Abstract
From a human gene library we have isolated and sequenced a beta-actin-like pseudogene, H beta Ac-psi 2, which lacks intervening sequences and contains several mutations resulting in frame-shifts, stop codons and in a departure from the known beta-actin protein sequence. We have also extended our sequence work on the intronless human beta-actin-related pseudogene H beta Ac-psi 1 described previously and we find that both genes are processed genes ending in a poly(dA) tract and flanked by direct repeats. The gene H beta Ac-psi 2 is preceded by a 230-bp region in which the simple sequence 5'-GAAA-3' is repeated greater than 40 times. This satellite-like sequence is highly repetitive in the human genome.
Full text
PDFSelected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Chen M. J., Shimada T., Moulton A. D., Harrison M., Nienhuis A. W. Intronless human dihydrofolate reductase genes are derived from processed RNA molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Dec;79(23):7435–7439. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.23.7435. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Engel J. N., Gunning P. W., Kedes L. Isolation and characterization of human actin genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Aug;78(8):4674–4678. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.8.4674. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Engel J., Gunning P., Kedes L. Human cytoplasmic actin proteins are encoded by a multigene family. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Jun;2(6):674–684. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.6.674. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fedoroff N. V., Brown D. D. The nucleotide sequence of oocyte 5S DNA in Xenopus laevis. I. The AT-rich spacer. Cell. 1978 Apr;13(4):701–716. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90220-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fornwald J. A., Kuncio G., Peng I., Ordahl C. P. The complete nucleotide sequence of the chick a-actin gene and its evolutionary relationship to the actin gene family. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Jul 10;10(13):3861–3876. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.13.3861. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hamada H., Leavitt J., Kakunaga T. Mutated beta-actin gene: coexpression with an unmutated allele in a chemically transformed human fibroblast cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jun;78(6):3634–3638. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.6.3634. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hamada H., Petrino M. G., Kakunaga T. Molecular structure and evolutionary origin of human cardiac muscle actin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Oct;79(19):5901–5905. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.19.5901. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hammarström K., Westin G., Pettersson U. A pseudogene for human U4 RNA with a remarkable structure. EMBO J. 1982;1(6):737–739. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01239.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hollis G. F., Hieter P. A., McBride O. W., Swan D., Leder P. Processed genes: a dispersed human immunoglobulin gene bearing evidence of RNA-type processing. Nature. 1982 Mar 25;296(5855):321–325. doi: 10.1038/296321a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Humphries S. E., Whittall R., Minty A., Buckingham M., Williamson R. There are approximately 20 actin gene in the human genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Oct 10;9(19):4895–4908. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.19.4895. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hunter T., Garrels J. I. Characterization of the mRNAs for alpha-, beta- and gamma-actin. Cell. 1977 Nov;12(3):767–781. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90276-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Karin M., Richards R. I. Human metallothionein genes--primary structure of the metallothionein-II gene and a related processed gene. Nature. 1982 Oct 28;299(5886):797–802. doi: 10.1038/299797a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klein W. H., Thomas T. L., Lai C., Scheller R. H., Britten R. J., Davidson E. H. Characteristics of individual repetitive sequence families in the sea urchin genome studied with cloned repeats. Cell. 1978 Aug;14(4):889–900. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90344-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lawn R. M., Fritsch E. F., Parker R. C., Blake G., Maniatis T. The isolation and characterization of linked delta- and beta-globin genes from a cloned library of human DNA. Cell. 1978 Dec;15(4):1157–1174. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90043-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lemischka I., Sharp P. A. The sequences of an expressed rat alpha-tubulin gene and a pseudogene with an inserted repetitive element. Nature. 1982 Nov 25;300(5890):330–335. doi: 10.1038/300330a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):499–560. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moos M., Gallwitz D. Structure of a human beta-actin-related pseudogene which lacks intervening sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Dec 11;10(23):7843–7849. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.23.7843. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moschonas N., de Boer E., Flavell R. A. The DNA sequence of the 5' flanking region of the human beta-globin gene: evolutionary conservation and polymorphic differences. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Mar 25;10(6):2109–2120. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.6.2109. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nellen W., Gallwitz D. Actin genes and actin messenger RNA in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Nucleotide sequence of the split actin gene I. J Mol Biol. 1982 Jul 25;159(1):1–18. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90028-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nishioka Y., Leder P. Organization and complete sequence of identical embryonic and plasmacytoma kappa V-region genes. J Biol Chem. 1980 Apr 25;255(8):3691–3694. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nudel U., Zakut R., Shani M., Neuman S., Levy Z., Yaffe D. The nucleotide sequence of the rat cytoplasmic beta-actin gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Mar 25;11(6):1759–1771. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.6.1759. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schaffner W., Kunz G., Daetwyler H., Telford J., Smith H. O., Birnstiel M. L. Genes and spacers of cloned sea urchin histone DNA analyzed by sequencing. Cell. 1978 Jul;14(3):655–671. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90249-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schmid C. W., Jelinek W. R. The Alu family of dispersed repetitive sequences. Science. 1982 Jun 4;216(4550):1065–1070. doi: 10.1126/science.6281889. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Spritz R. A. Duplication/deletion polymorphism 5' - to the human beta globin gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Oct 10;9(19):5037–5047. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.19.5037. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ueda S., Nakai S., Nishida Y., Hisajima H., Honjo T. Long terminal repeat-like elements flank a human immunoglobulin epsilon pseudogene that lacks introns. EMBO J. 1982;1(12):1539–1544. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01352.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Van Arsdell S. W., Denison R. A., Bernstein L. B., Weiner A. M., Manser T., Gesteland R. F. Direct repeats flank three small nuclear RNA pseudogenes in the human genome. Cell. 1981 Oct;26(1 Pt 1):11–17. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90028-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vandekerckhove J., Leavitt J., Kakunaga T., Weber K. Coexpression of a mutant beta-actin and the two normal beta- and gamma-cytoplasmic actins in a stably transformed human cell line. Cell. 1980 Dec;22(3):893–899. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90566-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Watanabe Y., Tsukada T., Notake M., Nakanishi S., Numa S. Structural analysis of repetitive DNA sequences in the bovine corticotropin-beta-lipotropin precursor gene region. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Mar 11;10(5):1459–1469. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.5.1459. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilde C. D., Crowther C. E., Cowan N. J. Diverse mechanisms in the generation of human beta-tubulin pseudogenes. Science. 1982 Aug 6;217(4559):549–549. doi: 10.1126/science.6178164. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilde C. D., Crowther C. E., Cripe T. P., Gwo-Shu Lee M., Cowan N. J. Evidence that a human beta-tubulin pseudogene is derived from its corresponding mRNA. Nature. 1982 May 6;297(5861):83–84. doi: 10.1038/297083a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zakut R., Shani M., Givol D., Neuman S., Yaffe D., Nudel U. Nucleotide sequence of the rat skeletal muscle actin gene. Nature. 1982 Aug 26;298(5877):857–859. doi: 10.1038/298857a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]