Table 3c.
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||
Effect | β-Estimate | SE | P-value | β-Estimate | SE | P-value | β-Estimate | SE | P-value | β-Estimate | SE | P-value |
Intercept | 77.88 | 5.15 | <.001 | 77.79 | 5.16 | <.001 | 74.11 | 5.25 | <.001 | 71.89 | 5.19 | <.001 |
Time, 10 yrs | 0.90 | 0.72 | 0.209 | 1.36 | 1.08 | 0.211 | 2.07 | 1.15 | 0.072 | 2.43 | 1.14 | 0.034 |
Chronic Discrimination* | −5.84 | 1.90 | 0.002 | −5.75 | 1.90 | 0.003 | −4.20 | 1.91 | 0.028 | −3.48 | 1.86 | 0.062 |
Baseline Age, yrs** | −1.84 | 3.15 | 0.560 | −1.47 | 3.20 | 0.646 | −2.48 | 3.17 | 0.435 | −2.44 | 3.07 | 0.428 |
Education | ||||||||||||
≤ high school | −5.44 | 2.89 | 0.061 | −5.41 | 2.90 | 0.063 | −5.56 | 2.87 | 0.054 | −4.67 | 2.78 | 0.094 |
Some college | −6.21 | 2.46 | 0.012 | −6.24 | 2.46 | 0.012 | −6.96 | 2.43 | 0.005 | −6.18 | 2.35 | 0.009 |
College | −4.90 | 2.49 | 0.050 | −4.87 | 2.49 | 0.052 | −5.44 | 2.46 | 0.028 | −4.73 | 2.38 | 0.048 |
Graduate School | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Number of pain medications | ||||||||||||
2 | 10.86 | 3.56 | 0.002 | 10.79 | 3.56 | 0.002 | 11.30 | 3.57 | 0.002 | 12.45 | 3.57 | 0.001 |
1 | 4.27 | 3.58 | 0.233 | 4.22 | 3.58 | 0.239 | 4.74 | 3.60 | 0.188 | 5.91 | 3.60 | 0.101 |
0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Post-menopausal | ||||||||||||
Yes | −0.61 | 1.11 | 0.586 | −1.11 | 1.17 | 0.341 | −1.55 | 1.17 | 0.185 | |||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
HT use | ||||||||||||
Yes | −0.53 | 1.32 | 0.684 | 0.25 | 1.36 | 0.854 | 0.26 | 1.36 | 0.847 | |||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
BMI, kg/m2** | −3.16 | 1.26 | 0.012 | −3.11 | 1.23 | 0.012 | ||||||
Smoker | ||||||||||||
Yes | −0.04 | 2.03 | 0.982 | −0.09 | 2.00 | 0.965 | ||||||
No | Reference | Reference | ||||||||||
No. of upsetting life events | ||||||||||||
≥2 | −3.19 | 1.00 | 0.001 | −2.29 | 1.01 | 0.024 | ||||||
1 | −1.74 | 0.93 | 0.062 | −1.35 | 0.93 | 0.149 | ||||||
0 | Reference | Reference | ||||||||||
CES-D | ||||||||||||
16+ | −5.78 | 1.13 | <.001 | |||||||||
<16 | Reference |
Models adjusted for: (1) baseline age, education, number of pain medications; (2) all variables in Model (1) plus post-menopausal status and HT use; (3) all variables in Model (2) plus BMI, smoking status, number of upsetting life events; (4) all variables in Model (3) plus CES-D. Menopausal status, hormone therapy use, BMI, smoking, life events, and CES-D in models 2, 3, 4 are all time varying. Significant associations are bolded.
Average discrimination up to and including the pain visit;
Centered