Table 1.
First author |
– Population (; ) | 1. Baseline condition | 1. DPF |
• Conditions |
2. Baseline duration | 2. Data processing (filtering) | |
3. Number of trials and duration | 3. Final data processing | ||
4. Rest phase duration |
4. Activation parameters | ||
5. Time used for analysis | |||
Al-Yahya et al.65 |
– Stroke patients (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Age-dependent value () |
– Healthy old adults (; ) | 2. 25 to 45 s (randomized order) | 2. LPF at 0.67 Hz | |
• DTW vs. NW |
3. ; 30 s | 3. Baseline correction; averaging | |
4. 25 to 45 s (between trials / randomized order) |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. 6 to 16 s after task begin | |||
Atsummori et al.69 |
– Healthy young adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (no details reported) |
• DTW vs. NW |
2. 5 s before task begin | 2. Not reported | |
3. (DTW) / (NW); 10 s | 3. Baseline correction; averaging | ||
4. 20 s at beginning |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. 6 s after task begin/ending | |||
Basso-Moro et al.98 |
– Healthy young adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Age-dependent value () |
• Perturbations in semivirtual reality with increasing difficulty |
2. Last 30 s (of 2 min) | 2. LPF at 0.1 Hz | |
3. ; 45 s | 3. Averaging | ||
4. 2 min after block |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. Last 10 s of perturbation | |||
Beurskens et al.105 |
– Healthy young adults (; ) | 1. Sitting on chair | 1. Constant value (6.0) |
– Healthy old adults (; ) | 2. 30 s | 2. HRF-filter; wavelet MDL detrending algorithm | |
• DTW vs. NW |
3. ; 30 s | 3. Moving standard deviation and spline interpolation, baseline correction, canonical HRF | |
4. Not reported |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. Entire task time | |||
Caliandro et al.70 |
– Patients with ataxic gait (; 27 to 71) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (5.93) |
– Healthy controls (; 32 to 65) | 2. Last 10 s of standing | 2. LPF at 0.1 Hz | |
• Patients vs. HC |
3. ; 10 m | 3. Baseline correction; averaging | |
4. Not relevant |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task time expect of first 5 s | |||
Caliandro et al.71 | – Patients with ataxic gait (; 31 to 70) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (5.93) |
– Healthy controls (; 36 to 73) | 2. Last 10 s of standing | 2. LPF at 0.1 Hz | |
• Patients vs. HC | 3. ; 10 m | 3. Baseline correction; averaging | |
4. 30 min between trials | 4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task time expect of first 5 s | |||
Clark et al.66 |
– Older persons with mobility and somatosensory deficits (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A |
• Walking in normal shoes vs. texture insoles vs. barefoot vs. DTW |
2. 10 s immediately before task | 2. No filter | |
3. walking laps with 18 m (overground); 60 to 120 s (treadmill) | 3. Averaging | ||
4. 2 min after task |
4. TOI | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Clark et al.86 |
– Older adults with mild mobility deficits (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A |
• NW vs. DTW |
2. 10 s immediately before task | 2. No filter | |
3. walking laps with 18 m | 3. Averaging | ||
4. 2 min after task |
4. TOI | ||
5. 10 s before task begin (preparation phase) and in steady phase/transition phase excluded | |||
Doi et al.72 |
– Adults with mild cognitive impairment (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
• NW vs. DTW |
2. 10 s before walking | 2. LPF at 0.05 Hz; linear fitting on baseline data | |
3. ; 20 s | 3. Averaging | ||
4. 30 s between trials |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task period | |||
Eggenberger et al.68 |
– Healthy old adults (dancing: ; ; balance: ; ) | 1. Walking at | 1. N/A (absolute values) |
• Dancing vs. balancing (before and after intervention) |
2. Middle 40 s (of 1 min) | 2. 60 s moving average: motion artifact correction (oxyHb: and : and excluded); visual inspection of data | |
3. ; 30 s | 3. Averaging | ||
4. 30 s between trials (walking at ) |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. 1 to 7 s = acceleration phase; 10 to 25 s = steady state walking phase; 26 to 34 s = deceleration phase; 35 to 46 s = drop phase | |||
Ferrari et al.99 | – Healthy, young adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Age-dependent value () |
• Balancing in semivirtual reality | 2. Last 30 s (of 2 min) | 2. LPF at 0.1 Hz | |
3. ; 9 min | 3. Averaging | ||
4. 2 min after block | 4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. 30 s per task | |||
Fraser et al.63 |
– Healthy young adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (no details reported) |
– Healthy old adults (; ) | 2. 5 s | 2. No filter | |
• NW vs. single cognitive task vs. easy DTW vs. hard DTW |
3. Walking: ; 2 min; single cognitive task: ; 75 s; DTW ; 2 min (for each dual-task condition) | 3. Averaging | |
4. 30 to 60 s between trials |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. Entire task period | |||
Fujimoto et al.102 |
- Patients with subcortical stroke (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
• Postural test before/after rehabilitation |
2. Time before next perturbation (ERD) | 2. HPF at 0.01 Hz; PCA | |
3. ; 1 s | 3. Two parameter gamma HRF | ||
4. 5 to 15 s between trials (randomized) |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. Around perturbations | |||
Fujita et al.101 |
– Healthy, young adults (low span group: ; / high span group: ; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
• Single- and dual-task mono- or bipedal standing |
2. 10 s | 2. LPF at 0.5 Hz; HPF at 0.01 Hz; 5 s moving average | |
3. ; 20 s | 3. Baseline normalization, baseline correction, averaging | ||
4. 10 s between trials |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task time | |||
Harada et al.53 |
– Healthy, old adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
• Low vs. high gait capacity group at different speeds |
2. 10 s before walking | 2. HPF at 0.03 Hz | |
3. ; 60 s | 3. Baseline normalization; averaging | ||
4. 40 s between trials |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. 20 s after target speed | |||
Helmich et al.108 |
– Young, concussed adults with persistent postconcussive symptoms (; ) | 1. N/A | 1. Constant value (6.0) |
– Young, concussed adults with minor postconcussive symptoms (; ) | 2. N/A | 2. LPF at 0.1 Hz; HPF at 0.001 Hz; spline interpolation; visual inspection | |
– Healthy, young adults (; ) | 3. ; 10 s | 3. Normalization; averaging | |
• Comparison of three groups during standing on different surfaces (stable vs. instable) and sensory conditions (eyes closed vs. eyes open vs. blurred vision) |
4. No rest between trials |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | |
5. Entire task time | |||
Hernandez et al.82 | – Healthy old adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (6.0) |
– Patients with multiple sclerosis (; ) | 2. 10 s before walking (counting silently in steps of 1) | 2. LPF at 0.14 Hz; noisy channels excluded (dark current condition or saturation); visual inspected | |
• Comparison of healthy adults and patients with multiple sclerosis during NW and DTW | 3. walking loops (= straight walks a 14 ft.) | 3. Baseline normalization; averaging | |
4. At least 10 s after trial | 4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task time | |||
Herold et al.100 |
– Healthy young adults (; 25; 21 to 47) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
• Standing vs. balancing on balance board |
2. 30 s before task | 2. 5.0 s moving average; LPF at 0.5 Hz; HPF at 0.01 Hz; PCA () | |
3. ; 30 s | 3. Averaging | ||
4. 30 s after trial |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. Middle 20 s | |||
Holtzer et al.73 |
– Healthy, young adults (; 19 to 29) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (6.0) |
– Healthy, old adults (; 69 to 88) | 2. 5 s before walking | 2. LPF at 0.14 Hz; combined principal and independent component analysis | |
• DTW vs. NW vs. standing/comparison between cohorts |
3. walking loops (= straight walks a 15 ft.) | 3. Baseline normalization; averaging | |
4. Not reported |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Old 4 s / young 3.5 s | |||
Holtzer et al.74 |
– Nondemented older adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (6.0) |
• DTW vs. NW vs. standing |
2. 10 s (counting silently forward in steps of 1) | 2. LPF at 0.14 Hz; noisy channels excluded (dark current condition or saturation); visual inspected | |
3. walking loops (= straight walks a 14 ft.) / standing for 30 s | 3. Baseline normalization; averaging | ||
4. “Short break” reported |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task time | |||
Holtzer et al.84 |
– Nondemented older adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (6.0) |
– Older adults with low perceived stress (; ) | 2. 10 s (counting silently forward in steps of 1) | 2. LPF at 0.14 Hz; noisy channels excluded (dark current condition or saturation); visual inspected | |
– Older adults high perceived stress (; ) | 3. walking loops (= straight walks a 14 ft.) / standing for 30 s | 3. Baseline normalization; averaging | |
• DTW vs. NW vs. standing/comparison between cohorts |
4. “Short break” reported |
4. OxyHb | |
5. Entire task time | |||
Holtzer et al.75 | – Nondemented older adults (total: ; | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (6.0) |
– Healthy older adults (; ) | 2. 10 s (counting silently forward in steps of 1) | 2. LPF at 0.14 Hz; noisy channels excluded (dark current condition or saturation); visual inspected | |
– Older adults with peripheral NGA (; ) | 3. walking loops (= straight walks a 14 ft.) / standing for 30 s | 3. Baseline normalization; averaging | |
– Older adults with central NGA (; ) | 4. “Short break” reported | 4. OxyHb | |
• DTW vs. NW vs. standing/comparison between cohorts | 5. Entire task time | ||
Holtzer et al.85 |
– Older adults with low perceived fatigue (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (6.0) |
– Older adults with high perceived fatigue (; ) | 2. 10 s (counting silently forward in steps of 1) | 2. LPF at 0.14 Hz; noisy channels excluded (dark current condition or saturation); visual inspected | |
• DTW vs. NW vs. standing/comparison between cohorts |
3. walking loops (= straight walks a 14 ft.) / standing for 30 s | 3. Baseline normalization; averaging | |
4. “Short break” reported |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task time | |||
Huppert et al.91 |
– Healthy young adults (; 21 to 47) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Not relevant (image reconstruction) |
• Stepping reaction task |
2. Time before next trial (4 to 8 s, random order) | 2. Discrete cosinus transform term (); visual inspected | |
3. blocks a trials | 3. Gamma-variant HRF; averaging | ||
4. 4 to 8 s between trials (random order) / few minutes after 2 to 3 scans |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Karim et al.97 |
– Healthy young adults (; 18 to 42) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Not relevant (image reconstruction) |
• Video game with balance task |
2. 60 s (pre- and posttask) | 2. Cosinus transform term (0 to ); visual inspected | |
3. beginner / advanced level; 30 to 60 s | 3. Boxcar HRF; averaging | ||
4. 30 s between trials |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Karim et al.92 |
– Healthy young adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Not relevant (image reconstruction) |
• SOT conditions |
2. 45 s before trial | 2. Cosinus transform term (0 to ) | |
3. | 3. Gamma-variant HRF; averaging | ||
4. 60 s after trial / 2 min after two scans |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Kim et al.106 |
– Healthy young adults (; ) | 1. Not reported | 1. Not reported |
• Stepping (ST) vs. Treadmill walking (TW) vs. robot-assisted walking (RAW) |
2. Not reported | 2. Gaussian smoothing; wavelet MDL algorithm | |
3. ; 30 s (ST, TW); 60 s (RAW) | 3. Canonical HRF | ||
4. 15 s at begin and end; 30 s between trials (ST, TW) / 60 s at begin and end; 45 s between trials (RAW) |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task time | |||
Koenraadt et al.54 | – Healthy, young adults () | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
• Precision walking vs. NW | 2. 25 to 35 s | 2. LPF at 1.25 Hz; HPF at 0.01 Hz; superficial interference with LPF at 1 Hz; short separation channels (1 cm) | |
3. ; 35 s | 3. Baseline normalization; averaging | ||
4. 25 to 35 s before/after trial / 3 min after 10 trials | 4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. 12.5 s in task phase | |||
Kurz et al.55 |
– Healthy, young adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
• Forward vs. backward walking |
2. 2.5 s before walking | 2. HPF at 0.01 Hz; 5 s moving average; PCA () | |
3. ; 30 s | 3. Baseline correction; averaging | ||
4. 30 s between trials |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Kurz et al.56 |
– Children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
– Healthy children (; ) | 2. 2.5 s before walking | 2. HPF at 0.01 Hz; 5 s moving average; PCA () | |
• Patients vs. HC |
3. ; 30 s | 3. Baseline correction; averaging | |
4. 30 s between trials |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Lin et al.103 |
– Healthy middle-aged adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (image reconstruction) |
– Healthy old adults (; ) | 2. 40 s before trial | 2. Autoregressive model with prewhitened iterative reweighted least squares algorithm | |
• Middle-aged vs. old adults (different balance conditions) |
3. ; 40 s | 3. HRF; averaging | |
4. 1 min between trials |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Lin and Lin79 |
– Healthy young adults (; 20 to 27) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Age-dependent value () |
• DTW vs. NW |
2. 20 s | 2. LPF at 0.2 Hz | |
3. ; 60 s | 3. Baseline correction | ||
4. 20 s before/after task / 2 min after two trials |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Lu et al.76 |
– Healthy young adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (6.0) |
• DTW vs. NW |
2. 5 s before walking | 2. Bandpass filter (LPF at 0.01 Hz; HPF at 0.2 Hz); PCA; spike rejection (channels with > CV 15% rejected/channels with CV > 10% for further analysis) | |
3. ; 60 s | 3. Averaging | ||
4. 60 s between trials |
4. Hbdiff (oxyHb–deoxyHb) | ||
5. Early phase (5 to 20 s after task begin); late phase (21 to 50 s after task begin) | |||
Mahoney et al.93 | – Healthy, nondemented older adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (6.0) |
– Older adults wild mild Parkinson symptoms (; ) | 2. First 2 s | 2. LPF at 0.14 Hz; visual inspected | |
– Patients with Parkinson disease (; ) | 3. 10 s | 3. Baseline normalization; averaging | |
• Patients vs. HC (standing while counting silently in steps of 1) | 4. “Short break” reported | 4. OxyHb | |
5. Entire task phase | |||
Maidan et al.90 |
– Parkinson patients with FOG (; ) | 1. Walking | 1. Age-dependent value () |
– Healthy controls (; ) | 2. 6 s before FOG | 2. LPF at 0.14 Hz | |
• Patients vs. HC (walking; turning) |
3. 6 s walking with 180 deg turn | 3. Baseline correction; averaging | |
4. 2 min between tasks |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Defined time period around FOG event ( to / to 0 / to 3 s) | |||
Maidan et al.80 |
– Healthy, older adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Age-dependent value () |
– Parkinson patients (; ) | 2. 5 s before task | 2. Bandpass filter (LPF at 0.01 Hz and HPF at 0.14 Hz), wavelet filter; CBSI | |
• DTW vs. NW vs. obstacle negotiation |
3. ; 30 s | 3. Baseline correction; averaging | |
4. 20 s after trial / between trials on individual needs |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
McKendrick et al.88 |
– Healthy, young adults (; 22; 19 to 31) | 1. Sitting (for sitting condition) and standing (for walking condition) | 1. Constant value (5.94) |
• Sitting vs. walking indoors vs. walking outdoors (all conditions while performing secondary task) |
2. 10 s | 2. LPF at 0.1 Hz; visual inspected | |
3. ; 120 s (sitting) / ; a 120 s (per walking condition) | 3. Baseline correction | ||
4. 5 min between walking conditions |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. Entire task time | |||
Meester et al.57 |
– Young, healthy adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Age-dependent value () |
• DTW vs. NW |
2. Middle 10 s of rest | 2. LPF at 0.67 Hz; 4 s moving average; visual inspected | |
3. ; 30 s | 3. Averaging | ||
4. 20 to 40 s between trials |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Middle 10 s of task | |||
Metzger et al.64 |
– Healthy young adults (; 27.6; 19 to 39) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
• DTW vs. NW |
2. 10 s at begin | 2. 5 s moving average; CBSI | |
3. ; 45 s | 3. Averaging; baseline correction | ||
4. 15 s after trial |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. Entire task time | |||
Mihara et al.58 | – Stroke patients with ataxic gait (; , 12 to 74) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
– Healthy controls (; , 30 to 70) | 2. 6 s before walking | 2. Not reported | |
• Patients vs. HC | 3. ; 60 s (HC); 30 s (patients) | 3. Baseline correction; averaging | |
4. 15 s before/after walking | 4. OxyHb | ||
5. Acceleration phase = 6 s after starting treadmill; steady phase = 6 s during steady speed | |||
Mihara et al.94 |
– Healthy young adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
• Warned before perturbations vs. baseline; unwarned before perturbations vs. baseline; warned vs. unwarned |
2. Time before next perturbation (ERD) | 2. HPF at 0.05 Hz | |
3. 20 to ; 1 s | 3. Gaussian HRF; averaging | ||
4. 5 to 20 s between trials (randomized) / 4 to 5 min after block |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Around perturbation | |||
Mihara et al.95 |
– Stroke patients (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
• Balance perturbations |
2. Time before next perturbation (ERD) | 2. HPF at 0.03 Hz | |
3. ; 1 s | 3. Two-parameter gamma HRF | ||
4. 5 to 15 s between trials (randomized) |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Around perturbations | |||
Mirelman et al.77 |
– Young, healthy adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Age-dependent value () |
• Standing vs. DTS vs. NW vs. DTW |
2. 20 s before walking | 2. LPF at 0.14 Hz; continuous wavelet transform | |
3. ; 30 m | 3. Baseline correction; averaging | ||
4. 20 s before/after trial |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Miyai et al.107 |
– Healthy young adults (; , 24 to 56) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
• NW vs. standing |
2. 30 s | 2. HPF at 0.03 Hz | |
3. ; 30 s | 3. Linear interpolation; averaging | ||
4. 30 s between trials |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Miyai et al.61 |
– Stroke patients (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
• Walking with mechanical assistance vs. walking with facilitation technique |
2. Middle 20 s | 2. HPF at 0.03 Hz | |
3. ; 30 s | 3. Linear interpolation; baseline correction; averaging | ||
4. 30 s between trials |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Last 20 s of task phase | |||
Miyai et al.60 |
– Stroke patients (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
• Before/after 2 months rehabilitation |
2. Middle 20 s | 2. HPF at 0.03 Hz | |
3. ; 30 s | 3. Linear interpolation; baseline correction; averaging | ||
4. 30 s between trials |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Last 20 s of task phase | |||
Miyai et al.59 | – Stroke patients with hemiparesis (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
– Healthy controls (, ) | 2. Middle 20 s | 2. HPF at 0.03 Hz | |
• Walking with weight support vs. walking without weight support | 3. ; 30 s | 3. Linear interpolation; baseline correction; averaging | |
4. 30 s between trials | 4. OxyHb | ||
5. Last 20 s of task phase | |||
Nieuwhof et al.81 |
– Parkinson patients (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (6.0) |
• DTW (with different tasks) |
2. Last 5 s of standing | 2. LPF at 0.1 Hz; visual inspected | |
3. ; 40 s | 3. Baseline correction; averaging | ||
4. 20 s between trials / 1 to 2 min between blocks |
4. OxyHb and deoxyHb | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Osofundiya et al.87 |
– Obese old adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (6.0) |
– nonobese old adults (; ) | 2. 10 s | 2. Not reported | |
• Quiet sitting vs. NW vs. precision walking vs. DTW |
3. a 30 s | 3. Baseline correction; averaging | |
4. 10 s between trials |
4. OxyHb and HbT | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Saitou et al.78 |
– Hemiplegic stroke patients (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (5.9) |
• Different tasks (e.g., calculation, pulley, we only consider walking vs. baseline) |
2. 5 min | 2. Not reported | |
3. ; 5 min | 3. Averaging | ||
4. 5 min |
4. OxyHb; CBV; COV | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Suzuki et al.62 |
– Healthy, young adults (; , 22 to 46) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. N/A (arbitrary unit) |
• Walking at different speeds |
2. First 13 s | 2. HPF at 0.03 Hz | |
3. ; 90 s | 3. Linear interpolation; baseline correction; averaging | ||
4. 30 s between trials |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb; regional cortical activation ratio (oxy Hb of the specific channel divided by oxyHb of all 42 channels multiplied by 100) | ||
5. 13.5 s in task phase | |||
Suzuki et al.67 |
– Healthy, young adults (; , 24 to 45) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Not relevant (arbitrary unit) |
• Walking with vs. without verbal preadvice |
2. 10 s before walking | 2. HPF at 0.03 Hz | |
3. ; 40 s | 3. Baseline normalization; averaging | ||
4. 10 to 25 s between trials (randomized order) |
4. Oxy- and deoxyHb | ||
5. First 10 s of task phase | |||
Takeuchi et al.89 |
– Young healthy adults (; , 20 to 33) | 1. Walking | 1. Constant value (no details reported) |
– Healthy older adults (; , 65 to 78) | 2. 30 s | 2. Spike rejection (artifact with more than 3 SD); 5 s moving average; bandpass filter (LPF at 0.5 Hz; HPF at 0.01 Hz) | |
• Walking vs. walking with smartphone |
3. ; 10 s | 3. Baseline normalization; averaging | |
4. No rest |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Takakura et al.96 | – Healthy young adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (1.0) |
• SOT conditions | 2. 20 s before task | 2. Bandpass Fourier filter (0.01 to 0.1 Hz) | |
3. ; 20 s | 3. Averaging | ||
4. Few minutes after trials | 4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Verghese et al.83 |
– Older adults (; ) | 1. Quiet standing | 1. Constant value (6.0) |
– NW vs. DTW vs. standing |
2. 10 s (counting silently forward in steps of 1) | 2. LPF at 0.14 Hz; noisy channels excluded (dark current condition or saturation); visual inspected | |
3. walking loops (= straight walks a 14 ft.) / standing for 30 s) | 3. Baseline normalization; averaging | ||
4. “Short break” reported |
4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task phase | |||
Wang et al.104 | – Healthy young adults (; ) | 1. Sitting (eyes closed) | 1. Age-dependent constant value (WL: ; WL: ) |
– Healthy older adults (; ) | 2. 20 min | 2. Bandpass filter (0.005 to 2 HZ) | |
• Standing connectivity differences healthy young and healthy old adults | 3. ; 10 min | 3. Wavelet phase coherence analysis | |
4. No rest | 4. OxyHb | ||
5. Entire task time |
Abbreviations: deoxyHb, deoxygenated hemoglobin; DTS, dual-task standing; DTW, dual-task walking; ft., feet; HC, healthy controls; HPF, high-pass filter; HRF, hemodynamic response function; LPF, low-pass filter; MDL, minimum description length; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; N/A, not applicable; NW, normal walking; NGA, neurological gait abnormalities; oxyHb, oxygenated hemoglobin; PCA, principal component analysis; RAW, robot assisted walking; SOT, sensory organization test; ST, stepping; TOI, tissue oxygenation index; and vs., versus.