Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The EMBO Journal logoLink to The EMBO Journal
. 1987 Jan;6(1):121–125. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04728.x

Oncogene expression during progression of mouse mammary tumor cells; activity of a proviral enhancer and the resulting expression of int-2 is influenced by the state of differentiation.

A Sonnenberg, P van Balen, J Hilgers, E Schuuring, R Nusse
PMCID: PMC553366  PMID: 3034568

Abstract

The RAC cell lines are derived from a mammary tumor induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). Polygonal cells have retained many characteristics of epithelial cells and induce adenocarcinomas; cuboidal cells are poorly tumorigenic; and elongated cells produce highly malignant sarcoma-like tumors. MMTV proviral integrations, one of which has cis-activated the int-2 gene, demonstrated that the lines are clonal descendents from a single tumor cell. Polygonal cells have a high constitutive expression of MMTV and contain int-2 RNA. In contrast, the cuboidal and the elongated cells show no detectable expression of int-2, even in the presence of glucocorticoid hormone. Transcription of MMTV in these cells is also low but can be stimulated by dexamethasone, albeit to levels lower than in polygonal cells. Thus, expression of int-2 seems to be caused by an enhancing activity on the MMTV provirus which is not dependent on steroid hormone and is specific for mammary tumor cells with epithelial characteristics. Progression in this cell system does not require sustained expression of int-2.

Full text

PDF
121

Images in this article

122Fig. 1.
on p.122
123Fig. 2.
on p.123
124Fig. 3.
on p.124
124Fig. 4.
on p.124

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Auffray C., Rougeon F. Purification of mouse immunoglobulin heavy-chain messenger RNAs from total myeloma tumor RNA. Eur J Biochem. 1980 Jun;107(2):303–314. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb06030.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bennett D. C., Peachey L. A., Durbin H., Rudland P. S. A possible mammary stem cell line. Cell. 1978 Sep;15(1):283–298. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90104-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bos J. L., Toksoz D., Marshall C. J., Verlaan-de Vries M., Veeneman G. H., van der Eb A. J., van Boom J. H., Janssen J. W., Steenvoorden A. C. Amino-acid substitutions at codon 13 of the N-ras oncogene in human acute myeloid leukaemia. 1985 Jun 27-Jul 3Nature. 315(6022):726–730. doi: 10.1038/315726a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Buetti E., Diggelmann H. Glucocorticoid regulation of mouse mammary tumor virus: identification of a short essential DNA region. EMBO J. 1983;2(8):1423–1429. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01601.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chandler V. L., Maler B. A., Yamamoto K. R. DNA sequences bound specifically by glucocorticoid receptor in vitro render a heterologous promoter hormone responsive in vivo. Cell. 1983 Jun;33(2):489–499. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90430-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dickson C., Smith R., Brookes S., Peters G. Tumorigenesis by mouse mammary tumor virus: proviral activation of a cellular gene in the common integration region int-2. Cell. 1984 Jun;37(2):529–536. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90383-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. FOULDS L. The experimental study of tumor progression: a review. Cancer Res. 1954 Jun;14(5):327–339. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Fung Y. K., Shackleford G. M., Brown A. M., Sanders G. S., Varmus H. E. Nucleotide sequence and expression in vitro of cDNA derived from mRNA of int-1, a provirally activated mouse mammary oncogene. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Dec;5(12):3337–3344. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.12.3337. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Hynes N., van Ooyen A. J., Kennedy N., Herrlich P., Ponta H., Groner B. Subfragments of the large terminal repeat cause glucocorticoid-responsive expression of mouse mammary tumor virus and of an adjacent gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jun;80(12):3637–3641. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.12.3637. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Jakobovits A., Shackleford G. M., Varmus H. E., Martin G. R. Two proto-oncogenes implicated in mammary carcinogenesis, int-1 and int-2, are independently regulated during mouse development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Oct;83(20):7806–7810. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.20.7806. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. King C. R., Kraus M. H., Aaronson S. A. Amplification of a novel v-erbB-related gene in a human mammary carcinoma. Science. 1985 Sep 6;229(4717):974–976. doi: 10.1126/science.2992089. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Klein G., Klein E. Evolution of tumours and the impact of molecular oncology. Nature. 1985 May 16;315(6016):190–195. doi: 10.1038/315190a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Majors J., Varmus H. E. A small region of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat confers glucocorticoid hormone regulation on a linked heterologous gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Oct;80(19):5866–5870. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.19.5866. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Moore R., Casey G., Brookes S., Dixon M., Peters G., Dickson C. Sequence, topography and protein coding potential of mouse int-2: a putative oncogene activated by mouse mammary tumour virus. EMBO J. 1986 May;5(5):919–924. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04304.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Nusse R., Varmus H. E. Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome. Cell. 1982 Nov;31(1):99–109. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90409-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Nusse R., van Ooyen A., Cox D., Fung Y. K., Varmus H. Mode of proviral activation of a putative mammary oncogene (int-1) on mouse chromosome 15. Nature. 1984 Jan 12;307(5947):131–136. doi: 10.1038/307131a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Payvar F., DeFranco D., Firestone G. L., Edgar B., Wrange O., Okret S., Gustafsson J. A., Yamamoto K. R. Sequence-specific binding of glucocorticoid receptor to MTV DNA at sites within and upstream of the transcribed region. Cell. 1983 Dec;35(2 Pt 1):381–392. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90171-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Peters G., Brookes S., Smith R., Dickson C. Tumorigenesis by mouse mammary tumor virus: evidence for a common region for provirus integration in mammary tumors. Cell. 1983 Jun;33(2):369–377. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90418-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Peters G., Lee A. E., Dickson C. Activation of cellular gene by mouse mammary tumour virus may occur early in mammary tumour development. Nature. 1984 May 17;309(5965):273–275. doi: 10.1038/309273a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Peters G., Lee A. E., Dickson C. Concerted activation of two potential proto-oncogenes in carcinomas induced by mouse mammary tumour virus. Nature. 1986 Apr 17;320(6063):628–631. doi: 10.1038/320628a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Pfahl M., McGinnis D., Hendricks M., Groner B., Hynes N. E. Correlation of glucocorticoid receptor binding sites on MMTV proviral DNA with hormone inducible transcription. Science. 1983 Dec 23;222(4630):1341–1343. doi: 10.1126/science.6318311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Ponta H., Kennedy N., Skroch P., Hynes N. E., Groner B. Hormonal response region in the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat can be dissociated from the proviral promoter and has enhancer properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Feb;82(4):1020–1024. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.4.1020. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Rijsewijk F., van Deemter L., Wagenaar E., Sonnenberg A., Nusse R. Transfection of the int-1 mammary oncogene in cuboidal RAC mammary cell line results in morphological transformation and tumorigenicity. EMBO J. 1987 Jan;6(1):127–131. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04729.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Roop D. R., Cheng C. K., Toftgard R., Stanley J. R., Steinert P. M., Yuspa S. H. The use of cDNA clones and monospecific antibodies as probes to monitor keratin gene expression. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1985;455:426–435. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb50426.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Ross S. R., Solter D. Glucocorticoid regulation of mouse mammary tumor virus sequences in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Sep;82(17):5880–5884. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.17.5880. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. SANFORD K. K., DUNN T. B., WESTFALL B. B., COVALESKY A. B., DUPREE L. T., EARLE W. R. Sarcomatous change and maintenance of differentiation in long-term cultures of mouse mammary carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1961 May;26:1139–1183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Semba K., Kamata N., Toyoshima K., Yamamoto T. A v-erbB-related protooncogene, c-erbB-2, is distinct from the c-erbB-1/epidermal growth factor-receptor gene and is amplified in a human salivary gland adenocarcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Oct;82(19):6497–6501. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.19.6497. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Sonnenberg A., Daams H., Calafat J., Hilgers J. In vitro differentiation and progression of mouse mammary tumor cells. Cancer Res. 1986 Nov;46(11):5913–5922. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Stewart T. A., Pattengale P. K., Leder P. Spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas in transgenic mice that carry and express MTV/myc fusion genes. Cell. 1984 Oct;38(3):627–637. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90257-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Sukumar S., Notario V., Martin-Zanca D., Barbacid M. Induction of mammary carcinomas in rats by nitroso-methylurea involves malignant activation of H-ras-1 locus by single point mutations. Nature. 1983 Dec 15;306(5944):658–661. doi: 10.1038/306658a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Yamamoto K. R. Steroid receptor regulated transcription of specific genes and gene networks. Annu Rev Genet. 1985;19:209–252. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.19.120185.001233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Yokota J., Yamamoto T., Toyoshima K., Terada M., Sugimura T., Battifora H., Cline M. J. Amplification of c-erbB-2 oncogene in human adenocarcinomas in vivo. Lancet. 1986 Apr 5;1(8484):765–767. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91782-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. van Ooyen A., Nusse R. Structure and nucleotide sequence of the putative mammary oncogene int-1; proviral insertions leave the protein-encoding domain intact. Cell. 1984 Nov;39(1):233–240. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90209-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The EMBO Journal are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES