features of Pelvic Infections
Discuss the common pelvic infections including those affecting the vulva, vagina, cervix, and fallopian tubes, and describe the pathogenesis of pelvic inflammatory disease, common organisms involved, and its complications.
Topic: Female Reproductive—Ovary (FO)
Ovarian disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, infections, immune, and intrinsic disease as they relate to the ovary are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Ovarian Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the molecular basis of neoplasia to describe the clinical presentation, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of ovarian neoplasms
Objective FO1.1: Ovarian Development
Describe the embryologic development and the histologic components of the ovary, including surface Müllerian epithelium, germ cells, and the sex-cord stromal cells.
Objective FO1.2: Causes of Ovarian Neoplasm
Describe the risk factors, genetic associations, and molecular basis, including hereditary cancer syndromes, for ovarian neoplasms, including those derived from epithelium, sex-cord stromal as well as germ cell neoplasms.
Learning Goal 2: Nonneoplastic Disorders of the Ovary
Apply knowledge of infectious diseases, embryology, and immunology to explain the major pathologic features of processes affecting the ovary.
Objective FO2.1: Infections Involving the Ovary
Describe the pathogens, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic that can cause ovarian disease and explain the underlying mechanisms, clinicopathologic features, and complications.
Objective FO2.2: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Explain the pathophysiologic basis of polycystic ovary syndrome.
Objective FO2.3: Immune Diseases of the Ovary
Explain the mechanism(s) by which the dysregulation of the immune system gives rise to ovarian disease and describe the pathology observed.
Objective FO2.4: Menopause
Describe the clinicopathologic features of menopause and the basis for treatment.
Topic: Female Reproductive—Disorders of Pregnancy (FDP)
Pregnancy disorders resulting from abnormal implantation, genetic mutations, hemodynamic, immune, infections, and intrinsic disease as they relate to gestational disease abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Disorders of Pregnancy
Apply knowledge of embryology, cellular responses to injury, hemodynamics, and molecular alterations to summarize the clinical presentation, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, biologic behavior of and therapy for disorders of pregnancy.
Objective FDP1.1: Ectopic Pregnancy
Describe risk factors, characteristic morphologic findings, potential outcomes, and the medical/surgical options for management of ectopic pregnancy in relation to the pathogenesis and likelihood of adverse consequences.
Objective FDP1.2: Spontaneous Abortion
List 2 fetal and 6 maternal causes for spontaneous abortion and indicate which is the most common.
Objective FDP1.3: Late Pregnancy
Describe how disorders of late pregnancy can lead to effects that threaten the mother and/or fetus.
Objective FDP1.4: Infections during Pregnancy
Discuss the ascending and hematogenous infections occurring during pregnancy in terms of etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, methods of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
Objective FDP1.5: Eclampsia
Explain the principal pathophysiologic aberrations of the placenta and maternal circulation in preeclampsia and eclampsia; the characteristic morphologic features in the placenta, liver, kidney, and brain; and how management is affected by gestational age and severity of disease.
Objective FDP1.6: Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
Explain with specific examples how to differentiate forms of gestational trophoblastic disease based on etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic features, clinical features, and laboratory findings, including potential consequences and/or subsequent risks, treatment, and prognosis for each.
Objective FDP1.7: Gestational Diabetes
Describe the pathophysiologic effects of diabetes mellitus on the mother and fetus.
Topic: Endocrine (EN)
Endocrine disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, immune, infections, and intrinsic disease as they relate to multiple endocrine organ abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Hyper- and Hypopituitarism
Apply knowledge of pituitary physiology to describe the pathophysiology and clinicopathologic features of disorders associated with hyperpituitarism and hypopituitarism.
Objective EN1.1: Anterior Pituitary
List several causes for destruction of the anterior pituitary and the clinicopathologic features associated with each.
Objective EN1.2: Sheehan’s Syndrome
Define Sheehan’s syndrome and discuss the clinicopathologic features associated with it.
Objective EN1.3: Posterior Pituitary
Outline the clinicopathologic features associated with disorders affecting the posterior pituitary gland.
Learning Goal 2: Hyper- and Hypothyroidism
Apply knowledge of thyroid physiology to explain the pathophysiology and clinicopathologic features of disorders associated with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
Objective EN2.1: Causes of Hyper- and Hypothyroidism
Compare and contrast the causes of hyperthyroidism versus hypothyroidism.
Objective EN2.2: Clinical Features of Hyper- and Hypothyroidism
Compare and contrast the clinicopathologic features of hyperthyroidism versus hypothyroidism.
Learning Goal 3: Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Apply knowledge of immune system dysregulation to summarize immune-related disorders of the thyroid.
Objective EN3.1: Graves’ Disease, Hashimoto Thyroiditis, and Subacute Thyroiditis
Compare and contrast the pathophysiology and clinicopathologic features of Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis.
Objective EN3.2: Granulomatous Thyroiditis
Compare and contrast immune-mediated thyroid disease with subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (de Quervain’s thyroiditis).
Learning Goal 4: Hyper- and Hypoadrenalism
Apply knowledge of adrenal physiology to describe the pathophysiology and clinicopathologic features of disorders associated with adrenocortical hyperfunction (hyperadrenalism) and adrenocortical insufficiency.
Objective EN4.1: Cushing Syndrome
Compare and contrast the causes and clinicopathologic features of hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome) and the pathophysiologic basis distinguishing between these causes and the management of this disease.
Objective EN4.2: Hyperaldosteronism
Compare and contrast the causes and clinicopathologic features of primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism.
Objective EN4.3: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Outline the clinicopathologic features of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Objective EN4.4: Adrenocortical Insufficiency
Compare and contrast the causes of adrenocortical insufficiency, including the pathogenesis of primary acute and chronic adrenocortical insufficiency.
Learning Goal 5: Endocrine Neoplasms
Apply knowledge of the molecular basis of neoplasia to explain the clinical presentation, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of endocrine neoplasms.
Objective EN5.1: Thyroid Neoplasms
Compare and contrast the clinicopathologic features of follicular adenomas, follicular carcinoma, and papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Objective EN5.2: Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Describe the molecular basis and clinicopathologic features of medullary thyroid carcinoma.
Objective EN5.3: Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
Outline the clinicopathologic features of pheochromocytoma and compare and contrast the hereditary cancer syndromes associated with paragangliomas/pheochromocytomas.
Objective EN5.4: Pituitary Adenoma
Explain the clinicopathologic features of pituitary adenomas including their genetic mutations and their associated clinical syndromes.
Objective EN5.5: Endocrine Neoplasia of the Pancreas including Islet Cell Tumors
Compare and contrast the clinicopathologic features of the pancreatic endocrine tumors including the genetic alterations and complications of each.
Learning Goal 6: Endocrine Pancreas
Apply knowledge of the structure and function of the endocrine pancreas and biochemical principles of carbohydrate metabolism to summarize the clinicopathologic features, diagnostic criteria, and therapy of disorders resulting from excess or decreased production of insulin and other islet cell hormones.
Objective EN6.1: Features of Diabetes Mellitus
Compare and contrast the clinicopathologic features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Objective EN6.2: Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Outline the pathologic complications of diabetes mellitus.
Objective EN6.3: Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) Syndromes
Compare and contrast the clinicopathologic features of MEN 1 with MEN 2 and 3.
Topic: Skin (SK)
Skin disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, immune, infections, and intrinsic disease as they relate to dermal abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Classification of Skin Disease
Apply knowledge of histology, cell biology, inflammation, and neoplasia to an understanding of the clinical presentation, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, and classification of diseases of the skin.
Objective SK1.1: Pathophysiology of Changes in the Skin
Describe the pathophysiologic basis for changes in the color, surface texture, swelling, temperature, and sensitivity of skin.
Learning Goal 2: Infections of the Skin
Apply knowledge of the anatomic and immunologic structure of the skin to discuss the role of skin in protecting against direct invasion of skin and appendages by pathogens.
Objective SK2.1: Barrier Function of Skin
Explain the anatomic basis for the skin as a barrier and the role of normal flora that colonize the skin in this function.
Objective SK2.2: Cutaneous Infections
Describe common bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic agents that may cause cutaneous infections and the particular sites that they infect, and morphologic features and complications of these infections.
Learning Goal 3: Immune-Related Disorders of the Skin
Apply knowledge of basic concepts in immunopathology and the key immunologic functions of components of the skin to understand the pathologic basis of disease caused by reactivity to exogenous agents versus immunologically driven disease with a genetic component.
Objective SK3.1: Manifestations of Exogenous Antigens
Describe the clinical features and pathologic basis for skin manifestations to exogenous antigens including infectious organisms, drugs, chemicals, and environmental agents.
Objective SK3.2: Immune Diseases of the Skin
Describe the clinical features and pathologic basis for the following immunologically driven diseases with a genetic component: eczema, psoriasis, and vitiligo.
Learning Goal 4: Inherited Disorders of the Skin
Apply knowledge of genetics, skin structure, and function and basic principles of pathology to an understanding of nonneoplastic inherited disorders of the skin.
Objective SK4.1: Inherited Blistering Diseases
Describe the genetic basis for blistering diseases affecting the skin.
Learning Goal 5: Skin Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the molecular basis of neoplasia to an understanding of the clinical presentation, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of benign and malignant skin neoplasms.
Objective SK5.1: Benign Skin Neoplasms
Describe the clinical presentation and histopathologic findings of benign skin growths of the following cellular origins: basal cell, squamous cell, melanocytes, as well as neoplasms of dermal origin.
Objective SK5.2: Malignant Skin Neoplasms
Describe the clinical presentation, precursor lesions, risk factors and hereditary cancer syndromes that lead to the following skin cancers: basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
Objective SK5.3: Genetic Disorders Predisposing to Skin Cancer
Identify the genetic disorders with high risk of skin cancers and explain the molecular basis of that risk as well as the genomic mutations involved.
Objective SK5.4: Sun Exposure
Explain the role of ultraviolet light and other environmental factors in development of various skin cancers.
Objective SK5.5: Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas
Describe the various clinical presentations of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma/mycosis fungoides and discuss the natural course of the disease.
Topic: Musculoskeletal System (MS)
Musculoskeletal disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, nutritional, immune, infections, and intrinsic disease as they relate to lung abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Bone Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the molecular basis of neoplasia to describe the clinical presentation, biologic behavior, morphologic appearance, classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of bone neoplasms.
Objective MS1.1: Categories of Bone Tumors
Describe examples of bone forming, cartilage forming, and other common bone tumors including the clinicopathologic features, radiological features, treatment, and prognosis of each.
Objective MS1.2: Bone-Forming Sarcomas in Children
Describe the most common benign and malignant bone forming tumors in children and adolescents in terms of clinical presentation, radiologic findings, histologic features, treatment, and prognosis.
Objective MS1.3: Cartilage-Forming Sarcomas
Describe the most common benign and malignant cartilaginous tumor of bone in children and adolescents in terms of clinical presentation, radiologic findings, histologic features, treatment, and prognosis.
Objective MS1.4: Metastatic Tumors
Describe the tumors that commonly metastasize to bone, the radiologic manifestations of metastatic lesion involving bone, and the difference between osteoblastic and osteolytic metastases.
Objective MS1.5: Soft-Tissue Tumors
Describe the common benign and malignant soft tissue tumors including the genetic contribution to tumor development and progression.
Learning Goal 2: Nonneoplastic Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System
Apply knowledge of histology, immunology, microbiology, and biological and molecular alterations to discuss clinical presentation, biological behavior, morphological appearance, and natural history of nonneoplastic disorders of bones, joints, and skeletal muscle.
Objective MS2.1: Osteomalacia and Rickets
Compare and contrast osteomalacia and rickets with respect to pathogenesis and clinicopathologic features.
Objective MS2.2: Osteomyelitis
Discuss the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis, including predisposing factors, organisms involved, morphologic appearance, and complications.
Objective MS2.3: Osteoporosis
Distinguish primary from secondary osteoporosis in terms of etiology, pathogenesis, and morphology.
Objective MS2.4: Spinal Degenerative Disease
Describe the common degenerative diseases of the spine.
Objective MS2.5: Pathologic Fracture
Compare and contrast pathologic versus nonpathologic fractures including the potential for healing.
Objective MS2.6: Paget Disease
Discuss the clincopathologic changes of Paget Disease including the histologic phases, genetic changes, and complications of this disorder.
Objective MS2.7: Arthritis
Compare and contrast rheumatoid and osteoarthritis including the etiology, pathogenesis, and morphology of each.
Topic: Nervous System—Central Nervous System (NSC)
Nervous system disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, vascular, immune, infections, and intrinsic disease as they relate to central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: CNS Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the pathological and molecular basis of common brain tumors to describe their clinical behavior, effects on the nervous system, and therapies.
Objective NSC1.1: Features of Brain Tumors
Explain the pathophysiology underlying the signs and symptoms associated with brain tumors.
Objective NSC1.2: Classification of Brain Tumors
Compare and contrast the common types of brain tumors that affect the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the meninges, and the cranial nerves in adults and children; and outline their molecular basis and clinicopathologic features.
Objective NSC1.3: Hereditary Tumor Syndromes
Describe the major hereditary tumor syndromes of the central nervous system, the genes responsible for each syndrome, and the spectrum of tumors associated with each syndrome.
Objective NSC1.4: Grading of Brain Tumors
Explain the pathophysiologic basis for grading primary brain tumors and discuss how grading relates to prognosis and governs patient management.
Objective NSC1.5: Complications of Brain Tumors
Describe several complications of brain tumors and give specific examples.
Objective NSC1.6: Carcinomas Metastasizing to the CNS
Discuss carcinomas that commonly metastasize to the central nervous system and describe the locations in which metastases may be seen.
Learning Goal 2: Infection
Apply knowledge of clinical features, neuroimaging studies and location of lesion(s) to develop a differential diagnosis for CNS infection.
Objective NSC2.1: Infections of the CNS
Compare and contrast the clinical, gross, and microscopic manifestations of common bacterial, viral, and fungal infections of the central nervous system.
Objective NSC2.2: Opportunistic Infections of the CNS
Discuss 5 common opportunistic infections that involve the CNS of immunocompromised individuals and describe their pathologic features.
Objective NSC2.3: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Describe the clinicopathologic features of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (John Cunningham virus) and contrast them with infiltrative astrocytoma.
Objective NSC2.4: Suppurative Meningitis and Abscess
Describe the gross and microscopic features of acute suppurative meningitis and brain abscess; and name the organisms most commonly associated with each.
Learning Goal 3: Spinal Cord Disorders
Apply knowledge of neuroanatomy, pathogenesis, and biologic behavior to develop differential diagnoses and determine appropriate therapy for disorders of the spinal cord.
Objective NSC3.1: Ependymoma
Describe the importance of distinguishing ependymoma from infiltrative astrocytoma intraoperatively and list the histologic features of each.
Objective NSC3.2: Spinal Findings in Demyelinating and Neuromuscular Disorders
Explain how examination of a spinal cord at autopsy is important for the diagnosis and classification of demyelinating and/or neuromuscular diseases.
Objective NSC3.3: Multiple Sclerosis
Describe the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and gross and microscopic pathologic features of multiple sclerosis.
Learning Goal 4: Neuromuscular Disorders
Apply knowledge of clinical, anatomic, and neuropathologic principles to the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders.
Objective NSC4.1: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Objective NSC4.2: Mitochondrial Disorders
Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of 2 types of mitochondrial diseases affecting muscle, and explain why it may be important to obtain fresh frozen muscle to aid diagnosis.
Learning Goal 5: Dementia
Apply knowledge of structure and function and general pathologic concepts to describe disorders where dementia is a component.
Objective NSC5.1: Amyloid and Tau in Dementia
Define the essential underlying abnormalities of amyloid and tau proteins in the most common causes of dementia in the United States.
Objective NSC5.2: Abnormal Protein Processing in Neurodegenerative Disease
Describe the protein processing abnormalities responsible for multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
Objective NSC5.3: Alzheimer’s Disease
Describe the clinical features, gross pathology, and histopathology of Alzheimer’s disease and name 3 regions of the brain that are usually involved.
Objective NSC5.4: Genes Implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease
Discuss 3 genes in which mutations have been identified in patients with early onset Alzheimer’s disease.
Objective NSC5.5: Disorders of the Basal Ganglia
Describe several diseases which involve the basal ganglia and describe how to distinguish among the diseases in terms of gross, microscopic, and clinical pathology.
Learning Goal 6: Demyelinating Disorders
Apply knowledge of the structure and function of the brain and general immunopathology concepts to summarize disorders that result in demyelination in terms of their etiology, pathogenesis, clinical and morphologic features, natural history, and therapeutic options.
Objective NSC6.1: Autoimmune Mechanisms in MS
Describe the autoimmune mechanism mediated by CD4+ T cells that react against self myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis and outline the clinicopathologic features of the disease.
Learning Goal 7: Ischemia of the Brain
Apply knowledge of the structure and function of the brain and general pathology concepts to discuss disorders resulting from altered blood supply and hypoxia to the brain.
Objective NSC7.1: Stroke
Compare and contrast the 2 major mechanisms for stroke and how treatment differs for each.
Objective NSC7.2: Traumatic Brain Injury
Describe the pathologic findings seen in the most common causes of traumatic brain injury.
Objective NSC7.3: Cranial Hemorrhage
Compare and contrast the etiologies and clinical presentations of epidural, subdural, subarachnoid hemorrhages, basal ganglionic, and lobar hemorrhages.
Objective NSC7.4: Hypertensive Hemorrhage
Describe the mechanism of hypertensive hemorrhage and name 3 common locations in which this occurs.
Objective NSC7.5: Embolic Infarction
Describe how embolic infarcts differ from atherothrombotic infarcts in pathologic appearance and name 3 sources of emboli.
Objective NSC7.6: Acute Versus Chronic Brain Injury
Compare and contrast the gross and histopathologic appearance of acute versus remote brain infarction.
Topic: Nervous System—Peripheral Nervous System and Eye (NSP)
Nervous system disorders resulting from abnormal development, genetic mutations, vascular, immune, infections and intrinsic disease as they relate to peripheral nervous system (PNS) and ocular abnormalities are enumerated.
Learning Goal 1: Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Apply knowledge of the structure and function of the peripheral nerves and general pathology concepts to discuss peripheral nerve disorders.
Objective NSP1.1: Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
Describe the clinicopathologic features of antibody-mediated disorders of the neuromuscular junction such as myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic Syndrome.
Objective NSP1.2: Neuropathy
Compare and contrast the clinicopathologic features of inflammatory neuropathies, autoimmune neuropathy, and infectious neuropathy.
Objective NSP1.3: Neurofibromatosis
Compare and contrast the clinicopathologic features of neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2.
Learning Goal 2: PNS Neoplasia
Apply knowledge of the pathological and molecular basis of common PNS tumors to describe their clinical behavior, effects on the nervous system, and therapies.
Objective NSP2.1: Hereditary Tumor Syndromes
Describe the major hereditary tumor syndromes of the peripheral nervous system, the genes responsible for each syndrome, and the spectrum of tumors, including the histology associated with each syndrome.
Objective NSP2.2: Tumors of the Peripheral Nervous System
Compare and contrast the common benign from malignant PNS tumors, and outline their molecular basis and clinicopathologic features.
Learning Goal 3: Ocular Disorders
Apply knowledge of the structure and function of the eye and general pathology concepts to discuss common ocular disorders.
Objective NSP3.1: Ocular Disorders
Describe the clinicopathologic features of common primary and secondary disorders of the eye including macular degeneration and uveitis.
Objective NSP3.2: Ocular Neoplasm
Describe the clinicopathologic features of common neoplasms of the eye including ocular melanoma and retinoblastoma.