Abstract
The transient expression vector pSV2CAT, which carries the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene under the control of the SV40 early promoter, was used to transfect the murine embryonal carcinoma cell line F9 at various times during the retinoic acid-induced differentiation of these cells. Expression of the CAT gene under SV40 promoter control was found to increase markedly on F9 cell differentiation, measured relative to expression from the thymidine kinase promoter in the same cells. A series of constructs was prepared to identify the features of the SV40 early promoter required for transcription in differentiated and undifferentiated cells, as well as the factors limiting transcription in each case. The increased transcription seen on F9 cell differentiation was not observed when cells were transfected with molecules lacking a functional enhancer. It appears that as embryonal carcinoma cells differentiate, increased SV40 transcription results from enhancer sequence activation. In both differentiated and undifferentiated cell types the level of transcription was found to be limited by the availability and/or activity of cellular factors necessary for enhancer function.
Full text
PDF






Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Benoist C., Chambon P. In vivo sequence requirements of the SV40 early promotor region. Nature. 1981 Mar 26;290(5804):304–310. doi: 10.1038/290304a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Borrelli E., Hen R., Chambon P. Adenovirus-2 E1A products repress enhancer-induced stimulation of transcription. Nature. 1984 Dec 13;312(5995):608–612. doi: 10.1038/312608a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bucchini D., Lasserre C., Kunst F., Lovell-Badge R., Pictet R., Jami J. Stable transformation of mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells with the dominant selective marker Eco.gpt and retention of their developmental potentialities. EMBO J. 1983;2(2):229–232. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01410.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dandolo L., Blangy D., Kamen R. Regulation of polyoma virus transcription in murine embryonal carcinoma cells. J Virol. 1983 Jul;47(1):55–64. doi: 10.1128/jvi.47.1.55-64.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dynan W. S., Tjian R. Isolation of transcription factors that discriminate between different promoters recognized by RNA polymerase II. Cell. 1983 Mar;32(3):669–680. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90053-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fromm M., Berg P. Deletion mapping of DNA regions required for SV40 early region promoter function in vivo. J Mol Appl Genet. 1982;1(5):457–481. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fujimura F. K., Silbert P. E., Eckhart W., Linney E. Polyoma virus infection of retinoic acid-induced differentiated teratocarcinoma cells. J Virol. 1981 Jul;39(1):306–312. doi: 10.1128/jvi.39.1.306-312.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gautsch J. W., Wilson M. C. Delayed de novo methylation in teratocarcinoma suggests additional tissue-specific mechanisms for controlling gene expression. Nature. 1983 Jan 6;301(5895):32–37. doi: 10.1038/301032a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Georges E., Vasseur M., Blangy D. Polyoma virus mutants as probes of variety among mouse embryonal carcinoma cell lines. Differentiation. 1982;22(1):62–65. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1982.tb01225.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gorman C. M., Moffat L. F., Howard B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Sep;2(9):1044–1051. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.9.1044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gruss P., Dhar R., Khoury G. Simian virus 40 tandem repeated sequences as an element of the early promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Feb;78(2):943–947. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.2.943. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hall C. V., Jacob P. E., Ringold G. M., Lee F. Expression and regulation of Escherichia coli lacZ gene fusions in mammalian cells. J Mol Appl Genet. 1983;2(1):101–109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hansen U., Sharp P. A. Sequences controlling in vitro transcription of SV40 promoters. EMBO J. 1983;2(12):2293–2303. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01737.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Herbomel P., Bourachot B., Yaniv M. Two distinct enhancers with different cell specificities coexist in the regulatory region of polyoma. Cell. 1984 Dec;39(3 Pt 2):653–662. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90472-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Imperiale M. J., Kao H. T., Feldman L. T., Nevins J. R., Strickland S. Common control of the heat shock gene and early adenovirus genes: evidence for a cellular E1A-like activity. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 May;4(5):867–874. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.5.867. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kelly F., Boccara M. Susceptibility of teratocarcinoma cells to adenovirus type 2. Nature. 1976 Jul 29;262(5567):409–411. doi: 10.1038/262409a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Khoury G., Gruss P. Enhancer elements. Cell. 1983 Jun;33(2):313–314. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90410-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Linney E., Davis B., Overhauser J., Chao E., Fan H. Non-function of a Moloney murine leukaemia virus regulatory sequence in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. 1984 Mar 29-Apr 4Nature. 308(5958):470–472. doi: 10.1038/308470a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Linney E., Donerly S. DNA fragments from F9 PyEC mutants increase expression of heterologous genes in transfected F9 cells. Cell. 1983 Dec;35(3 Pt 2):693–699. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90102-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McKnight S. L. The nucleotide sequence and transcript map of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Dec 20;8(24):5949–5964. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.24.5949. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Niwa O., Yokota Y., Ishida H., Sugahara T. Independent mechanisms involved in suppression of the Moloney leukemia virus genome during differentiation of murine teratocarcinoma cells. Cell. 1983 Apr;32(4):1105–1113. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90294-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Oldstone M. B., Tishon A., Dutko F. J., Kennedy S. I., Holland J. J., Lampert P. W. Does the major histocompatibility complex serve as a specific receptor for Semliki Forest virus? J Virol. 1980 Apr;34(1):256–265. doi: 10.1128/jvi.34.1.256-265.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pellicer A., Wagner E. F., el-Kareh A., Dewey M. J., Reuser A. J., Silverstein S., Axel R., Mintz B. Introduction of a viral thymidine kinase gene and the human beta-globin gene into developmentally multipotential mouse teratocarcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Apr;77(4):2098–2102. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.4.2098. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rosenstraus M. J., Levine A. J. Alterations in the developmental potential of embryonal carcinoma cells in mixed aggregates of nullipotent and pluripotent cells. Cell. 1979 Jun;17(2):337–346. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90160-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sassone-Corsi P., Wildeman A., Chambon P. A trans-acting factor is responsible for the simian virus 40 enhancer activity in vitro. Nature. 1985 Feb 7;313(6002):458–463. doi: 10.1038/313458a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schöler H. R., Gruss P. Specific interaction between enhancer-containing molecules and cellular components. Cell. 1984 Feb;36(2):403–411. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90233-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Segal S., Khoury G. Differentiation as a requirement for simian virus 40 gene expression in F-9 embryonal carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Nov;76(11):5611–5615. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.11.5611. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sekikawa K., Levine A. J. Isolation and characterization of polyoma host range mutants that replicate in nullipotential embryonal carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Feb;78(2):1100–1104. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.2.1100. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Strickland S., Mahdavi V. The induction of differentiation in teratocarcinoma stem cells by retinoic acid. Cell. 1978 Oct;15(2):393–403. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90008-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Swartzendruber D. E., Friedrich T. D., Lehman J. M. Resistance of teratocarcinoma stem cells to infection with simian virus 40: early events. J Cell Physiol. 1977 Oct;93(1):25–30. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1040930105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tanaka K., Chowdhury K., Chang K. S., Israel M., Ito Y. Isolation and characterization of polyoma virus mutants which grow in murine embryonal carcinoma and trophoblast cells. EMBO J. 1982;1(12):1521–1527. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01349.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Teich N. M., Weiss R. A., Martin G. R., Lowy D. R. Virus infection of murine teratocarcinoma stem cell lines. Cell. 1977 Dec;12(4):973–982. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90162-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Velcich A., Ziff E. Adenovirus E1a proteins repress transcription from the SV40 early promoter. Cell. 1985 Mar;40(3):705–716. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90219-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wagner E. F., Mintz B. Transfer of nonselectable genes into mouse teratocarcinoma cells and transcription of the transferred human beta-globin gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Feb;2(2):190–198. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.2.190. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wigler M., Silverstein S., Lee L. S., Pellicer A., Cheng Y. c., Axel R. Transfer of purified herpes virus thymidine kinase gene to cultured mouse cells. Cell. 1977 May;11(1):223–232. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90333-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]