Use of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Bladder Cancer after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Abstract

Objectives:

To compare the outcomes of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) versus observation in patients with non-organ confined disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical cystectomy (RC).

Materials and methods:

Using the National Cancer Database, we identified patients who received NAC prior to RC and had advanced stage (pT3/4) or pathologically involved nodes (pN+) at the time of surgery from 2004–2013. We determined whether patients then received AC or were managed with observation only and used multivariable proportional hazards regression to estimate the impact of AC on overall survival.

Results:

Overall 34% (N = 705) of patients who received NAC and underwent RC were pT3/4 and/or pN+. Of these patients, 24% (N = 168) received subsequent chemotherapy and the rest were observed. Median survival for the entire cohort was 21 months (IQR 12–45). There was not a statistically significant difference in median survival between the AC and observation groups (23 months [IQR 14–46] versus 20 months [IQR 12–46], log-rank p = 0.52). On multivariate analysis there was no survival advantage for the AC cohort. Subgroup analysis of pN+ patients who received AC also did not show a survival advantage.

Conclusions:

Patients who are pT3/4 and/or pN+ after NAC and RC have a poor prognosis. The addition of AC does not seem to be beneficial. Further research should focus identifying patients who may benefit from additional chemotherapy.

ABBREVIATIONS

AC

adjuvant chemotherapy

CCI

Charlson comorbidity index

LN

lymph node

NCDB

National Cancer Database

NAC

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

RC

Radical cystectomy

UC

Urothelial carcinoma

INTRODUCTION

Platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is associated with improved survival among patients with invasive bladder cancer having radicalcystectomy (RC) [1–3] and is recommended by clinical guidelines [4]. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has the advantage of treating micrometastatic disease prior to surgery when systemic chemotherapy is likely best tolerated [5, 6]. Despite the significant improvement of primary tumor downstaging with NAC, up to half of patients are ultimately found to have locally advanced disease and 20% have lymph node (LN) metastases at RC [1, 7, 8]. These patients have a poor prognosis and most die ofcancer [9].

Cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) is an option for patients with advanced disease at RC. On meta-analysis of 945 patients from 9 randomized trials, the majority of whom had ≥pT3 disease and about a third of whom were pN+, AC was associated with a 23% decreased risk of death. The effect of AC on disease free-survival was especially apparent in trials with higher nodal involvement [10]. Results from a more recent large randomized AC trial failed to observe a survival benefit among all patients, but did suggest that those who were pN0 may benefit from immediate AC [11].

However, the indication for and potential benefit of AC is unclear in patients who have previously been treated with systemic NAC, as these patients may have chemotherapy resistant disease. Two small retrospective studies provide contrasting reports about whether AC benefits patients who have advanced disease after NAC and RC [7, 12]. Yet some physicians recommend AC as demonstrated by a recent survey of urologic oncologists from the UK, which found that 55% of respondents would give AC after NAC to this patient population [13]. For those physicians who would give AC, most would administer additional multi-agent cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Current guidelines do not recommend AC in patients with advanced disease afterNAC [14].

With the increasing utilization of NAC, there is a need to better understand the prognosis and treatment options for those with advanced cancer despite having received systemic chemotherapy [15]. We hypothesized that among patients with locally advanced or lymph node positive disease at RC after NAC, multi-agent AC was associated with improved survival. We further hypothesized that in patients with lymph node positive (pN+) disease, those with lower tumor burden (2 or less positive lymph nodes) would respond better to AC than those with higher tumor burden (more than 2 positive lymphnodes).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Dataset

Beginning in 2004, the NCDB has captured over 70% of new annual cancer diagnoses. This data is collected from over 1,500 programs participating in the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer approvals program. The NCDB captures information on patient demographic characteristics, facility descriptors, cancer-specific information, treatment modality andmortality.

Cohort

We identified all patients diagnosed with bladder cancer between 2004 and 2013 using the International Classification of Diseases–Oncology, 3rd edition (ICO-3) topography codes C67.1–67.9 (Fig. 1). Urothelial carcinoma (UC) histology was defined by ICO-3 codes 8120 and 8130 [16]. We identified all patients who were treated with RC (N = 47,207) and then excluded patients with another primary cancer diagnosis (N = 20,315).

Fig.1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria of pT3/4 or pN+ patients who underwent NAC and RC from the 2004–2013 NCDB.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was defined as receipt of chemotherapy less than 6 months prior to RC and utilization of subsequent AC was identified using the temporal relation variable as detailed by the NCDB participant use file [17]. We only considered multi-agent chemotherapy and excluded patients who were treated with single agent perioperative chemotherapy or chemotherapy with an unknown number of agents. Among patients who were treated with NAC prior to RC (N = 3,003), we excluded patients who were clinically node positive (N = 365), patients who were cM+/MX at diagnosis (N = 125) and use of single agent or unknown number of chemotherapeutic agents (N = 370). We then identified patients with pathologically involved lymph nodes (pN+) and/or locally advanced disease (pT3 or pT4) on final surgical pathology after RC (n = 723). Finally we eliminated all patients who were deceased within 6 months of surgery (n = 18) for a final analytic cohort of N = 705 patients.

Outcome

Our primary outcome was overall survival after diagnosis of bladder cancer.

Independent variables

The independent variables were analyzed as designated by the Participant Use File dictionary [17]. These included sex, age, race (Caucasian, African American, other), insurance status, modified Charlson-Deyo score (CCI), residence location, county-level information and hospital characteristics. The CCI was calculated based on up to ten ICD-9-CM secondary diagnosis codes. County-level income data was abstracted from 2000 and 2012 U.S. Census. Hospitals were described by their type based on Commission on Cancer Accreditation program classification system and geographic location. The characteristics of the lymph node dissection included the number of lymph nodes examined and the number that was pathologically involved.

Analysis

Demographic and disease characteristics were compared by treatment type using chi-square tests for categorical variables and Student’s t-tests for continuous variables. We generated survival curves using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared survival between treatment groups using the log-rank test. We used proportional hazards regression to test our hypothesis that AC is associated with improved survival. Our model included age, sex, race, CCI, pathologic T stage, number of lymph nodes removed, number of pathologically involved lymph nodes and tumor histology to adjust for confounding. The proportional hazards assumption was tested graphically for each covariate. We performed a sensitivity analysis to determine if the effect of AC was similar after excluding patients with non-urothelial histology (N = 94).

We performed a subgroup analysis of only patients who were pN+. We categorized patients according to the number of positive lymph nodes (≤2 versus >2) and plotted Kaplan-Meier curves for the two treatment groups. The cutpoint of 2 lymph nodes was chosen as this was the median number of positive lymph nodes in previous reports [18, 19]. We built a multivariable model that included an interaction term (number of positive lymph nodes x treatment type) to allow for a non-linear association between these two variables. All analyses were performed using SPSS v23.0. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Of the 2,143 patients who received multiagent NAC prior to RC, 33% (N = 705) patients had pT3/4 or pN+ at the time of cystectomy. Of these patients, 24% (N = 168) received AC while 76% (N = 537) were observed with no additional chemotherapy. Demographic and tumor specific characteristics are shown in Table 1. The AC group had a lower proportion treated at an academic hospital. The distribution of tumor stage was similar across both groups. There was no difference in the number of lymph nodes examined or number of pathologically involved lymph nodes between groups, although the AC group was more likely to be pN+.

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohort

Variable	NAC  only (N = 537)	NAC + AC (N = 168)
	N (%)	N (%)	p-value*
Age
<50	36 (7)	21 (12)	0.031
50–59	140 (26)	44 (26)
60–69	197 (37)	68 (40)
70–79	136 (25)	31 (18)
>80	28 (5)	4 (4)
Gender
Male	357 (66)	113 (67)	0.851
Female	180 (34)	55 (33)
Race
White	480 (89)	154 (92)	0.647
Black	35 (7)	9 (5)
Other	18 (3)	5 (3)
Unknown	4 (1)	0 (0)
Charlson/Deyo Score
0	400 (74)	128 (76)	0.903
1	107 (20)	31 (19)
>1	30 (6)	9 (5)
Type of Facility
Academic/Research	326 (61)	80 (49)	0.029
Comprehensive Community Cancer	149 (28)	54 (33)
Community Cancer	24 (5)	13 (8)
Other	32 (6)	15 (9)
Insurance Status
Private	235 (44)	69 (41)	0.078
Medicare	247 (46)	69 (41)
Medicaid	26 (5)	17 (10)
Uninsured	22 (4)	8 (5)
Other government	4 (1)	4 (2)
Unknown	3 (1)	1 (1)
Year of diagnosis
2004–2008	141 (26)	46 (27)	0.773
2009–2013	396 (74)	122 (73)
Tumor grade
Low	18 (4)	1 (1)	0.056
High	445 (96)	142 (99)
cN stage
cN0	453 (84)	133 (79)	0.117
cNX	84 (16)	35 (21)
pT stage
<pT1	12 (2)	3 (2)	0.474
pT2	44 (8)	19 (11)
>pT3	473 (90)	146 (87)
pN stage
pN0	281 (52)	69 (41)	0.033
pNX	14 (3)	4 (2)
pN(+)	242 (45)	95 (57)
Histology
UC	465 (87)	146 (87)	0.917
Non-UC	72 (13)	22 (13)
Number of LN examined
<9	135 (28)	41 (28)	0.972
>10	353 (72)	108 (72)
Number of LN positive
<2	143 (62)	53 (59)	0.088
>2	89 (38)	37 (41)

^*p-values derived from chi-square tests for categorical variables and Students’ t-test for continuous variables.

Follow-up for the entire cohort was 44 months (IQR 29–66) and median overall survival was 21 months (IQR 12–45). Compared to the observation group, the AC group had longer median survival (Fig. 2A), however this was not statistically significant (23 months [IQR 14–46] versus 20 months [IQR 12–46], log-rank p = 0.52). On multivariable analysis (Table 2), receipt of AC was not associated with decreased hazards of death (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.72–1.14; p = 0.42). When patients with non-UC histology were excluded (N = 94), receipt of AC was still not associated with improved survival (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.65–1.12; p = 0.36).

Fig.2.

Overall survival after NAC and RC for pT3/4 and/or pN+ patients stratified by treatment group for all patients (A) and pN+ patients only (B).

Table 2.

Multivariable analysis of risk of death after diagnosis with bladder cancer

	pN+ and/or pT3/4 (N = 705)		pN+ alone (N = 337)
	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	p-value
Age (continuous)	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.156	1.02 (1.00–1.03)	0.021
Sex
Male	1.0	ref	1.0	ref
Female	1.00 (0.82–1.24)	0.968	0.98 (0.75–1.32)	0.982
Race
White	1.0	ref	1.0	ref
Non-white	0.96 (0.68–1.35)	0.798	1.22 (0.79–1.87)	0.368
Charlson/Deyo score
0	1.0	ref	1.0	ref
1	1.23 (0.97–1.58)	0.093	1.31 (0.94–1.82)	0.108
>1	1.30 (0.85–2.00)	0.228	1.84 (1.03–3.29)	0.039
Pathologic T stage
<T1	1.0	ref	1.0	ref
T2	0.83 (0.41–1.68)	0.601	0.75 (0.37–1.53)	0.429
>T3	1.41 (0.74–2.67)	0.291	1.78 (0.94–3.40)	0.079
Histology
UC	1.0	ref	1.0	ref
Non-UC	1.30 (0.99–1.70)	0.058	1.34 (0.9–2.02)	0.152
# LN examined (continuous)	0.99 (0.98–1.00)	0.004	0.99 (0.98–1.00)	0.036
# Positive LN
<2	1.0	ref	1.0	ref
>2	1.75 (1.38–2.22)	0	1.27 (0.97–1.67)	0.086
Treatment
NAC alone	1.0	ref	1.0	ref
NAC + AC	0.91 (0.72–1.14)	0.422	0.86 (0.64–1.15)	0.31

On subgroup analysis of pN+ patients (n = 337), median survival for the AC group was 22 months (IQR 14–33) and the observation group 17 months (IQR 11–32, log-rank p = 0.23; Fig. 2B). We grouped patients according to more or less than 2 positive lymph nodes (Fig. 3). Neither the ≤2 LN group (log-rank p = 0.20) nor the >2 positive LN group (log-rank p = 0.92) demonstrated a statistically significant survival advantage with receipt of AC. On multivariable analysis (Table 2), receipt of AC was not associated with decreased hazards of death (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.64–1.15; p = 0.31) compared to observation alone among patients who were pN+. When we added an interaction term of number of positive lymph nodes x treatment into this model, the term was not significant (p = 0.99), suggesting no effect modification of AC by number of positive LN.

Fig.3.

Overall survival after NAC and RC with (A) ≤2 positive lymph nodes and (B) >2 positive lymph nodes.

DISCUSSION

Non-organ confined disease at RC is associated with poor prognosis, with a 5-year OS of 25–38% [8, 20, 21]. Patients who have pathologic lymph node involvement despite being treated with NAC have a particularly poor prognosis with median overall survival estimates of 13–26 months [22–24]. Treatment options for these patients are limited to observation, use of additional chemotherapy or enrollment in clinical trials. Whether patients with persistent micrometastatic disease after systemic chemotherapy benefit from further systemic chemotherapy is unknown, yet many oncologists support administering additionalchemotherapy [13].

Among 705 patients with pT3/4 or pN+ disease at RC who were previously treated with NAC, 24% received subsequent AC while the rest were observed. We did not observe an improvement in survival for patients who received multi-agent AC in the entire cohort or on subgroup analysis of patients with pN+. These observations suggest that additional multi-agent AC for patients with positive lymph nodes after NAC may not be effective.

There have been two prior studies examining the effectiveness of AC for patients with lymph node metastases at RC following NAC. The M.D. Anderson Cancer Center reported on 37 patients who were treated with NAC or systemic chemotherapy from 1993–2003 for advanced or clinically lymph node positive bladder cancer and found to be pN+ after RC [12]. Eleven patients (30%) received AC, which was generally a platinum-based regimen that differed from what was given preoperatively. Patients selected to receive AC were younger and had a better performance status than patients who were observed. Median overall survival for the AC group was 16 months versus 12.6 months for the observation group, and AC was associated with improved recurrence free survival on multivariate analysis (HR 0.29, 95% CI 0.10–0.81; p = 0.02), but no significant improvements in overall or disease-specific survival. However, 18 (49%) patients from this cohort were treated with induction therapy for cN+ disease rather than neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

The Moffitt Cancer Center recently reported on their experience with 88 patients with non-organ confined or LN positive disease after NAC and RC [7]. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 29 of these patients while the rest were observed. The majority of the NAC and AC regimens were carboplatin or cisplatin based. The median cancer-specific survival was similar for the AC and observation cohorts (23 months versus 22 months, p = 0.65), and AC was not associated with cancer-specific survival on multivariate analysis. On subgroup analysis of the 47 pN+ patients, the AC group (N = 24) had no survival advantage over the observation group.

We present the largest study examining AC in patients with advanced bladder cancer following RC and NAC. Similar to the study from Moffitt, we did not observe a benefit to AC when considering all patients with advanced disease. We hypothesized that patients with a lower burden of metastatic disease (≤2 lymph nodes) would benefit more from AC than those with a higher burden of disease. After stratifying by disease burden, neither patients with ≤2 positive nor >2 positive lymph nodes who were treated with AC appeared to have a survival benefit and the interaction term in our multivariate analysis was not significant.

Residual disease after systemic chemotherapy suggests chemotherapy resistance and rechallenging patients with identical agents to their initial systemic therapy may not be effective [25, 26]. A phase III trial comparing NAC and AC with MVAC compared to AC alone included 140 cT3-T4a patients with clinically negative lymph nodes, and found no difference in outcomes between the two groups [9]. Specifically, patients with advanced or pN+ disease after two cycles of neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy did poorly despite receiving additional postoperative chemotherapy.

A theoretical rationale for rechallenging patients with systemic chemotherapy may lie in sequential therapy, or administering a different agent than what was given preoperatively. Administering chemotherapeutic regimens that target disparate cell populations within a tumor may enhance the efficacy of a single multi-agent regimen and work to overcome chemotherapy resistance [27]. However, there is little data to suggest this approach is effective. In one phase II trial that included patients with high-risk or locally advanced bladder cancers, sequential therapy with two different multi-agent chemotherapy regimens downstaged 65% of patients to pT1N0 or less [25]. However, patients who did not respond well to the first line of chemotherapy and were switched to the second line early generally did poorly, suggesting that chemoresistant tumor biology may persist even in the face of a new agent. Another phase II trial of patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma demonstrated promising results with sequential doxorobucin-gemcitabine (AG) and ifosphomide-paclitaxel-cisplatin (ITP), but it is unclear if the addition of AG significantly improved the results of ITP alone [26].

With NAC becoming increasingly utilized, patients with pN+ disease after RC and NAC will be more frequently encountered [15]. Further research is required to determine which high-risk patients benefit from additional systemic therapy, and also which therapy is most effective. There have recently been promising results for use of immunotherapy for patients with metastatic disease [28], and trials of adjuvant immunotherapy for patients at high risk of recurrence after RC are currently underway [29, 30]. Furthermore, there is also a need to identify biomarkers that can identify patients who are less likely to respond to systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy. Such patients may be candidates for immediate surgery, immunotherapy or clinical trials.

Still, our findings are largely hypothesis generating given the absence of randomization and inability to account for unmeasured patient characteristics that are associated with treatment group selection. Reasons for utilizing AC are heavily influenced by patient factors that could not be accounted for, such as performance status, surgical complications, renal function and comorbidities [31]. Performance status is among the most important factors for deciding whether to use AC, and this is not captured in the NCDB data [13]. Furthermore, AC may have been used in patients who were felt to have undetected lymph node involvement due to an insufficient lymphadenectomy.

Our study has additional important limitations. The type of chemotherapy was not available, though we limited our cohort to “multi-agent” chemotherapy, which are generally platinum-based regimens. While not considered standard perioperative chemotherapy, some patients may have been treated with carboplatin-based regimens, which are known to be inferior to cisplatin-based regimens [4, 32]. It was also unknown whether patients who received AC were rechallenged with different agents from the NAC setting. Another important limitation is the lack of information on the exact timing of postoperative chemotherapy after RC, the agents used, and the number of cycles given. Therefore, it is possible that some patients in the AC cohort received deferred, and not true “adjuvant,” chemotherapy or instead developed metastatic disease and received salvage chemotherapy. Still, immediate AC and delayed chemotherapy may be associated with similar survival outcomes [11]. We excluded all patients with another primary cancer diagnosis as we could not identify the type of cancer and thus may have not have received chemotherapy for the indication of bladder cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

In our dataset of patients treated with NAC followed by RC, 24% of patients with residual non-organ confined disease received additional AC. We did not observe a survival benefit among all patients with advanced disease after RC or in a subgroup of pN+ patients. Clinical trials investigating adjuvant immunotherapy for these patients are currently underway.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None.