Abstract
Background
Neural tubes defects (NTDs) are known to be the second most prevalent congenital disorder worldwide whose risk factors have not been explicitly addressed yet.
Aim
To determine the risk factors affecting NTDs among infants who referred to obstetrical centers in Kurdistan, a western province of Iran.
Methods
This prospective case-control study was conducted in the form of prospective case-control. Sample population included all women (27,153 cases) who referred to obstetrical centers in Kurdistan for either delivery or abortion during 2013 and 2014. Inclusion criterion was the presence of a known NTD in infants, and exclusion criterion was the reluctance of patients to participate in the study. Accordingly, 46 cases participated in the study as the case group, and 138 cases (three times higher than case group) were selected to be the control group. Case and control groups were matched in terms of the number of pregnancies and place of birth. The variables investigated in the present study were as follows: age, occupation, BMI, abortion history, family relation with husband, fetus’ sex, number of twins, history of previous children with NTD, receiving prenatal surveillance, consumption of folic acid and multivitamins, smoking, alcohol drinking, passive smoking, and suffering from such diseases as epilepsy and diabetes. Data were analyzed using various statistical tests, including chi-square, Fishers’ exact test, multiple logistic regression analysis using SPSS version 20. In the study group, inclusion criteria included all women who had an infant with tube defects that their total number was 46 individuals. In the control group inclusion criteria included mothers with healthy infants who were similar to the study group in terms of birth place and frequency of pregnancy.
Results
The results of the present study demonstrated that prenatal surveillance (p<0.002), multivitamin consumption (p<0.001), history of having a child with NTD (p<0.001), alcohol drinking (p<0.014), and passive smoking were related to NTDs (p<0.001).
Conclusion
Before fertilization and during pregnancy, mothers should be examined in terms of exposure to harmful agents, diet, and nutritional status in order to identify possible risk factors and find opportunities to prevent NTDs in infants.
Keywords: Risk factor, Infant, abnormally, Neural tubes defect
1. Introduction
NTDs refers to a group of severe congenital disorders caused by failure in closing the neural tube which mainly occurs during the first 28 days of pregnancy (1, 2). These abnormalities cause infants to die in the first year of their lives or in survived cases, have permanent disabilities (3, 4). Normally, one out of four fetuses with NTDs would be stillborn, and in 50 % of cases an early abortion is expected. Other cases that survive, need various medical supports, including shunts for hydrocephalus, and orthopedic and urologic treatments (5). With age, the survived cases would encounter many problems, such as physical disabilities, bed sores, obesity, and heart diseases (6). The prevalence of NTDs has been reported to be one in a thousand births. However, the prevalence may differ in a range of 2 to10 in a thousand births from one country to another (7). For example, the prevalence in the northern regions of India has been estimated to be 7.48 in a thousand births (8), while in northern Iran, it is about 25.4 in ten thousand births (4). Previous studies in various countries showed that environmental and genetic factors can contribute in the incidence of these disorders such as alcohol consumption, diet and nutritional status, social and economic condition, diseases like diabetes, infant gender, homozygous twins, drug abuse, smoking, passive smoking, and folic acid deficiency (9–17). The results of Talebian et al. study in 2015 in Kashan showed that the history of childbirth with neural tube defects, infant gender, maternal age, frequency of pregnancy, history of abortion in maternal diabetes, maternal folic acid intake, consanguinity, high maternal BMI and birth season are considerable risk factors for neural tube defects (18). Furthermore, there are many risk factors that have not been identified yet (19). Moreover, results of studies in this area are contradictory, however, it is evident that NTDs are multifactorial (20) and other factors such as geo-ecological environment (21), race, diet, and biologic factors (22) are said to affect NTDs. Until now there is no study in Kurdistan province in this regard. The identification of these factors can cause an increase in healthy newborns and a reduction in induced abortion.
2. Material and Methods
The present prospective case-control study was set to determine some risk factors believed to influence NTDs in Kurdistan during 2013–2014. The sample population consisted of all women (27,153 cases) who presented to obstetrical centers in Kurdistan province for either delivery or abortion. They were included as the case group if their birth or abortion date was between May 2013 and May 2014 and had at least one of the NTDs approved by sonography or neonatologist. Accordingly, 46 cases participated in the study as the case group and 138 cases (three times higher than the case group) were selected to be the control group. Case and control groups were matched in terms of number of pregnancies and place of birth. The only exclusion criterion was the reluctance of the mother to participate in the study, however, there was no such case. The required information was collected by interviewing the mothers, medical records, and a questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed by the authors. The following variables are assessed in the present study; mother’s age in three groups (16–25, 26–35, and above 36 years), occupation of mother (housewife/employed), First trimester mothers’ BMI (lower than 19.8, 19.8–26, 26/1–29.9, ≥30), history of abortion (yes/no), fetus gender, family relation of mothers to their husbands (yes/no), history of having a previous baby with NTDs, number of twins, prenatal surveillance (regular surveillance/irregular surveillance), folic acid consumption in the time interval from one month before fertilization to one month after (yes/no), multivitamin consumption in the time interval from one month before fertilization to one month after (yes/no), suffering from diabetes or epilepsy during pregnancy (yes/no), smoking (none/lower than one/1–9/more than nine cigarettes), passive smoking (none/lower than one hour/1–4 hours/higher than four hours per day), alcohol consumption (none/once per month/2–3 times per month/4–5 times per month/more than 5 times per months). Fisher’s exact test and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. Factors with a probability lower than 0.2 were introduced to the multiple logistic regression model and analyzed at various levels. SPSS version 20 used for performing statistical tests. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 20) and Fisher Exact S and chi-square tests were used to determine the relationship between studied factors and incidence of tube defects. Various studied factors included taking a multivitamin, folic acid intake, alcohol consumption, smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, maternal disease, prenatal care and history of child birth with NTDs. All cases were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression model at difference levels with a probability value of less than 2.0 (at the significant level of p <0.05 and confidence interval of 95%). The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences.
3. Results
According to the results of the present study, most cases had age ranges of 16–25 years (60.9%), likewise, 53.6% of women of the control group belonged to this age group (Table 1). Of cases that had a history of abortion, there was 10.9% of the case group and 13% of the control group. In terms of BMI, most mothers of the case group were in the 25–29.9 range, while in the control group, most mothers were in the 19.6–24.9 range, however, the difference was not significant (p=0.95). There was 28.3% of the case group and 15.9% of the control group which suffered from either diabetes or epilepsy during their pregnancy period. Furthermore 78.3% of the case group and 94.9% of the control group had received regular surveillance during their pregnancy period, however, they were significantly different in terms of this variable (p<0.002). Moreover, in the present study, only 15.2% of the case group and 25.4% of the control group consumed folic acid in the time interval ±1 month of fertilization and the difference between the two groups was not significant (p=0.11). In addition, 60.8% of the case group and 90.6% of the control group received multivitamins within a month time interval before and after fertilization. The difference of the two groups in terms of this variable was significant (p<0.001). Likewise, 6.5% of the case group and 3.6% of the control group had a history of a previous child with NTDs, and the difference between the two groups was significant, as well (p<0.003), whereas, the two groups were significantly different in terms of alcohol consumption and passive smoking in a confided space (p<0.014). Multivariate logistic regression model showed that the history of previous infant with NTDs (CI=0.095 and 1.75–68.94) OR=10.94 -alcohol consumption in the month before and after pregnancy, (CI=95%, 1.15–173.03), OR=14.13 and exposure to cigarette smoke (CI=0.095 and 1.44–8.31), OR=3.44 are associated (p<0.001) with the incidence of NTDs in infants (Table 2).
Table 1.
The prevalence of NTD with respect to demographic and midwifery of the case and control groups
| Characteristics | Groups | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case; n (%) | Control; n (%) | |||
| Mother’s age (year) | 16–25 | 28 (60.9) | 74 (53.6) | 0.26† |
| 26–35 | 15 (32.6) | 42 (30.4) | ||
| 36< | 3 (6.5) | 22 (15.9) | ||
| History of abortion | Yes | 5 (10.9) | 18 (13) | 0.46* |
| No | 41 (89.1 5) | 120 (87) | ||
| Fetus gender | Female | 25 (54.3) | 71 (51.5) | 0.43* |
| Male | 21 (45.7) | 67 (48.5) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | <19.8 | 5 (10.9) | 8 (5.8) | 0.95† |
| 19.8–26 | 14 (30.4) | 58 (42) | ||
| 26.1–29.9 | 21 (45.7) | 53 (38.4) | ||
| ≥30 | 6 (13) | 19 (13.8) | ||
| Mother’s job | Employed | 3 (6.5) | 8 (5.8) | 0.54* |
| Housewife | 43 (93.5) | 130 (94.2) | ||
| Mother’s disease | Yes | 13 (28.3) | 22 (15.9) | 0.06* |
| No | 33 (71.7) | 116 (84.1) | ||
| Prenatal surveillance | Yes (regular) | 36 (78.3) | 131 (94.9) | 0.002* |
| No (irregular) | 10 (21.7) | 7 (5.1) | ||
| Folic acid consumption from one month before to the end of the first month of pregnancy | Yes | 7 (15.2) | 35 (25.4) | 0.11* |
| No | 39 (84.8) | 103 (74.6) | ||
| Multivitamin consumption from one month before to the end of the first month of pregnancy | Yes | 28 (60.8) | 125 (90.6) | 0.001* |
| No | 18 (39.2) | 13 (9.4) | ||
| NTDs history in previous children | Yes | 3 (6.5) | 5 (3.6) | <0.003* |
| No | 43 (93.5) | 133 (96.4) | ||
| Family relation to husband | Yes | 9 (19.6) | 24 (17.4) | 0.44* |
| No | 37 (17.4) | 114 (82.6) | ||
| Alcohol consumption from one month before to the end of the first month of pregnancy | No | 42 (91.3) | 133 (96.4) | 0.014* |
| 2–3 times per month | 4 (8.7) | 1 (7) | ||
| Smoking from one month before to the end of the first month of pregnancy | 1–9 cigarettes per day | 4 (8.7) | 4 (2.9) | 0.1* |
| No | 42 (91.3) | 134 (97.1) | ||
| Passive smoking from one month before to the end of the first month of pregnancy | 1–4 hours per day | 24 (52.2) | 36 (26.1) | 0.001* |
| No | 22 (47.8) | 102 (73.9) | ||
Fisher’s exact test;
Chi-square test
Table 2.
Logistic regression Analysis of Association between Risk Factors and NTDs
| Characteristics | Case; n (%) | Control; n (%) | p-value | Logistic regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta | OR | |||||
| Prenatal surveillance | Yes (regular) | 36 (78.3) | 131 (94.9) | 0.04 | −0.021 | 0.41 |
| No (irregular) | 10 (21.7) | 7 (5.1) | ||||
| Folic acid consumption from one month before to the end of the first month of pregnancy | Yes | 7 (15.2) | 35 (25.4) | 0.649 | 0.316 | 1.37 |
| No | 39 (84.8) | 103 (74.6) | ||||
| Multivitamin from one month before to the end of the first month of pregnancy | Yes | 28 (60.8) | 125 (90.6) | 0.001 | −0.039 | 0.14 |
| No | 18 (39.2) | 13 (9.4) | ||||
| NTDs history in previous children | Yes | 3 (6.5) | 5 (3.6) | 0.011 | 4.19 | 10.94 |
| No | 43 (93.5) | 133 (96.4) | ||||
| Alcohol consumption from one month before to the end of the first month of pregnancy | No | 42 (91.3) | 133 (96.4) | 0.038 | 6.25 | 14.13 |
| 2–3 times per month | 4 (8.7) | 1 (7) | ||||
| Passive smoking from one month before to the end of the first month of pregnancy | 1–4 hours per day | 24 (52.2) | 36 (26.1) | 0.005 | 0.049 | 3.44 |
| no | 22 (47.8) | 102 (73.9) | ||||
| Mother’s disease | Yes | 13 (28.3) | 22 (15.9) | 0.758 | 0.157 | 1.17 |
| No | 33 (71.7) | 116 (84.1) | ||||
| Smoking from one month before to the end of the first month of pregnancy | 1–9 cigarettes per day | 4 (8.7) | 4 (2.9) | 0.694 | 0.364 | 1.4 |
| No | 42 (91.3) | 134 (97.1) | ||||
4. Discussion
According to the results of the present study, the lack of regular prenatal surveillance can increase the risk of NTDs in infants. Jahangiri and Nili demonstrated that inadequate surveillance can be a major risk factor of NTDs in infants (23) and also related to other major abnormalities in children (24). Prenatal surveillance can create opportunities for identifying nutrients deficiencies, and other factors may increase the risk of NTDs (25). One of the most important issues that should be taken into account during the period before and after fertilization is the consumption of folic acid, which has been known as a strong factor in preventing NTDs (19, 20). In the present study, although we did not find a significant relationship between folic acid consumption the dietary differences in terms of amount of intake of foods that increase the blood level of acid, folic such as milk, fresh vegetables, and fruits played a key role on the incidence of NTDs, (26). Furthermore, fortification of wheat flour with folic acid can be very useful in this regard (15). The results of our study also emphasized that multivitamin consumption in the time interval of a month before and after fertilization had a preventive effect against developing NTDs, Therefore, there is another influential substance rather than folic acid in multivitamin that is helpful in preventing NTDs. This difference may be due to the lack of measurement of serum vitamin B12 and other micronutrients, which can be considered as one of the limitations in the present study and can be investigated in future studies. Regarding this finding, some studies mentioned that B12 vitamin had preventive effects against NTDs (27–29), whereas, there are also other studies, that found no relationship between these two (16, 29). Chandler et al. (30) in their study in 2012 found that consumption of micronutrients such as iron, vitamin C, vitamin E, thiamin, and retinol can reduce the risk of NTDs. Lack of data associated with serum level of B12 and other micronutrients of mothers was one of the limitations of the present study that should be addressed by future studies. Furthermore, the results of the present study demonstrated that the risk of NTDs increases among women who have had an infant with the same disorder, which is in line with previous studies (31, 32). Normally, 2 to 5% of the general population have a history of infants with NTDs (33). However, Talebian et al. showed that there was no association between family history and NTD (18). A 50 times higher risk of NTDs in children that have a sister or brother with NTDs, the increase of the risk after having two or three babies, and a higher risk in twins with the same sex are all evidences that convince us to consider the genetic factor as a contributory factor in NTDs (7). According to the results of the present study, alcohol drinking increased the risk of NTDs. There are some other studies that reported the same results, as well, e.g. (34),, whereas some other studies reported no significant association between these two (29, 31). However, it should be noted that some participants did not tend to express the truth about this variable because of social considerations. Biological mechanisms for explaining the effect of alcohol on fetus evolution is not available. However, studies conducted on animals have demonstrated that in the first periods of fetus evolution, alcohol kills many neural crest cells (35). The results of the present study showed that passive smoking of mothers increased the risk of NTDs in infants, which is in line with previous studies (36–38). However, Benedum et al. did not report a significant association between these two (39). Carbon monoxide presented in smoke, prevents oxygen from reaching fetus tissues by forming carboxyhemoglobin (40). From fertilization to birth, ovum, embryos, and then fetuses should be adopted to the surrounding environment and changes within their own cells. During fertilization, it depends on the nutritional status of maternal and paternal germ cells, and after that, it depends on nutritional status, metabolisms, and life style of the mother. Nutrients consumed by the mother are the main source of all necessary elements needed for the fetus for transcription of growth factors and cell signaling during its growth and development (41). NTDs are multifactorial (9), and the present study indicates that many environmental, genetic, and nutritional factors have an influence on these types of disorders. NTD incidence is more likely in the case of alcohol consumption than other factors. Moreover, taking care during pregnancy has a key role in preventing NTD incidence due to decreased risk factors. The present study has several strong points; all cases with the final outcome of pregnancy, either successful delivery or abortion, were included and investigated in the study, the study was prospective and covered all obstetrical centers located in Kurdistan province. All participants were always available which helped us to gather more precise information, so there was no limitation about forgetting information or misunderstanding questionnaire questions.
5. Conclusions
Results indicated that the risk of NTD increased with alcohol use, exposure to secondhand smoke and the history of childbirth with NTD, while, its risk decreased with getting regular prenatal care and taking multivitamins. The results can be useful in reducing the risk factors of these disorders. Genetic counseling is recommended before pregnancy in women with a history of previous childbirth with NTD. Examination and training about the conditions and high-risk behavior of mothers’ pre-pregnancy advice should be performed with greater attention.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences for financial support. The authors also thank all participants and staff of the obstetrical centers for their collaboration.
Footnotes
iThenticate screening: April 07, 2017, English editing: May 27, 2017, Quality control: June 04, 2017
Conflict of Interest:
There is no conflict of interest to be declared.
Authors’ contributions:
All authors contributed to this project and article equally. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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