Abstract
Introduction
Fast food consumption and skipping breakfast has been increasingly prevalent among high school adolescents in recent years. These unhealthy food habits are considered as risk factors of chronic diseases among adolescents and adults.
Aim
To determine the consumption amount of fast food, breakfast, and some associated factors in adolescents.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study in 2015, 553 adolescent students aged 14–18 years were randomly selected among high schools of Sanandaj, Iran. Demographic data and also consumption amount of fast food and breakfast in adolescents in addition to the related factors were studied. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire which its reliability and validity were measured by five experts and analyzed with SPSS-16 by Chi-square test and ANOVA.
Results
The results show that 69.8 % of subjects consume fast food at least once a week. Fast food and breakfast consumption is related significantly to subjects’ fathers’ occupation respectively (p=0.005), (p=0.006). Eating breakfast is significantly higher among boys than girls (p<0.001). There is also a significant relationship between adolescents’ age and parents’ education level, and adolescents’ breakfast consumption respectively (p=0.003), (p<0.001). The studied factors affecting adolescents’ fast food consumption are: their own and their families and friends’ interest and accompaniment, advertisement, close proximity of school and home to fast food stores.
Conclusion
The consumption of fast food is high among Iranian adolescents. It correlates significantly with variables including father’s occupation and all of the associated factors. Breakfast consumption correlates significantly with adolescents’ age and gender, as well as parents’ occupation and educational level.
Keywords: Fast Food, Breakfast, Adolescents, Eating habits
1. Introduction
Healthy eating habits in childhood and adolescence meet nutritional needs, affect physical and mental development as well as future health, and prevent chronic diseases in adulthood (1, 2). Eating habits are formed during the teens and bad habits can have undesirable outcomes in adulthood (3). Several studies revealed inadequate dietary intakes, particularly among adolescents (4). Studies have investigated the food environment in residential neighborhoods, and researchers are increasingly alerting the population to the health risks of school food environments. In the USA, where the prevalence of childhood obesity is epidemic, policy makers are urgently working towards reforming the school food environment (5). Children and adolescents’ bad eating habits include increased consumption of fast food and reduced breakfast consumption (6–8). The recent study showed that lack of having breakfast and increased consumption of fast food is associated with risk factors for metabolic syndrome among adolescents (9). According to a study in Sanandaj, the prevalence of abnormal BMI, particularly overweightness and obesity was high in adolescents. About one fourth of the adolescents had an abnormal BMI (4.9% and 21.2% lower and higher than normal range, respectively) (10). A study in Tehran found out 3% of teenagers’ poor diet and 74 % of teenagers should improve compared with the recommended standard food pyramid (3). A study showed that 24% of boys and 20% of girls consume fast food more than 3 times a week, while in the present study, 9.9% of boys and 8.9% of girls had fast food more than 3 times a week (11). Fast food eating has become prevalent in many communities and such restaurants increased in number making this type of food easily available to everyone (12, 13). Some studies suggest that most consumers of fast foods are young people up to the age of 20. Statistics reveal that around 40% of high school students eat fast food once or twice a month (7). Research shows that this type of food causes diabetes, obesity, and other chronic diseases (13). Breakfast is the most important meal of the day, playing a crucial role in maintaining children and adolescents’ health (14). Despite the importance of breakfast, it has been largely ignored by a great number of young people from different countries, reportedly with the prevalence of 3% to 34%. Studies in other countries also suggest a rising trend in adolescent’s consumption of fast foods (6, 7). Given the increasing prevalence of bad eating habits and BMI abnormality among adolescents in Sanandaj, its connection with metabolic syndrome, and also the lack of similar studies carried out in Sanandaj, the present study was designed to determine the consumption of fast food and having breakfast among adolescents, living in Sanandaj, Iran.
2. Material and Methods
This cross-sectional study was carried out on 553 adolescents in the 14 to18 year age, in Sanandaj, in 2015. Five high schools were selected by random cluster method. A list of students in each school was prepared, from which, a sample set was randomly selected. All the members of the sample set entered the study, except for those with special diets. In the end, 553 students completed the study. Informed consents were obtained from all members of the sample set at the beginning of the study. A researcher-made questionnaire was the data collection tool and its reliability and validity were measured by five experts. Its reliability (internal consistency) was calculated 0.66 by Cronbach’s alpha; and its validity being determined in terms of content & face validity. This two-section questionnaire has 15 clear questions. In the first section, members of sample set’s demographic and personal data (e.g. age, gender, members of sample set parents’ education level and occupation) were collected. The second section contains questions related to the consumption of fast food and breakfast. Participants were also asked about the causes of their inclination to fast foods (adolescents’ own interest, their family’s interest, friends’ effect, advertisement, close proximity of school and home to fast food store). Fast food and breakfast consumption was a self-report in the questionnaire. The frequency of breakfast and fast food consumption was measured per week: 1=Never/Week, 2=1–2x/Week, 3=3–4x/Week, 4=5≤x/Week. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Quantitative data were shown as mean ± SD and frequency as n (%). Based on the distribution of samples, Chi-square test was applied to measure the association between the qualitative variables (gender, parents’ education and occupation) and fast food/breakfast consumption, and ANOVA was used for relation of the quantitative variable of age and breakfast/fast food consumption. p -value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.
3. Results
Based on the results from 553 participants in the study, 51.7 % were male and 48.3 % were female. The mean of age was 16.24±1.22. Table 1 shows demographic data such as age, gender, parents’ occupation and educational level, as well as their association with fast food/breakfast consumption in 4 columns showing the frequency of consumption. This study shows that 18.2% of subjects had breakfast 2 days a week or less. Breakfast consumption was significantly higher among boys than girls (p<0.001). The results showed that adolescents ate less breakfast with increase of their age (p=0.003) (Table 1). Subjects whose fathers were office clerks had more breakfast consumption frequency compared with those whose fathers were self-employed (p=0.001). The results of subgroups’ analysis revealed that subjects whose fathers were office clerks with higher levels of education ate more breakfast than the subjects whose fathers had lower levels (p=0.03). Similarly, students whose fathers were self-employed with higher levels of education had more breakfast frequency than those whose fathers were self-employed with lower levels (p=0.01). Although mothers’ education level significantly affected breakfast consumption (p<0.001), no significant correlation was found between mothers’ occupation and breakfast consumption (p=0.051). The results also indicate that 69.8% of subjects consume fast food at least once a week; 9.9% of adolescent boys and 9.8% of adolescent girls reported to eat fast foods more than three times a week. Among the demographic parameters, only fathers’ occupation related to fast food consumption in adolescents (p=0.005) (Table 1); however, no correlation was seen between other parameters and fast food consumption. In Table 2, factors associated with tendency to fast food consumption in adolescents was investigated. The questionnaire asks about adolescents and their families’ interest in fast food consumption (If the individual and family members are interested in fast food consumption, answer Yes- otherwise, answer NO) as well as how the proximity of the school and home to fast food stores is related to fast food consumption per week were evaluated. The effect of advertising on adolescents’ tendency to consume fast food and interest in eating fast food in different situations was also questioned in the questionnaire (tendency to consume fast foods alone, with family or with friends). As seen in Table 2, several other factors are associated with adolescents’ fast food consumption: adolescents’ and families’ interest (p<0.001), accompaniment of family and friends (p=0.003), the effect of advertising on consumers (p=0.038), and proximity of home (p=0.043) and school (p=0.046) to fast food stores are also effective in the frequency of such foods’ consumption (Table 2).
Table 1.
The relation between Demographics factors and fast food & breakfast consumption in adolescents (n=553)
| Variables | Fast Food consumption (days/week) (n (%)) a | Break Fast consumption (days/week) a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | p-value* | n (%) | p-value | ||
| Age of adolescents (year) | 14–16 | 305 (55.6) | NS | 304 (55.3) | 0.03 |
| 17–19 | 244 (44.4) | 246 (44.7) | |||
| Mean ± SD | 16.24±1.22 | NS b | 16.24±1.22 | 0.003b | |
| Sex | Male | 284 (51.7) | NS | 284 (51.6) | 0.000 |
| Female | 265 (48.3) | 266 (48.4) | |||
| Father’s Education | Nonacademic | 297 (54.1) | NS | 299 (54.4) | 0.000 |
| Academic | 252 (45.9) | 251 (45.6) | |||
| Mother’s Education | Nonacademic | 375 (68.7) | NS | 377 (68.9) | 0.000 |
| Academic | 171 (31.3) | 170 (31.1) | |||
| Father’s Job | Employee | 282 (51.8) | 0.005 | 283 (51.8) | 0.006 |
| Self employed | 218 (40.1) | 219 (40.1) | |||
| Other (Workers, farmers) | 44 (8.1) | 44 (8.1) | |||
| Mother’s Job | Housekeeper | 393 (71.6) | NS | 395 (71.8) | NS |
| Employee | 156 (28.4) | 155 (28.2) | |||
Breakfast and fast food consumption was expressed as average number of days/week (1=Never/Week, 2= 1–2x/Week, 3= 3–4x/Week, 4= 5≤x/Week);
to investigate the relation between age with fast food and breakfast consumption using ANOVA test; NS: non-significant
Table 2.
The effect of some relative factors on eating fast food in adolescents
| Variables | Fast Food consumption (days/week) (n (%)) a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | Never/W | 1–2/W | 3–4/W | 5≤/W | p-value | ||
| Adolescents Interest | Yes | 431 (78.5) | 90 (20.9) | 290 (67.3) | 46 (10.7) | 5 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
| No | 118 (21.5) | 76 (64.4) | 39 (33.1) | 3 (2.5) | 0 (0) | ||
| Family Interest | Yes | 366 (66.7) | 84 (23) | 245 (66.9) | 33 (9) | 4 (1.1) | < 0.001 |
| No | 183 (33.3) | 82 (44.8) | 84 (45.9) | 16 (8.7) | 1 (0.5) | ||
| Accompaniment | Only | 29 (6.7) | 10 (34.5) | 16 (55.2) | 2 (6.9) | 1 (3.4) | 0.003 |
| Family | 231 (53.2) | 89 (38.5) | 128 (55.4) | 12 (5.2) | 2 (0.9) | ||
| Friends | 174 (40.1) | 36 (20.7) | 117 (67.2) | 20 (11.5) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| Advertisements | Yes | 221 (40.4) | 52 (23.5) | 147 (66.5) | 21 (9.5) | 1 (0.5) | 0.038 |
| No | 326 (59.6) | 113 (43.7) | 182 (55.8) | 28 (8.6) | 3 (0.9) | ||
| Proximity of house to fast food stores | Yes | 239 (43.8) | 59 (24.7) | 150 (62.8) | 28 (11.7) | 2 (0.8) | 0.043 |
| No | 307 (56.2) | 105 (34.2) | 178 (58) | 21 (6.8) | 3 (1) | ||
| Proximity of school to fast food stores | Yes | 213 (39.2) | 58 (27.2) | 125 (58.7) | 27 (12.7) | 3 (1.4) | 0.046 |
| No | 331 (60.8) | 107 (32.3) | 201 (60.7) | 21 (6.3) | 2 (0.6) | ||
Fast food consumption was expressed as average number of days/week (1=Never/Week, 2= 1–2x/Week, 3= 3–4x/Week, 4= 5≤x/Week)
4. Discussion
As already mentioned, two bad eating habits common among adolescents are the increase in fast foods consumption and the lack of eating breakfast, which are both associated with risk factors of metabolic syndromes including obesity, diabetes, and chronic diseases (9, 12, 13). The present study also shows that more than two-thirds of the students have fast food at least once a week. Some other studies also point to the prevalence of fast food eating among adolescents (15). Lee revealed that almost 40 % of high school students in Busan, Korea consume fast food 1–2 times a month (7). Larson et al. (11) found that 24% of boys and 20% of girls consume fast food more than 3 times a week, while in the present study, 9.9% of boys and 8.9% of girls had fast food more than 3 times a week. Therefore, in this study, above statistics are lower compared with Larson’s research, which is likely due to the traditional culture of the region and commitment to the family’s traditional diet. This paper indicates a significant correlation between fast food consumption and exposure to advertisement, as does that of Andrea et al. (16). The results of a study showed that the availability or proximity of fast food stores to home or school is involved in the increased consumption of these foods (5). The present research came up with similar results: the consumption of fast food was higher by students whose home was located in proximity of fast food restaurants. A study suggests that students whose parents had higher education show more tendency to fast foods (17); in our study, however, parents’ education did not affect their children’s fast food consumption. In this research, breakfast consumption varied across gender: boys significantly surpassed girls in breakfast consumption. Such results confirm previous studies (18, 19). Researches show that weight control is the reason for less consumption of breakfast in female adolescents (20). In contrast, Aranceta (21) did not report any differences between boys and girl in breakfast consumption. In this study, 18.2% of students had breakfast 2 days a week or less, while it was reported to be 8% and 18% among Australian and British adolescents respectively (22). This paper showed that teenagers ate less breakfast with increasing age; Rampersaud, Verscan, and Pearson indicated similar results (14, 23, 24). Since teenagers seek more independence as they get older and parental control decreases, this change can be suggested as the reason for reduction in breakfast consumption; nevertheless, Hallstrom et al. (25) did not associate increasing age with such reduction. In addition, the results revealed that there is a significant correlation between fathers’ educational level and children’s breakfast consumption. Mullan et al. (22) report that demographic factors such as gender, race, and educational level play a role in the breakfast consumption. Other studies support the effects of demographic factors including parent’s education on breakfast consumption by adolescents (24, 25). The present study also points out that mother’s education correlated significantly with breakfast consumption during adolescence. Furthermore, Hallstrom et al. (25) found out that mothers’ education level is effective in their daughters’ breakfast consumption so that an increase in mothers’ education level leads to regular breakfast consumption by daughters. Similar results were also reported in Europe (18, 26) and the US (20) confirming the results of this study. Although, some studies in Taiwan (27) and China (28) reject any links between parents’ education level and adolescents’ breakfast consumption, it seems that parents’ high educational level leads to higher awareness which in turn, results in improving the quality of their children’s diet, especially breakfast (23, 24, 29). In the present study, fathers’ occupation influenced adolescents’ eating breakfast; those whose fathers were office clerks had more frequency in eating breakfast. Some studies have also linked parents’ occupation with adolescents’ eating breakfast (30). In this research, having breakfast did not correlate significantly with mothers’ occupation while Keski-Rahkonen et al. (30), have reported the existence of such a relationship. Limitations of this study were: excluding family income as it was not possible to include it due to the selected age groups’ unawareness about family income.
5. Conclusions
The present paper suggests that the prevalence of fast food eating and of breakfast skipping is high in Iranian adolescents. Breakfast consumption correlates significantly with adolescents’ age and gender, as well as parents’ occupation and educational level. So the present study indicated that, parents play a crucial role in shaping their children’s eating habits. Considering the important role of family member’s, especially the mother, about choosing adolescents’ food and the effectiveness of the level of maternal education on students’ knowledge and tendency to fast food consumption, more attention should be paid to improve mothers’ knowledge, as an important strategy in reduction of fast food consumption in this age group. Performing an additional study on the role of nutritional education to parents to improve eating breakfast in adolescents from 14 to 18 years old with larger sample size and longitudinal method could be a suitable path for future research on this topic.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. The authors would like to thank Dr. Hamed Mohammadi, Ms. Shiva Alimoradi and Ms. Shayda Alimoradi for assisting with the data collection.
Footnotes
iThenticate screening: March 02, 2017, English editing: May 10, 2017, Quality control: May 20, 2017
Conflict of Interest:
There is no conflict of interest to be declared.
Authors’ contributions:
All authors contributed to this project and article equally. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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