Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the long-term structural and functional outcome in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) with and without a history of optic neuritis (ON).
Methods
This was a cross-sectional study of 82 patients diagnosed with MS between 2000 and 2006 from a tertiary hospital center in Denmark. Patients gave a self-reported history of ON, and functional (visual acuity and color vision) and structural (spectra domain optical coherence tomography) markers of vision were tested.
Results
Median age and MS duration at the time of the clinical examination were 49.9 years (range 30.7–72.6 years) and 13 years (range 9–15 years), respectively. ON was not associated with impairment of visual acuity or color vision. Twenty-three patients had a history of ON in at least one eye. Compared to non-affected patients, these had a lower inferior (109 vs 113 μm, P=0.04) and temporal retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness (56 vs 67 μm, P=0.01). In an age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression model, lower inferior and temporal RNFL were associated with a higher risk of ON (odds ratio [OR] 1.56 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.01–2.41] and OR 1.74 [95% CI 1.10–2.77] per 10 μm decrement in RNFL thickness, respectively). Twenty patients had a history of ON in one eye. Compared to the non-affected eye, this eye had a lower RNFL (109 vs 115 μm, P=0.04) and a higher central retinal thickness/mean RNFL ratio (2.7 vs 2.4, P=0.04).
Conclusion
Although patients with long-term MS and a previous history of ON did not have any functional loss of vision, structural neurodegeneration could be demonstrated in the affected eye.
Keywords: optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, optical coherence tomography, retinal nerve fiber layer, central retinal thickness
Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which results in axonal degeneration.1 Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the optic nerve and the presenting symptom in 20% of MS patients.2 About 40% of patients will develop ON during the course of MS.2 Recovery after ON is often incomplete with at least one-third of patients having persistent visual symptoms, which may lead to a reduced quality of life.3 ON is characterized by subacute, unilateral visual loss accompanied by pain in the majority of patients but without systemic symptoms.4 The presentation is mostly monophasic and unilateral, but it can also be simultaneously bilateral with recurrent relapses. In such cases, rare demyelinating inflammatory diseases of the CNS should be considered besides MS, such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMODS) caused by antibodies against aquaporin 4, anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) disease, and chronic relapsing inflammatory ON.5–7
As a part of the CNS, the retina opens a window to evaluate unmyelinated axons and status of neurodegeneration by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Thinning of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) around the optic disc has been demonstrated after ON, and even in the absence of ON, patients with MS may have progressive RNFL loss over time.8
Previous studies have proposed the use of OCT to differentiate MS subtypes, to evaluate disease activity, or to estimate the efficacy of neuroprotective treatment.8–11 However, most OCT data in ON are based on small cohorts,12–14 patients with acute ON,15 or reflect short-term changes.8,11–13,16–18 In addition, some studies are based on low-resolution time domain (TD) OCT.8,18
Long-term data of high-resolution spectral domain (SD) OCT changes in MS are limited, and hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate enduring changes in a clinical cohort of MS patients in eyes with and without ON.
Materials and methods
Study population
This cross-sectional study prospectively enrolled 89 patients from a tertiary hospital center in Denmark (Odense University Hospital), who were diagnosed with MS according to the McDonald criteria between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2006.19 There were no patients with glaucoma.
The study was performed in accordance with the criteria of the Declaration of Helsinki II and was approved by the local scientific ethics committee (The Regional Committees on Health Research Ethics for Southern Denmark). Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Clinical examination
Information of self-reported episodes of ON was collected along with the information of which eye had been affected.
Based on the patients’ own refraction, visual acuity was tested based on an Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) standardized testing chart and given as numbers of ETDRS letters. Color vision was tested on both eyes independently by an Ishihara Color Vision test and presented as number of errors. Intraocular eye pressure was measured in each eye using an Icare TA01 tonometer (Icare Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finland).
A Topcon 3D OCT-2000 spectral domain OCT (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan) was used by a trained grader, and the central retinal thickness (CRT) and RNFL thickness were measured. For RNFL, measurements were performed around the optic disc in each quadrant (superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal).
Patients were asked and hospital databases were reviewed for history of ON. In the absence of hospital information, ON was defined as subacute visual loss lasting for more than 24 hours in the presence of absence of pain, deterioration of color vision, and treatment with corticosteroid.
Statistical analyses
Continuous data are presented as median (with range) and categorical as percent. Based on RNFL thickness in all four quadrants, we calculated RNFLmean and subsequently the CRT/RNFLmean ratio.
Intraindividual differences in continuous values between the two eyes were tested with Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In patients with a history of no or bilateral ON, mean values were calculated between right and left eye for visual acuity, Ishihara errors, intraocular pressure, CRT, RNFL, and RNFLmean. Differences between patients with and without a history of self-reported ON were tested with Kruskal–Wallis rank test by ranks. A linear regression model was used to test for the association between OCT features (independent variable) and history of ON (dependent variable) in an unadjusted and an age- and-sex-adjusted model. For regression analysis, we included parameters with P-values <0.1 (RNFLinferior, RNFLtemporal, and RNFLmean) from the univariate model in Table 1. Odds ratio (OR) (with 95% confidence interval [CI]) of a self-reported history of ON was given per 10 μm decrement in RNFL thickness. The P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Table 1.
Differences between patients with and without history of self-reported ON
| Eye with history of ON
|
P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||
| Number | 23 | 44 | |
| Age (years) | 49.3 (39.0–62.8) | 50.0 (33.1–72.6) | 0.72 |
| Sex (% male) | 39.1 | 22.7 | 0.16 |
| Time since onset of MS (years) | 12 (9–15) | 13 (9–15) | 0.08 |
| Visual acuity (ETDRS letters) | 87 (63–93) | 86 (76–93) | 0.50 |
| Ishihara (number of errors) | 0 (0–16) | 0 (0–16) | 0.50 |
| Intraocular pressure (mmHg) | 15 (7–26) | 15 (10–23) | 0.82 |
| CRT (μm) | 228 (199–274) | 230 (179–290) | 0.46 |
| RNFL | |||
| Superior (μm) | 111 (74–124) | 108 (70–142) | 0.39 |
| Inferior (μm) | 109 (73–131) | 113 (91–150) | 0.04* |
| Temporal (μm) | 56 (32–84) | 67 (43–95) | 0.01* |
| Nasal (μm) | 83 (56–115) | 81 (54–101) | 0.90 |
| Mean (μm) | 87 (61–105) | 92 (70–113) | 0.07 |
| CRT/RNFLmean ratio | 2.6 (2.0–3.8) | 2.5 (1.8–3.7) | 0.12 |
Notes: Continuous data presented as median (with range), and categorical data presented as percentage. Mean values of left and right eye used for patients with history of no or bilateral ON. Values of eye with ON were used for patients with history of unilateral ON.
Statistically significant (P<0.05).
Abbreviations: CRT, central retinal thickness; ETDRS, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study; MS, multiple sclerosis; ON, optic neuritis; RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer.
Stata 14 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA) was used for statistical analyses.
Results
In 82 patients of 89, both eyes were examined by OCT. Of those with bilateral OCT, median age at the clinical examination and time since onset of ON were 49.9 years (range 30.7–72.6 years) and 13 years (range 9–15 years), respectively. Of the patients, 30.5% were male. Median values of right and left eye were 228 and 232 μm for CRT and 90.6 and 92.4 μm for RNFLmean. CRT/RNFLmean ratio for right and left eye was 2.6 and 2.5, respectively. Sixty-seven of the 82 patients (81.7%) were able to provide information about history and lateralization of ON.
Twenty patients had at least one episode of unilateral ON and were able to identify which eye had been affected. Median age of these patients was 47.1 years (range 39.0–62.8 years), and 40.0% were male (Table 2). There were no differences between the two eyes regarding visual acuity, Ishihara Color Vision test, intraocular pressure, and CRT or RNFL in superior, temporal, and nasal quadrant. On the other hand, patients had a lower inferior RNFL (109 vs 115 μm, P=0.04) and a higher CRT/RNFLmean ratio (2.7 vs 2.4, P=0.04) in the affected eye. In addition, there was a trend toward a lower mean RNFL in the affected eye (87 vs 93 μm, P=0.06).
Table 2.
Differences between eyes in patients with history of self-reported unilateral ON
| Eye with history of ON | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 20 | ||
| Age (years) | 47.1 (39.0–62.8) | ||
| Sex (% male) | 40.0 | ||
| Time since onset of MS (years) | 12 (9–15) | ||
| Yes | No | ||
|
|
|||
| Visual acuity (ETDRS letters) | 87 (63–93) | 88 (58–97) | 0.82 |
| Ishihara (number of errors) | 1 (0–16) | 1 (0–16) | 0.57 |
| Intraocular pressure (mmHg) | 15 (7–26) | 15 (9–23) | 0.26 |
| CRT (μm) | 226 (199–274) | 225 (203–266) | 0.61 |
| RNFL | |||
| Superior (μm) | 110 (74–124) | 109 (85–133) | 0.20 |
| Inferior (μm) | 109 (73–131) | 115 (87–143) | 0.04* |
| Temporal (μm) | 56 (32–84) | 62 (41–88) | 0.30 |
| Nasal (μm) | 81 (54–101) | 87 (44–113) | 0.31 |
| Mean (μm) | 87 (61–105) | 93 (67–112) | 0.06 |
| CRT/RNFLmean ratio | 2.7 (2.0–3.8) | 2.4 (1.9–3.7) | 0.04* |
Notes: Data were only included for patients with unilateral ON. We excluded all patients with 1) no ON in either eye, 2) bilateral ON, and 3) uncertainty of lateralization of ON. Continuous data presented as median (with range), and categorical data presented as percentage.
Statistically significant (P<0.05).
Abbreviations: CRT, central retinal thickness; ETDRS, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study; MS, multiple sclerosis; ON, optic neuritis; RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer.
Twenty-three patients had a history of ON in at least one eye (Figure 1). These patients were compared with the 44 patients without any episodes of ON. Patients with ON had a lower inferior (109 vs 113 μm, P=0.04) and temporal (56 vs 67 μm, P=0.01) RNFL in the affected eye (Table 1). There was also a trend toward a shorter time since onset of MS (12 vs 13 years, P=0.08) and a lower mean RNFL in patients with a history of ON (87 vs 92 μm, P=0.07), but patients did not differ on other parameters.
Figure 1.
OCT with color photo and thickness maps.
Notes: (A) An eye which had never had ON and with normal thickness of the RNFL around the optic disc. Visual acuity was 89 ETDRS letters. (B) An eye with a history of ON. Visual acuity was 83 ETDRS letters, and there was substantial temporal RNFL loss (red) and a tendency toward inferior RNFL loss (yellow). Numbers indicate RNFL as given in μm.
Abbreviations: ETDRS, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study; OCT, optical coherence tomography; ON, optic neuritis; RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer.
In an unadjusted logistic regression model, lower inferior, temporal, and mean RNFL thickness were all statistically significantly associated with a history of ON (OR 1.63 [95% CI 1.09–2.46], OR 1.79 [95% CI 1.39–2.80], and OR 1.79 [95% CI 1.06–3.04] per 10 μm decrement in RNFL thickness, respectively) (Table 3). In a model adjusted for age and sex, this was still statistically significant for inferior and temporal RNFL (OR 1.56 [95% CI 1.01–2.41] and 1.74 [95% CI 1.10–2.77] per 10 μm decrement in RNFL thickness, respectively).
Table 3.
Risk of ON per 10 μm decrement in RNFL thickness
| RNFL | Decrement | OR (95% CI)
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Age- and sex-adjusted | ||
| Inferior | −10 μm | 1.63 (1.09–2.46)* | 1.56 (1.01–2.41)* |
| Temporal | −10 μm | 1.79 (1.39–2.80)* | 1.74 (1.10–2.77)* |
| Mean | −10 μm | 1.79 (1.06–3.04)* | 1.70 (0.98–2.95) |
Notes: OR (95% CI) of having a history of ON according to RNFL thickness in unadjusted model and model adjusted for age and sex. RNFLmean calculated as mean of RNFL thickness in superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal scan.
Statistically significant (P<0.05).
Abbreviations: ON, optic neuritis; RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Discussion
In the present study, we demonstrated long-term structural changes in MS patients with a history of ON. Even though patients with ON, in general, did not have any functional loss of vision, it still was possible to demonstrate RNFL thinning with OCT.
Other studies have confirmed that patients with ON, in general, do not have persistent functional loss of vision. Beck et al20 demonstrated a normal visual acuity in 74% of 319 patients after a history of ON 9.9–13.7 years earlier. This illustrates that the optic nerve is often functional despite the atrophic changes detected in the RNFL.
The interpretation from OCT studies in MS is challenging, since a large number of OCT devices from different generations are being used and measurements from different devices are not interchangeable.21–24 This is partly due to different normative databases and software algorithms among the machines. The Topcon software measures the macular thickness between the internal limiting membrane (ILM) and the top of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), whereas the Heidelberg software measures between the ILM and the bottom of the RPE. The inter device variation between different TD-OCT and SD-OCT varies from clinically insignificant 2 μm (about axial resolution of SD-OCT) to 14 μm.13 Although our one-center study had a single trained investigator performing all scans on the same SD-OCT machine, it is still difficult to compare our results with other studies.
Since Parisi et al12 demonstrated temporal and mean RNFL loss in eyes with ON caused by MS, numerous other studies using TD-OCT in MS emerged. In a meta-analysis including 27 studies with a total of 4,199 eyes, there was a mean reduction in RNFL of 14.6 μm in the eyes with ON caused by MS compared to the fellow eyes.25 Costello et al18 demonstrated that about 75% of ON eyes had a 10–40 μm loss in RNFL 3–6 months after ON and, furthermore, identified a threshold value of 75 μm below which decreased visual function was seen. Since mean RNFL in healthy controls on TD-OCT is 105 μm, a decrease to 75 μm is substantial and more than expected with normal aging (0.017% RNFL loss/year).
Studies by SD-OCT have demonstrated similar findings of reduced mean RNFL in MS-ON eyes compared to MS non-ON eyes.13,14,16 In this study, although not statistically significant, there was a trend toward mean RNFL thinning in MS-ON eyes compared with fellow eye (P=0.06) and in MS-ON compared with MS non-ON (P=0.07). Monteiro et al10 also found a trend toward mean RNFL loss in MS-ON eyes compared to MS non-ON eyes as well as sectorial loss in the temporal and superotemporal sector.
We found decreased RNFL in the inferior and temporal quadrants associated with previous ON. There was also a trend toward a higher risk of previous ON with mean RNFL loss, but this was not statistically significant when adjusted for age and sex. In consistency with our study, Khanifar et al16 found a significant elevated risk of previous ON for patients with RNFL loss in the temporal and inferior sectors as well as for those with lower mean RNFL. This might be explained by certain retinal areas (ie, the papillomacular bundle in the temporal part of the peripapillary RNFL scan) being more susceptible to the temporary distress induced by ON. This may lead to retinal neurodegeneration despite unaffected functional visual outcome.
CRT is a measurement of the overall foveal thickness, which includes the internal limiting membrane, the outer plexiform layer, the outer nuclear layer, and the retinal cones. While the foveal structure is closely related to the visual acuity, peripapillary measurements of the RNFL are a more global measurement of the retinal ganglion cell axons. In order to combine the evaluation of the retinal structure at different parts, we developed and evaluated the OCT-derived composite end point of the CRT/RNFLmean ratio. Such end points have also been tested in diseases such as glaucoma, where it has been demonstrated that regional ganglion cell layer/inner nuclear layer measures performed just as well as regional RNFL outcomes.26 For patients with a history of unilateral ON in our study, there was no difference between the eyes regarding CRT or mean RNFL. However, the CRT/RNFLmean ratio was higher in the eye that had ON. It is difficult to say if this was primarily driven by a higher CRT or a lower RNFL. In other neurodegenerative diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, there is a general association between retinal atrophy and disease activity,27 even though some studies have indicated increased retinal thickness in some patients.28 In our study, CRT/RNFLmean ratio was different between the affected and non-affected eyes, while patients with and without a history of ON did not differ. Hence, we cannot conclude at this stage if CRT/RNFLmean ratio could be a potential biomarker for retinal axonal degeneration or if it was an incidental finding.
Our study was strengthened by the use of high-resolution SD-OCT in a large, well-defined cohort of patients with long-term MS. On the other hand, the diagnosis of ON was self-reported, and even if we excluded a few patients, who were not able to give a positive history, the study was still limited by the retrospective design and potential recall bias. In addition, we did not have available visual evoked potentials (VEPs). However, VEPs may not be able to detect changes after ON, ie, normal VEP does not exclude the possibility of a previous ON.29
Conclusion
In a long-term follow-up study, we demonstrated structural, but not functional, visual changes in patients with ON during the course of MS. RNFL thinning in the inferior or temporal sector were independently associated with ON. Upcoming studies should address these sectorial differences and evaluate the use of composite structural end points.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Society.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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