Abstract
Background
Hypertension, including essential and secondary hypertension, is a multifactorial disease, affecting more than one billion people worldwide. Secondary hypertension can result from mutations of cullin-3 (CUL3); however, whether polymorphisms of CUL3 are associated with essential hypertension (EH) has not been reported. Here, we investigated the association between CUL3 SNPs rs17479770 and rs3738952 and EH in the Chinese Han population.
Methods
This case-control study investigated 520 representatives, including 259 patients with EH and 261 normotensive controls matched for age, gender, BMI, TG, TC, and HbA1c for the distribution of functional rs17479770 and rs3738952 within the CUL3 gene by using PCR and RFLP.
Results
Our results showed that there was no significant difference in allele and genotype distribution of rs3738952 and haplotype distribution of rs17479770 and rs3738952 between the EH group and normotensive group, whereas the rs17479770 TT genotype in male and the full data set were significantly associated with the decreased risk of EH (P = 0.050, P = 0.042), and rs17479770 allele T in male was shown to have the correlation tendency of the decreased risk of EH (P = 0.064).
Conclusion
Our data suggest that the CUL3 rs17479770 variant could be a protective factor in the pathogenesis of EH.
1. Introduction
Cullin-3 (CUL3) is the core component of multiple cullin-RING-based BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins [1]. The CUL3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complex controls the ubiquitination of with-no-lysine kinase (WNK) and enhances the levels of WNK isoforms, whose function is similar to that of a serine-threonine protein kinase critical in controlling potassium, sodium, and pH homeostasis. The CRL complex also plays a major role in regulating blood pressure by increased activity of ion cotransporters in the kidney [2, 3]. Through stabilizing WNK isoforms, the mutation of CUL3 has been linked to Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a rare Mendelian syndrome featuring hypertension [4]. Vascular actions of CUL3 may contribute to hypertension, because McCormick and colleagues proposed that CUL3 regulates vascular tone via RhoA/Rho kinase signaling [5].
Hypertension is considered one of the most important diseases with a great burden on health care systems around the world. Hypertension is highly prevalent in the Asia-Pacific [6]. About 2 million 430 thousand people died of hypertension, accounting for about 24.6% of all deaths in China in 2010. In 2013, China's total health expenditure is 31869 billion yuan, of which the direct economic burden of hypertension accounted for 6.61% [7]. Essential hypertension (EH), which accounts for 90% of hypertensive cases, is a polygenic and multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of genetic determinants and environmental factors [8, 9]. The pathogenesis and etiology of EH include a multifactorial imbalance which results from complicated gene-gene and gene-environment interaction [10].
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the variation in the genomes which can be used to associate genotypic variation with the phenotype [11]. SNPs underlie differences in our susceptibility to disease. Associations of some SNPs in WNK1 and WNK4 with EH have been observed in the general population [12–14], and one study had identified that rs3738952 of CUL3 was significantly associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) risk [15], but very few reports investigated the relationship between SNPs of CUL3 and EH [16]. Genome linkage studies have identified numerous gene variants that associated with EH, and a few genetic loci and candidate genes (variants) have been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) [17]. Through GWAS, a variety of common genetic variants are analyzed and identified for disease association, which have potential association with blood pressure and the development of EH [18, 19], whereas some gene variants have been shown to have contribution to EH according to ethnicity or gender [20]. The development of genetic studies has revealed that some SNPs within genes, such as ATP1B1 [21], CD36 [22], CYP2J2 [23], CYP4A11 [24, 25], CYP4F2 [26], CYP17A1 [27], and TPRC6 [28], are closely related to the progression of EH.
However, it remains unknown whether there are other new gene variants which can influence the progression of EH. Therefore, we selected rs17479770 and rs3738952 SNPs in the CUL3 gene after the haploview analysis in the Han population of China and examined the possible relationship between the SNPs and EH in this study. Haploview software was used to conduct linkage disequilibrium and haplotype block analyses, using the Hapmap phase IV genotype data for chromosomal region 2: 225043534–225157486 (CHB database, Hapmap release 24 (2008, November)). The criterion for r2 was set at 0.8. The Han population is the largest ethnic group in China, and the association of CUL3 with EH in the Chinese Han population has not yet been reported. Therefore, our results could provide new insights into the pathogenesis of EH by studying CUL3 SNPs.
2. Patients and Methods
2.1. Ethics
The present study was performed with the approval of the ethics committee of Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command and is in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration. Informed consents were collected from all the candidate subjects.
2.2. Subjects
Patients diagnosed with EH were recruited from Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command from 2012 to 2015. In total, 259 patients in the EH patient group and 261 control subjects in the normotensive group, matched for age, sex, BMI, TG, TC, and HbA1c, were enrolled in this study (Table 1). All of the EH patients received antihypertensive drug treatment, so it does not need to match the blood pressure between the two groups. All participants were unrelated and belonged to the Chinese Han population. EH patients were diagnosed according to JNC 7 [29] and JNC 8 [30]: systolic blood pressure (SBP) > 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) > 90 mmHg, without any antihypertensive medication or confirmed diagnosis of EH by a cardiovascular specialist. The subjects who had secondary hypertension caused by another disease or are in the acute phase with cardiovascular, lung, liver, kidney, and other somatic diseases or with malignant tumor were excluded from the EH patient group. The normotensive group was selected based on the following criteria: SBP < 129 mmHg and DBP < 85 mmHg and without any antihypertensive medication. Subjects who had been currently diagnosed with malignant tumor and diabetes or in the acute phase with cardiovascular, lung, liver, kidney, and other somatic diseases were excluded from the normotensive group. One subject with diabetes in the EH patient group was excluded, and one subject with impaired glucose tolerance in the normotensive group was also excluded from analysis.
Table 1.
Baseline of the study population.
| Parameters | EH group (n = 259) | Normotensive group (n = 261) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 77.81 ± 7.640 | 76.78 ± 9.095 | 0.163∗ |
| Gender, male, % | 50.2% | 50.9% | 0.930 |
| BMI | 23.654 ± 3.871 | 23.305 ± 3.754 | 0.297∗ |
| HbA1c, % | 5.3286 ± 0.901 | 5.258 ± 0.871 | 0.364∗ |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.448 ± 0.893 | 4.327 ± 0.836 | 0.111∗ |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.436 ± 0.926 | 1.346 ± 1.141 | 0.324∗ |
∗Analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
2.3. DNA Extraction
Genomic DNA was extracted from circulating leukocytes using commercial DNA isolation kits (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing, China). Briefly, the red blood cells, as well as the nuclei of leukocytes, were lysed. Subsequently, proteins were precipitated, followed by the precipitation of DNA using isopropanol. The DNA pellet was washed with ethanol. Finally, DNA was rehydrated with the DNA Rehydration Solution and preserved in liquid nitrogen.
2.4. Genotyping
Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes, according to the standard procedures by using commercial DNA isolation kits (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing, China). We performed genotyping for CUL3 rs17479770 and rs3738952 polymorphisms by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) by using the Sequenom Mass ARRAY system (Sequenom Inc., CA, USA). Primers used for genotyping were designed manually: rs17479770 forward 5′-TGCCA TTTCCTGCTAGCAACCT-3′ and reverse 5′-TCTTGGAAGGAAAGCTGTTGCATA-3′ and rs3738952 forward 5′-CCCAGGTCAACATAAATCACACATCA-3′ and reverse 5′-TTCTGCAGATCTCAATG CCACAT-3′. The concentration of rs17479770 primers was 1 μM, and that of rs3738952 primers was 2 μM in the PCR reaction system. PCR was performed in a reaction mixture volume of 20 μL, which included 1× HotStarTaq buffer, 3.0 mM Mg2+, 0.3 mM dNTP, 1 U HotStarTaq polymerase (Qiagen Inc., MD, USA), and 1 μL DNA template. Amplification was performed under the following conditions: initial denaturation of 2 min at 95°C followed by 11 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 20 s, annealing at 59.5°C for 40 s, and extension at 72°C for 1 min and 30 s and 24 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 20 s, annealing at 59°C for 30 s, and extension at 72°C for 1 min and 30 s followed by a final extension at 72°C for 2 min. PCR products were stored at 4°C. Restriction DNA fragments were separated by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide.
Linking primers used for coupled reaction for genotyping were designed manually: rs17479770RC, TTCCGCGTTCGGACTGATATTCAGCAAAATTAGAAGTCATTTCTAGTCCTGAG; rs17479770RP2, AGCAGAARTAATTAGAAATGTTAACATTTAAGTGCTTTTTTTTTTT; rs17479770RT, TACGGTTATTCGGGCTCCTGTTCAGCAAAATTAGAAGTCATTTCTAGTCCTGAA; rs3738952RC, TCTCTCGGGTCAATTCGTCCTTTCTCAATGCCACATTTTATGGACAAG; rs3738952RP, TTAAAAAGGTAAATATTGATAGTTTGAACGTATTAAGTAATTTTT; and rs3738952RT, TGTTCGTGGGCCGGATTAGTTCTCAATGCCACATTTTATGGACGAA. The reaction system of coupled reaction was performed in a reaction mixture system including 1 μL 10× connection buffer, 0.25 μL ligase, and 0.4 μL 5′ primer mixture (1 connection M) and 0.4 μL 3′ primer mixture (2 connection M), after purification of 2 μL multiple PCR products and 6 μL ddH2O mixture. Coupled reaction was performed under the following conditions: 38 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 1 min and annealing at 56°C for 4 min. Reaction products were stored at 4°C. Allelic discrimination was measured automatically on the ABI3730XL (Applied Biosystems) using the GeneMapper 4.1 software (95% confidence intervals).
2.5. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 20.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
The haplotype of rs17479770 and rs3738952 was analyzed by PHASE 2.0 (University of Manchester, Manchester, UK). One-way ANOVA was used to match the values of BMI, HbA1c, TC, and TG between the EH patient group and normotensive group. The chi-squared test was used to examine whether the genotype distributions differed from the expected Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and the distribution of rs17479770 and rs3738952 genotypes and alleles between the EH patient group and normotensive group. Odds ratios (OR) and its corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated to compare the distribution of genotypes and alleles between the patients and control subjects. Analyses used two-tailed estimation of significance. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
The Han population consisted of 259 patients in the EH patient group (130 males and 129 females with an average age of 77.81 ± 7.640 years old) and 261 control subjects in the normotensive group (133 males and 128 females with an average age of 76.78 ± 9.095 years old), and there was no significant difference in age between the two groups (P = 0.163). The gender ratio of the two groups was insignificant (P = 0.930). The clinical representative characteristics including ID, age, gender, height, weight, TG, TC, and HbA1c were collected. There were no significant differences between the two groups including BMI, HbA1c, TC, and TG (P values were 0.297, 0.364, 0.111, and 0.324, resp.) (Table 1). The systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values were not included because all EH patients received antihypertensive medication.
3.2. Allele and Genotype Frequencies of CUL3 rs17479770 and rs3738952 in the EH Patient Group and Normotensive Group
The allele and genotype frequencies of rs17479770 and rs3738952 SNPs are shown in Tables 2 and 3. Genotype distribution in the EH patient group and normotensive group did not deviate from HWE (P > 0.05). Comparison of allele frequencies between the patient group and normotensive group by the chi-squared test revealed that the allele and genotype frequencies of rs3738952 had no statistically significant difference between the EH patient group and the normotensive group (Table 3), whereas the rs17479770 TT genotype in males and the full data set had a significantly protective effects on EH (P = 0.050; OR = 0.578, 95% CI = 0.344–0.970; P = 0.042; OR = 0.674, 95% CI = 0.468–0.971) (Table 2) and the T allele in males and the CT genotype in the full data set show some protective trend of EH (P = 0.064; P = 0.066). When the data further stratified the haplotype frequency distributions of CUL3 rs17479770 and rs3738952 SNPs, there is no statistically significant difference between the EH patient group and normotensive group (Table 4).
Table 2.
Distribution frequency of CUL3 rs17479770 polymorphism in the EH and control groups.
| CUL3 | rs17479770 | EH group | Normotensive group | P | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (C/T) | n | n | ||||
| Full data set | Allele | C | 229 | 207 | ||
| T | 289 | 317 | 0.132 | 1.213 (0.948–1.553) | ||
| Genotype | CC | 47 | 46 | 0.909 | 1.041 (0.665–1.630) | |
| CT | 135 | 115 | 0.066 | 1.392 (0.986–1.965) | ||
| TT | 77 | 101 | 0.042 | 0.674 (0.468–0.971) | ||
| M | Allele | C | 121 | 102 | ||
| T | 139 | 164 | 0.064 | 1.400 (0.989–1.980) | ||
| Genotype | CC | 27 | 22 | 0.430 | 1.323 (0.709–2.467) | |
| CT | 67 | 58 | 0.218 | 1.375 (0.846–2.235) | ||
| TT | 36 | 53 | 0.050 | 0.578 (0.344–0.970) | ||
| F | Allele | C | 108 | 107 | ||
| T | 150 | 151 | 1.000 | 1.016 (0.716–1.442) | ||
| Genotype | CC | 20 | 25 | 0.512 | 0.763 (0.400–1.457) | |
| CT | 68 | 57 | 0.213 | 1.408 (0.863–2.299) | ||
| TT | 41 | 47 | 0.512 | 0.813 (0.485–1.361) |
Table 3.
Distribution frequency of CUL3 rs3738952 polymorphism in the EH and control groups.
| CUL3 | rs3738952 | EH group | Normotensive group | P | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (C/T) | n | n | ||||
| Full data set | Allele | C | 387 | 399 | ||
| T | 131 | 123 | 0.564 | 0.911 (0.686–1.209) | ||
| Genotype | CC | 145 | 151 | 0.723 | 0.927 (0.655–1.311) | |
| CT | 97 | 97 | 1.000 | 1.012 (0.710–1.444) | ||
| TT | 17 | 13 | 0.459 | 1.340 (0.637–2.819) | ||
| M | Allele | C | 201 | 204 | 0.368 | 1.202 (0.810–1.786) |
| T | 59 | 72 | ||||
| Genotype | CC | 76 | 79 | 0.901 | 0.962 (0.589–1.572) | |
| CT | 49 | 46 | 0.610 | 1.144 (0.692–1.893) | ||
| TT | 5 | 8 | 0.572 | 0.625 (0.199–1.963) | ||
| F | Allele | C | 186 | 195 | 0.315 | 0.808 (0.544–1.201) |
| T | 72 | 61 | ||||
| Genotype | CC | 69 | 72 | 0.707 | 0.894 (0.547–1.462) | |
| CT | 48 | 51 | 0.702 | 0.895 (0.541–1.479) | ||
| TT | 12 | 5 | 0.130 | 2.523 (0.862–7.382) |
Table 4.
Haplotype frequency distributions of the 2 SNPs of CUL3 in the EH and normotensive groups.
| CUL3 | Haplotype | EH group ratios | Normotensive group ratios | χ 2 | P value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full data set | CC | 229 : 259 | 207 : 261 | 0.700 | 0.436 | 1.115 (0.864–1.438) |
| TC | 158 : 259 | 192 : 261 | 1.824 | 0.189 | 0.829 (0.632–1.088) | |
| TT | 131 : 259 | 123 : 261 | 0.213 | 0.647 | 1.073 (0.795–1.449) | |
| Male | CC | 121 : 130 | 102 : 133 | 1.128 | 0.317 | 1.214 (0.849–1.735) |
| TC | 80 : 130 | 102 : 133 | 1.293 | 0.288 | 0.802 (0.549–1.173) | |
| TT | 59 : 130 | 62 : 133 | 0.015 | 0.913 | 0.974 (0.633–1.498) | |
| Female | CC | 108 : 129 | 105 : 128 | 0.012 | 0.926 | 1.021 (0.710–1.468) |
| TC | 78 : 129 | 90 : 128 | 0.577 | 0.488 | 0.860 (0.583–1.270) | |
| TT | 72 : 129 | 61 : 128 | 0.545 | 0.521 | 1.171 (0.770–1.782) |
Overall, these results suggest that the TT genotype of rs17479770 in males and all representatives indicate a significantly protective effect on EH and the T allele shows some protective trend to the male representatives and the same as the CT genotype to all representatives.
4. Discussion
We investigated rs17479770 and rs3738952 SNPs in the CUL3 gene as genetic risk factors for EH in a case-control study of a well-characterized Southern Chinese Han population. Our results demonstrate that the frequencies of the rs17479770 TT genotype in male EH patients and in all representatives were significantly decreased compared to those in the normotensive group, whereas there was no statistically significant difference in allele and genotype frequencies of CUL3 in males between the EH patient group and the normotensive group. Moreover, there was no significant difference of haplotype frequency distributions of the two SNPs of CUL3 in the EH patient group and normotensive group. The results of statistical analysis suggest that all CUL3 rs17479770 TT genotypes were associated with the protection of the Chinese Han population especially male subjects from EH.
RhoA activation contributes to vascular constriction and hypertension, and CUL3Δ9-associated ubiquitin ligase activity toward RhoA is impaired, suggesting that CUL3Δ9 mutations may act dominantly by sequestering substrate adaptors and disrupting CUL3WT complexes [16]. CUL3 and KLHL3 are expressed in the distal nephron of the kidney, suggesting a mechanistic link between KLHL3 and CUL3 mutations, increased Na+-Cl− reabsorption, and disease pathogenesis [31]. CUL3 provides a scaffold that binds to the BTB domain of KLHL3 through its N-terminus region [32]. WNK1 and WKN4 regulate sodium and potassium flux through regulation of the thiazide-sensitive Na+/Cl− cotransporter (NCC) and the renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK) in the distal nephron [33, 34]. The WNK1 and WNK4 isoforms, through directing two homologous kinases, SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK, also known as serine threonine kinase 39, STK39) and oxidative stress-responsive kinase1 (OSR1) which phosphorylates and activates NCC and Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporters (NKCC) 1 and 2, thereby play important roles in controlling blood pressure [35–38]. The kidney plays a central role in the pathophysiology of EH, and the NCC is physiologically relevant to the development of EH. Based on the previous studies, we inferred a mechanism that the mutations in CUL3 might influence susceptibility to EH. In this study, we analyzed the association of CUL3 rs17479770 and rs3738952 polymorphisms with EH in the Southern Chinese Han population, but several limitations of this study should be mentioned. The main limitation is the relatively small sample size: only 520 participants, including 259 EH patients and 261 normotensive people, were recruited, which is insufficient for an SNP association study of a rarer mutation site. The other limitation is that only two SNPs within the CUL3 gene were analyzed. Additional in-depth studies are needed to confirm the functional importance of CUL3 rs17479770 polymorphism in EH and to elucidate its precise role in the pathogenesis of EH.
5. Conclusion
This study demonstrates that CUL3 rs17479770 is a candidate SNP that could be further examined as a possible protective genetic factor for EH progression, especially in male population. However, no significant association was detected between CUL3 rs3738952 polymorphism and EH in the Chinese Han population, and the study of haplotype frequency distributions of CUL3 rs17479770 and rs3738952 in the EH and normotensive groups had no significant association. Our results revealed that the CUL3 rs17479770 TT genotype was associated with protection against EH in male and all representatives. This study offers a new direction to understand the mechanisms underlying EH and suggest novel therapeutic targets for the disease treatment. Further population-based genetic studies will be required to confirm our results and consolidate the role of CUL3 on EH in populations living in different environments or regions.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supports by the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou in China under Grant no. 201509010012.
Abbreviations
- ANOVA:
Analysis of variance
- BMI:
Body mass index
- BP:
Blood pressure
- BTB:
Bric-a-brac tramtrack broad complex
- CI:
Confidence intervals
- CRL:
Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase
- CUL3:
Cullin-3
- CYP:
Cytochrome P450
- DBP:
Diastolic blood pressure
- EH:
Essential hypertension
- GWAS:
Genome-wide association studies
- HbA1c:
Hemoglobin A1c
- HNSCC:
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- HWE:
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
- JNC 7:
Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, election, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure
- JNC 8:
2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee
- KLHL3:
Kelch-like 3
- MALDI-TOF MS:
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- NCC:
Na+/Cl− cotransporter
- NKCC:
Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter
- OR:
Odds ratios
- PCR:
Polymerase chain reaction
- PHAII:
Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II
- RFLP:
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
- ROMK:
Renal outer medullary potassium channel
- SBP:
Systolic blood pressure
- SNPs:
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
- TC:
Total cholesterol
- TG:
Triglyceride
- WNK:
With-no-lysine kinase.
Additional Points
Highlights. The CUL3 rs17479770 TT genotype was associated with protection from EH in male and in the full data set. CUL3 rs17479770 is a possible protective genetic factor for EH progression.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Authors' Contributions
Jin Li and Jing Hu have contributed equally to this work.
References
- 1.Scott D. C., Rhee D. Y., Duda D. M., et al. Two distinct types of E3 ligases work in unison to regulate substrate ubiquitylation. Cell. 2016;166, article e24:1198–1214. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.027. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Arroyo J. P., Gamba G. Advances in WNK signaling of salt and potassium metabolism: clinical implications. American Journal of Nephrology. 2012;35(4):379–386. doi: 10.1159/000337479. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Schumacher F. R., Sorrell F. J., Alessi D. R., Bullock A. N., Kurz T. Structural and biochemical characterization of the KLHL3-WNK kinase interaction important in blood pressure regulation. The Biochemical Journal. 2014;460(2):237–246. doi: 10.1042/BJ20140153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Boyden L. M., Choi M., Choate K. A., et al. Mutations in kelch-like 3 and cullin 3 cause hypertension and electrolyte abnormalities. Nature. 2012;482(7383):98–102. doi: 10.1038/nature10814. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.McCormick J. A., Yang C. L., Zhang C., et al. Hyperkalemic hypertension-associated cullin 3 promotes WNK signaling by degrading KLHL3. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2014;124:4723–4736. doi: 10.1172/JCI76126. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Tan D. A. Changing disease trends in the Asia-Pacific. Climacteric. 2011;14:529–534. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2011.555886. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Weiwei C., Runlin G., Lisheng L., et al. Cardiovascular disease Chinese report 2015 summary. Chinese Circulation Journal. 2015;31:617–622. [Google Scholar]
- 8.Fava C., Ricci M., Melander O., Minuz P. Hypertension, cardiovascular risk and polymorphisms in genes controlling the cytochrome P450 pathway of arachidonic acid: a sex-specific relation. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators. 2012;98(3-4):75–85. doi: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.11.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Kunes J., Zicha J. Developmental windows and environment as important factors in the expression of genetic information: a cardiovascular physiologist’s view. Clinical Science (London) 2006;111(5):295–305. doi: 10.1042/CS20050271. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Fu Z., Nakayama T., Sato N., et al. Haplotype-based case-control study of CYP4A11 gene and myocardial infarction. Hereditas. 2012;149(3):91–98. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2012.02247.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Pandey M. K., Agarwal G., Kale S. M., et al. Development and evaluation of a high density genotyping ‘Axiom_Arachis’ array with 58 K SNPs for accelerating genetics and breeding in groundnut. Scientific Reports. 2017;7, article 40577 doi: 10.1038/srep40577. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Lu M., Wang X., Wang F., et al. WNK4 polymorphisms and essential hypertension in the Uyghur population. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension. 2009;31(2):179–185. doi: 10.1080/10641960802621325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Cun Y., Li J., Tang W., et al. Association of WNK1 exon 1 polymorphisms with essential hypertension in Hani and Yi minorities of China. Journal of Genetics and Genomics. 2011;38(4):165–171. doi: 10.1016/j.jgg.2011.03.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Sun Z. J., Li Y., Lu J. Y., et al. Association of Ala589Ser polymorphism of WNK4 gene with essential hypertension in a high-risk Chinese population. The Journal of Physiological Sciences. 2009;59(2):81–86. doi: 10.1007/s12576-008-0011-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Sheth S., Weissfeld J. L., Romkes M., et al. Germline Variation in NFE2L2/CUL3/KEAP1 and Risk of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2015;33(Supplement 15):p. 1540. [Google Scholar]
- 16.Ibeawuchi S. R., Agbor L. N., Quelle F. W., Sigmund C. D. Hypertension-causing mutations in cullin3 protein impair RhoA protein ubiquitination and augment the association with substrate adaptors. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2015;290:19208–19217. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M115.645358. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Padmanabhan S., Melander O., Johnson T., et al. Genome-wide association study of blood pressure extremes identifies variant near UMOD associated with hypertension. PLoS Genetics. 2010;6(10, article e1001177) doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001177. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Mayer B., Lieb W., Götz A., et al. Association of the T8590C polymorphism of CYP4A11 with hypertension in the MONICA Augsburg echocardiographic substudy. Hypertension. 2005;46(4):766–771. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000182658.04299.15. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Levy D., Ehret G. B., Rice K., et al. Genome-wide association study of blood pressure and hypertension. Nature Genetics. 2009;41(6):677–687. doi: 10.1038/ng.384. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Yan H. C., Liu J. H., Li J., et al. Association between the CYP4A11 T8590C variant and essential hypertension: new data from Han Chinese and a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(11, article e80072) doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080072. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Xiao B., Zhang Y., Niu W., Gao P., Zhu D. Association of ATP1B1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with blood pressure and hypertension in a Chinese population. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2009;407(1-2):47–50. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.06.026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Wang Y., Zhou X. O., Zhang Y., Gao P. J., Zhu D. L. Association of the CD36 gene with impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, type-2 diabetes, and lipid metabolism in essential hypertensive patients. Genetics and Molecular Research. 2012;11(3):2163–2170. doi: 10.4238/2012.July.10.2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Zhu Q., Fu Z. Y., Ma Y. T. GW25-e3132 single nucleotide polymorphism of the CYP2J2 gene is associated with essential hypertension in Uygur population in China. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2014;4(1, article C9) [Google Scholar]
- 24.Laffer C. L., Gainer J. V., Waterman M. R., et al. The T8590C polymorphism of CYP4A11 and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2008;51(3):767–772. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.102921. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Yang H., Fu Z., Ma Y., et al. CYP4A11 gene T8590C polymorphism is associated with essential hypertension in the male western Chinese Han population. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension. 2014;36(6):398–403. doi: 10.3109/10641963.2013.846353. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Stec D. E., Roman R. J., Flasch A., Rieder M. J. Functional polymorphism in human CYP4F2 decreases 20-HETE production. Physiological Genomics. 2007;30(1):74–81. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00003.2007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Moraitis A. G., Rainey W. E., Auchus R. J. Gene mutations that promote adrenal aldosterone production, sodium retention, and hypertension. The Application of Clinical Genetics. 2013;7:1–13. doi: 10.2147/TACG.S35571. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Yu Y., Keller S. H., Remillard C. V., et al. A functional single-nucleotide polymorphism in the TRPC6 gene promoter associated with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2009;119(17):2313–2322. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.782458. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Chobanian A. V., Bakris G. L., Black H. R., et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. Jama. 2003;289(19):2560–2572. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.19.2560. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.James P. A., Oparil S., Carter B. L., et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) Journal of the American Medical Association. 2014;311(5):507–520. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.284427. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Gong Y., Wang J., Yang J., Gonzales E., Perez R., Hou J. KLHL3 regulates paracellular chloride transport in the kidney by ubiquitination of claudin-8. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2015;112:4340–4345. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1421441112. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Ji A. X., Privé G. G. Crystal structure of KLHL3 in complex with cullin3. PLoS One. 2013;8(4, article e60445) doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060445. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.McCormick J. A., Ellison D. H. The WNKs: atypical protein kinases with pleiotropic actions. Physiological Reviews. 2011;91(1):177–219. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Kahle K. T., Ring A. M., Lifton R. P. Molecular physiology of the WNK kinases. Annual Review of Physiology. 2008;70:329–355. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100651. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Gagnon K. B., Delpire E. Molecular physiology of SPAK and OSR1: two Ste20-related protein kinases regulating ion transport. Physiological Reviews. 2012;92(4):1577–1617. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Gamba G. The thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl− cotransporter: molecular biology, functional properties, and regulation by WNKs. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 2009;297(4):F838–F848. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00159.2009. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Richardson C., Sakamoto K., de los Heros P., et al. Regulation of the NKCC2 ion cotransporter by SPAK-OSR1-dependent and -independent pathways. Journal of Cell Science. 2011;124(Part 5):789–800. doi: 10.1242/jcs.077230. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38.Vitari A. C., Thastrup J., Rafiqi F. H., et al. Functional interactions of the SPAK/OSR1 kinases with their upstream activator WNK1 and downstream substrate NKCC1. The Biochemical Journal. 2006;397(1):223–231. doi: 10.1042/BJ20060220. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]