Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The EMBO Journal logoLink to The EMBO Journal
. 1987 Feb;6(2):433–441. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04773.x

Structure and nucleotide sequence of a Drosophila melanogaster protein kinase C gene.

A Rosenthal, L Rhee, R Yadegari, R Paro, A Ullrich, D V Goeddel
PMCID: PMC553414  PMID: 3107983

Abstract

Genomic and cDNA clones encoding a Drosophila melanogaster protein kinase C (PKC) homologue were identified using a bovine PKC cDNA probe. The cDNA clones contain a single open reading frame that encodes a 639 amino acid, 75-kd protein having extensive homology with bovine, human and rat PKC and homology with the kinase domains of other serine, threonine and tyrosine kinases. The Drosophila PKC gene is localized to region 53E of chromosome 2. The gene spans approximately 20 kb and contains at least 14 exons. Messenger RNA for PKC could not be detected in 0-3 h Drosophila embryos. Adult flies contain three PKC transcripts of 4.3, 4.0 and 2.4 kb.

Full text

PDF
433

Images in this article

434Fig. 1.
on p.434
435Fig. 2.
on p.435
436Fig. 3.
on p.436
437Fig. 4.
on p.437
438Fig. 6.
on p.438
439Fig. 7.
on p.439
439Fig. 8.
on p.439

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Berg J. M. Potential metal-binding domains in nucleic acid binding proteins. Science. 1986 Apr 25;232(4749):485–487. doi: 10.1126/science.2421409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Berridge M. J., Heslop J. P., Irvine R. F., Brown K. D. Inositol trisphosphate formation and calcium mobilization in Swiss 3T3 cells in response to platelet-derived growth factor. Biochem J. 1984 Aug 15;222(1):195–201. doi: 10.1042/bj2220195. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Berridge M. J., Irvine R. F. Inositol trisphosphate, a novel second messenger in cellular signal transduction. Nature. 1984 Nov 22;312(5992):315–321. doi: 10.1038/312315a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Blumberg P. M., Delclos K. B., Jaken S. Tissue and species specificity for phorbol ester receptors. Basic Life Sci. 1983;24:201–229. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4400-1_11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Brown K. D., Blay J., Irvine R. F., Heslop J. P., Berridge M. J. Reduction of epidermal growth factor receptor affinity by heterologous ligands: evidence for a mechanism involving the breakdown of phosphoinositides and the activation of protein kinase C. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Aug 30;123(1):377–384. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)90424-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Castagna M., Takai Y., Kaibuchi K., Sano K., Kikkawa U., Nishizuka Y. Direct activation of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by tumor-promoting phorbol esters. J Biol Chem. 1982 Jul 10;257(13):7847–7851. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cochet C., Gill G. N., Meisenhelder J., Cooper J. A., Hunter T. C-kinase phosphorylates the epidermal growth factor receptor and reduces its epidermal growth factor-stimulated tyrosine protein kinase activity. J Biol Chem. 1984 Feb 25;259(4):2553–2558. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Cockcroft S., Gomperts B. D. Role of guanine nucleotide binding protein in the activation of polyphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase. Nature. 1985 Apr 11;314(6011):534–536. doi: 10.1038/314534a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Coggeshall K. M., Cambier J. C. B cell activation. VIII. Membrane immunoglobulins transduce signals via activation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis. J Immunol. 1984 Dec;133(6):3382–3386. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Cohen P., Burchell A., Foulkes J. G., Cohen P. T., Vanaman T. C., Nairn C. Identification of the Ca2+-dependent modulator protein as the fourth subunit of rabbit skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase. FEBS Lett. 1978 Aug 15;92(2):287–293. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80772-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Coughlin S. R., Lee W. M., Williams P. W., Giels G. M., Williams L. T. c-myc gene expression is stimulated by agents that activate protein kinase C and does not account for the mitogenic effect of PDGF. Cell. 1985 Nov;43(1):243–251. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90029-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Coussens L., Parker P. J., Rhee L., Yang-Feng T. L., Chen E., Waterfield M. D., Francke U., Ullrich A. Multiple, distinct forms of bovine and human protein kinase C suggest diversity in cellular signaling pathways. Science. 1986 Aug 22;233(4766):859–866. doi: 10.1126/science.3755548. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Dabrowska R., Hartshorne D. J. A Ca2+-and modulator-dependent myosin light chain kinase from non-muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1978 Dec 29;85(4):1352–1359. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91152-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Durell J., Garland J. T., Friedel R. O. Acetylcholine action: biochemical aspects. Science. 1969 Aug 29;165(3896):862–866. doi: 10.1126/science.165.3896.862. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Faletto D. L., Arrow A. S., Macara I. G. An early decrease in phosphatidylinositol turnover occurs on induction of Friend cell differentiation and precedes the decrease in c-myc expression. Cell. 1985 Nov;43(1):315–325. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90037-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Farrar W. L., Anderson W. B. Interleukin-2 stimulates association of protein kinase C with plasma membrane. Nature. 1985 May 16;315(6016):233–235. doi: 10.1038/315233a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Farrar W. L., Thomas T. P., Anderson W. B. Altered cytosol/membrane enzyme redistribution on interleukin-3 activation of protein kinase C. Nature. 1985 May 16;315(6016):235–237. doi: 10.1038/315235a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Fyrberg E. A., Kindle K. L., Davidson N., Kindle K. L. The actin genes of Drosophila: a dispersed multigene family. Cell. 1980 Feb;19(2):365–378. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90511-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Fyrberg E. A., Mahaffey J. W., Bond B. J., Davidson N. Transcripts of the six Drosophila actin genes accumulate in a stage- and tissue-specific manner. Cell. 1983 May;33(1):115–123. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90340-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gilbert W. Why genes in pieces? Nature. 1978 Feb 9;271(5645):501–501. doi: 10.1038/271501a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Greenberg M. E., Ziff E. B. Stimulation of 3T3 cells induces transcription of the c-fos proto-oncogene. Nature. 1984 Oct 4;311(5985):433–438. doi: 10.1038/311433a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Greene G. L., Gilna P., Waterfield M., Baker A., Hort Y., Shine J. Sequence and expression of human estrogen receptor complementary DNA. Science. 1986 Mar 7;231(4742):1150–1154. doi: 10.1126/science.3753802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Greengard P. Phosphorylated proteins as physiological effectors. Science. 1978 Jan 13;199(4325):146–152. doi: 10.1126/science.22932. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Guy G. R., Gordon J., Michell R. H., Brown G. Synergism between diacylglycerols and calcium ionophore in the induction of human B cell proliferation mimics the inositol lipid polyphosphate breakdown signals induced by crosslinking surface immunoglobulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1985 Aug 30;131(1):484–491. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)91828-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. HOKIN M. R., HOKIN L. E. Effects of acetylcholine on phospholipides in the pancreas. J Biol Chem. 1954 Aug;209(2):549–558. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hannink M., Donoghue D. J. Lysine residue 121 in the proposed ATP-binding site of the v-mos protein is required for transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(23):7894–7898. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.23.7894. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Hokin L. E. Receptors and phosphoinositide-generated second messengers. Annu Rev Biochem. 1985;54:205–235. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.54.070185.001225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Huganir R. L., Miles K., Greengard P. Phosphorylation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by an endogenous tyrosine-specific protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Nov;81(22):6968–6972. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.22.6968. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hunter T., Cooper J. A. Protein-tyrosine kinases. Annu Rev Biochem. 1985;54:897–930. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.54.070185.004341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Inoue M., Kishimoto A., Takai Y., Nishizuka Y. Studies on a cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase and its proenzyme in mammalian tissues. II. Proenzyme and its activation by calcium-dependent protease from rat brain. J Biol Chem. 1977 Nov 10;252(21):7610–7616. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Jacobs S., Sahyoun N. E., Saltiel A. R., Cuatrecasas P. Phorbol esters stimulate the phosphorylation of receptors for insulin and somatomedin C. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Oct;80(20):6211–6213. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.20.6211. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Kaibuchi K., Takai Y., Nishizuka Y. Protein kinase C and calcium ion in mitogenic response of macrophage-depleted human peripheral lymphocytes. J Biol Chem. 1985 Feb 10;260(3):1366–1369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Kishimoto A., Takai Y., Mori T., Kikkawa U., Nishizuka Y. Activation of calcium and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by diacylglycerol, its possible relation to phosphatidylinositol turnover. J Biol Chem. 1980 Mar 25;255(6):2273–2276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Knopf J. L., Lee M. H., Sultzman L. A., Kriz R. W., Loomis C. R., Hewick R. M., Bell R. M. Cloning and expression of multiple protein kinase C cDNAs. Cell. 1986 Aug 15;46(4):491–502. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90874-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kozak M. Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes. Cell. 1986 Jan 31;44(2):283–292. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90762-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kraft A. S., Anderson W. B. Characterization of cytosolic calcium-activated phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity in embryonal carcinoma cells. Effect of retinoc acid-induced differentiation of F9 cells to parietal endoderm. J Biol Chem. 1983 Aug 10;258(15):9178–9183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kuo J. F., Andersson R. G., Wise B. C., Mackerlova L., Salomonsson I., Brackett N. L., Katoh N., Shoji M., Wrenn R. W. Calcium-dependent protein kinase: widespread occurrence in various tissues and phyla of the animal kingdom and comparison of effects of phospholipid, calmodulin, and trifluoperazine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Dec;77(12):7039–7043. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.12.7039. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Kuo J. F., Greengard P. Cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases. IV. Widespread occurrence of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in various tissues and phyla of the animal kingdom. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1969 Dec;64(4):1349–1355. doi: 10.1073/pnas.64.4.1349. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Kuo J. F. Guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinases in mammalian tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1974 Oct;71(10):4037–4041. doi: 10.1073/pnas.71.10.4037. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Macara I. G., Marinetti G. V., Balduzzi P. C. Transforming protein of avian sarcoma virus UR2 is associated with phosphatidylinositol kinase activity: possible role in tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 May;81(9):2728–2732. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.9.2728. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Macara I. G. Oncogenes, ions, and phospholipids. Am J Physiol. 1985 Jan;248(1 Pt 1):C3–11. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1985.248.1.C3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Macphee C. H., Drummond A. H., Otto A. M., Jimenez de Asua L. Prostaglandin F2 alpha stimulates phosphatidylinositol turnover and increases the cellular content of 1,2-diacylglycerol in confluent resting Swiss 3T3 cells. J Cell Physiol. 1984 Apr;119(1):35–40. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041190107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. May W. S., Jacobs S., Cuatrecasas P. Association of phorbol ester-induced hyperphosphorylation and reversible regulation of transferrin membrane receptors in HL60 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):2016–2020. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.2016. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Michell R. H. Inositol phospholipids and cell surface receptor function. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1975 Mar 25;415(1):81–47. doi: 10.1016/0304-4157(75)90017-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Miller J., McLachlan A. D., Klug A. Repetitive zinc-binding domains in the protein transcription factor IIIA from Xenopus oocytes. EMBO J. 1985 Jun;4(6):1609–1614. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03825.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Müller R., Bravo R., Burckhardt J., Curran T. Induction of c-fos gene and protein by growth factors precedes activation of c-myc. Nature. 1984 Dec 20;312(5996):716–720. doi: 10.1038/312716a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Nishizuka Y. Studies and perspectives of protein kinase C. Science. 1986 Jul 18;233(4761):305–312. doi: 10.1126/science.3014651. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Nishizuka Y. The role of protein kinase C in cell surface signal transduction and tumour promotion. Nature. 1984 Apr 19;308(5961):693–698. doi: 10.1038/308693a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Nishizuka Y. Three multifunctional protein kinase systems in transmembrane control. Mol Biol Biochem Biophys. 1980;32:113–135. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-81503-4_9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Paris S., Pouysségur J. Pertussis toxin inhibits thrombin-induced activation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis and Na+/H+ exchange in hamster fibroblasts. EMBO J. 1986 Jan;5(1):55–60. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04177.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Parker P. J., Coussens L., Totty N., Rhee L., Young S., Chen E., Stabel S., Waterfield M. D., Ullrich A. The complete primary structure of protein kinase C--the major phorbol ester receptor. Science. 1986 Aug 22;233(4766):853–859. doi: 10.1126/science.3755547. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Parker P. J., Stabel S., Waterfield M. D. Purification to homogeneity of protein kinase C from bovine brain--identity with the phorbol ester receptor. EMBO J. 1984 May;3(5):953–959. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01913.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Payne M. E., Soderling T. R. Calmodulin-dependent glycogen synthase kinase. J Biol Chem. 1980 Sep 10;255(17):8054–8056. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Poole S. J., Kauvar L. M., Drees B., Kornberg T. The engrailed locus of Drosophila: structural analysis of an embryonic transcript. Cell. 1985 Jan;40(1):37–43. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90306-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Pouysségur J., Chambard J. C., Franchi A., Paris S., Van Obberghen-Schilling E. Growth factor activation of an amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ exchange system in quiescent fibroblasts: coupling to ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Jul;79(13):3935–3939. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.13.3935. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Rozengurt E. Stimulation of Na influx, Na-K pump activity and DNA synthesis in quiescent cultured cells. Adv Enzyme Regul. 1980;19:61–85. doi: 10.1016/0065-2571(81)90009-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Shackelford D. A., Trowbridge I. S. Induction of expression and phosphorylation of the human interleukin 2 receptor by a phorbol diester. J Biol Chem. 1984 Oct 10;259(19):11706–11712. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Sibley D. R., Nambi P., Peters J. R., Lefkowitz R. J. Phorbol diesters promote beta-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation and adenylate cyclase desensitization in duck erythrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Jun 29;121(3):973–979. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)90772-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Smith A. J. DNA sequence analysis by primed synthesis. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):560–580. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65060-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Stiles C. D., Capone G. T., Scher C. D., Antoniades H. N., Van Wyk J. J., Pledger W. J. Dual control of cell growth by somatomedins and platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Mar;76(3):1279–1283. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.3.1279. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Streb H., Irvine R. F., Berridge M. J., Schulz I. Release of Ca2+ from a nonmitochondrial intracellular store in pancreatic acinar cells by inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate. Nature. 1983 Nov 3;306(5938):67–69. doi: 10.1038/306067a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Sugimoto Y., Whitman M., Cantley L. C., Erikson R. L. Evidence that the Rous sarcoma virus transforming gene product phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol and diacylglycerol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):2117–2121. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.2117. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Takai Y., Kishimoto A., Iwasa Y., Kawahara Y., Mori T., Nishizuka Y. Calcium-dependent activation of a multifunctional protein kinase by membrane phospholipids. J Biol Chem. 1979 May 25;254(10):3692–3695. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Takai Y., Kishimoto A., Kikkawa U., Mori T., Nishizuka Y. Unsaturated diacylglycerol as a possible messenger for the activation of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1979 Dec 28;91(4):1218–1224. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91197-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Teshima R., Ikebuchi H., Terao T. Ca2+-dependent and phorbol ester activating phosphorylation of a 36K-dalton protein of rat basophilic leukemia cell membranes and immunoprecipitation of the phosphorylated protein with IgE-anti IgE system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Dec 28;125(3):867–874. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)91363-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Vincent A., Colot H. V., Rosbash M. Sequence and structure of the serendipity locus of Drosophila melanogaster. A densely transcribed region including a blastoderm-specific gene. J Mol Biol. 1985 Nov 5;186(1):149–166. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90265-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Wakelam M. J., Davies S. A., Houslay M. D., McKay I., Marshall C. J., Hall A. Normal p21N-ras couples bombesin and other growth factor receptors to inositol phosphate production. Nature. 1986 Sep 11;323(6084):173–176. doi: 10.1038/323173a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Weinberger C., Hollenberg S. M., Rosenfeld M. G., Evans R. M. Domain structure of human glucocorticoid receptor and its relationship to the v-erb-A oncogene product. Nature. 1985 Dec 19;318(6047):670–672. doi: 10.1038/318670a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Wolf M., LeVine H., 3rd, May W. S., Jr, Cuatrecasas P., Sahyoun N. A model for intracellular translocation of protein kinase C involving synergism between Ca2+ and phorbol esters. Nature. 1985 Oct 10;317(6037):546–549. doi: 10.1038/317546a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Yano K., Higashida H., Inoue R., Nozawa Y. Bradykinin-induced rapid breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells. J Biol Chem. 1984 Aug 25;259(16):10201–10207. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Yuspa S. H., Kilkenny A. E., Stanley J., Lichti U. Keratinocytes blocked in phorbol ester-responsive early stage of terminal differentiation by sarcoma viruses. Nature. 1985 Apr 4;314(6010):459–462. doi: 10.1038/314459a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The EMBO Journal are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES