Abstract
[Purpose] This research aimed to examine the effects of back massage and foot bath with blended essential oil on psychophysiological response in stroke patients. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects were 14 adult stroke patients randomly divided into the experimental group (7 patients) and the control group (7 patients). Physical and psychological stress, mood state and sleep satisfaction was measured using evaluation instruments and body temperature was measured with infrared thermography (T-1000). [Results] Measurements included physical and psychological stress, and mood state of the experiment group became significantly lower than that of the control group. The body temperature and sleeping satisfaction of the experimental group became significantly higher than that of the control group. [Conclusion] The present study suggested that aroma therapy and foot bath that can be used as alternative physical therapy that offers an overall beneficial effect on psychophysiological response such as reduced stress, mood state and increased body temperature, sleeping satisfaction of stroke patients.
Key words: Massage, Foot bath, Psychophysiological response
INTRODUCTION
Physical hypofunction such as reduced range of joint movements and spastic muscle paralysis caused by hemiplegia due to stroke brings about physical and mental distress that limits social activities and daily life performance1). Such serious problems act as negative stress on self-esteem, lifestyle, and the quality of life of stroke patients2). Therefore, effective intervention activities that allow stroke patients to perform independent movements and to cope with the stresses due to changed lifestyle and social biases are needed3). The most common symptoms including the loss of comprehension ability, sudden communication difficulties, and damage to the motor and sensory nerves due to the stroke are psychological stressors along with depression, anxiety, anger, frustration, fear, and helplessness4, 5). Mood state refers to the state that emotional changes or abnormalities have occurred as a result of stress, and internal stress due to physical paralysis after stroke, fear of human relationships, stress between individuals, and discomfort for hospital environment manifest themselves as mood state, which significantly influences disease recovery6, 7).
Sleep disorders after stroke can generally be induced by physical, psychological, and environmental factors8). Since sleep deficiency can increase the possibility of accidents such as fracture due to a fall because of increased fatigue and anxiety, and become the cause of stress that adds the feeling of helplessness in life and depression, it is necessary to help the stroke patients achieve the appropriate amount of sleep. Maintaining body homeostasis by providing the opportunity to be comfortably stable through an appropriate amount of sleep and recovering individual’s energy and well-being status can help recovery from the illness9, 10).
Massage is a method of relieving the accumulated fatigue by stimulating the skin, and it makes it easier to fall asleep by stabilizing the mind through alleviating muscle stiffness11). Accordingly, research has been conducted to find out its effect, and stress reduction, fatigue recovery, pain relief, anxiety reduction, and sleep improvement have been reported as the effects of massage12, 13). The slow-stroke back massage among various massages is a massage method of stroking along the erector muscles on both sides of the spine to stimulate the parasympathetic nerves. It is used as a relaxation therapy for patients with anxiety disorders14). Previous studies on aromatherapy reported its effects on anxiety, depression, sleep, fatigue, stress15). Though the use of aromatherapy involving essential oils has increased recently, not only in daily life but also in the medical field, scientific data on its clinical effects are still insufficient16).
Foot bath has been reported to provide an excellent effect on reducing stress along with sleep improvement by reducing pain through the effects of promoting blood circulation and inducing body relaxation response17).
As such, back massage using essential oil and foot bath are used in real life since they are economical and safe to perform, but studies on the intervention effects of both back massage using essential oil and foot bath are difficult to find not only in domestic physical therapy societies but also in all academic disciplines. Accordingly, the present study attempted to find out the effects of both back massage using essential oil and foot bath on psychophysiological response, which is the stress, body temperature, mood state, and sleeping satisfaction of stroke patients.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The subjects of this study were 14 adult stroke patients randomly divided into the experimental group (7 patients, group treated with back massage using essential oil and foot bath) and the control group (7 patients). The subjects were informed that the experimental group would have both back massage and foot bath five times in one week with each session lasting for 30 minutes, and the control group would not have both back massage and foot bath during the same period. Both experimental and control group had general physical therapies five times in one week with each therapy session lasted for 30 minutes, and the subject selection criteria were as follows. Subjects were selected among the patients who were diagnosed with hemiplegia due to stroke within the last six months to two years and included those who did not have wound, flare, edema, or suppuration; those who were currently not taking hypertension medicine, antidepressants, and sleeping pills; and those who understood the purpose of this study and provided their written informed consent prior to participation in the study in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. The subjects’ characteristics are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. General and medical characteristics of study participants.
| Classification | Experimental group (n=7) | Control group (n=7) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64.3 ± 2.2 | 65.0 ± 5.0 |
| Gender (male/female) | 4/3 | 4/3 |
| Height (cm) | 168.9 ± 1.8 | 167.8 ± 2.9 |
| Weight (kg) | 64.4 ± 7.6 | 63.7 ± 7.1 |
| Duration of illness (months) | 13.0 ± 3.1 | 13.6 ± 1.4 |
| Causes (infraction/hemorrhage) | 3/4 | 3/4 |
All data are expressed as means with standard deviation (M ± SD).
There are currently more than 50 varieties of essential oils in use and the present study used juniper, lavender, orange, patchouli, rosemary, which are effective for sleeping by alleviating the mental fatigue of the nervous system according to the findings of previous studies, and the characteristics of each oil are presented in Table 218).
Table 2. Characteristics of essential oil.
| Type of essential oil | Scientific name | Efficacy |
|---|---|---|
| Juniper | Juniperus communis | Stress, insomnia, detoxification and others |
| Lavender | Lavendula species | Stress, insomnia, anxiety and others |
| Orange | Citrus sinensis | Nerve strengthening, stress, calming, pain relieving and others |
| Patchouli | Pogostemom cablin | Stress, anxiety, inflammation, and others |
| Rosemary | Rosmarinus officinalis | Stress, blood circulation, pain and others |
A relevant expert was commissioned to make the essential oils to be used in the intervention. Essential oil should be diluted before use since the chemical composition of essential oil is neutralized when it is used with a carrier oil. For the experimental group, ten drops of juniper, seven drops of lavender, five drops of orange, three drops of patchouli, and eight drops of rosemary were used, and for back massage, essential oil was blended to 3% of the whole volume with 50 ml of jojoba oil16).
The back massage method used in the present study was the basic method of Swedish massage is composed of effleurage, petrissage, friction, tapotement, and vibration19). Back massage training was conducted by a highly skilled trainer. The back massage was performed in a comfortable condition that fits to the purpose of the present study by setting the room temperature at 22 °C and the humidity at 40–60%14).
In the present study, the foot bath is defined as immersing the feet in water (40 °C) filled up to the ankle in the foot bath for 30 minutes. Foot bath training was conducted in advance to ensure the accuracy and proficiency of the technique by creating a foot bath protocol to explain its entire process before the feet. Second, pour water into the foot bath tub. Third, the temperature of foot bath water was adjusted to 40 °C by using a water temperature gauge. Fourth, foot bath was performed sitting in a chair for 30 minutes with both feet in the foot bath tub. Fifth, both feet were towel dried after the foot bath and finished with foot lotion to prevent dryness17).
To measure the stress, we used the instrument tools, which is composed of two areas of 15 items of physical stress and 15 items of psychological stress. The instrument was on a four-point Likert scale from zero point for ‘never’ to three points for ‘always’. The reliabilities of physical stress and psychological stress measuring instruments measured with Cronbach’s α were 0.887 and 0.881, respectively20).
The body temperature was measured with infrared thermography (T-1000, Mesh, South Korea), and infrared thermography was performed in a room where external light and heat were blocked, the appropriate room temperature was maintained at 21–24 °C, there was no airflow, humidity was maintained at 45–60%, and there was little light reflection. Every infrared thermography was performed in the afternoon after the subject had adjusted to the examination room temperature by having the subject wait for 15–20 minutes half dressed in the examination room. The subject was photographed by each half of body so that the normal and paralyzed sides could be compared at the same time, which allowed the comparison of body temperature of the pain side, i.e., paralyzed side, and normal side and the unit was centigrade21).
The measurement of current mood was conducted using the multiple affective adjective checklist (MAACL) to measure the mood state composed of 48 adjectives related to anxiety, depression, and hostility, and a higher score signifies the mood state is not good22).
The sleep satisfaction scale is the visual analogue scale developed by Snyder-Halpern & Verran23) to measure the sleep of hospitalized patients and it is composed of a total of eight items on sleep disturbance (interruption), sleep time, beginning of sleep, and sleep depth, and the reliability of the instrument measured by Cronbach’s α was 0.800.
SPSS 20.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. As a statistical test method, the paired t-test was conducted to confirm the significant difference between before and after the experiment. Also, independent t-test were performed to analyze differences between groups. All statistical significance levels were set at α=0.05.
RESULTS
Physical stress and psychological test were significantly different control group (p<0.01) and experimental group (p<0.001) in comparison to before and after treatment. There was a significant difference after treatment (physical stress; p<0.05, psychological test; p<0.01) in comparison to between groups (Table 3). Body temperature and mood status were significantly different control group (p<0.001) and experimental group (p<0.001) in comparison to before and after treatment. There was a significant difference after treatment (body temperature; p<0.05, mood status; p<0.01) in comparison to between groups (Table 4). Sleep satisfaction was significantly different control (p<0.01) and experimental (p<0.001) in comparison to before and after treatment. There was a significant difference after treatment (p<0.001) in comparison to between groups (Table 4).
Table 3. Stress comparison according to the experimental conditions.
| Group | Pre-treatment | Post-treatment | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical stress | A | 37.0 ± 2.8 | 27.4 ± 4.3 | *** |
| B | 36.6 ± 3.9 | 31.6 ± 3.2 | ** | |
| t | 2.154 | 4.250 | ||
| p | 0.061 | 0.05* | ||
| Psycholo-emotional stress | A | 28.9 ± 3.1 | 22.9 ± 2.8 | *** |
| B | 27.9 ± 2.6 | 25.7 ± 2.4 | ** | |
| t | 2.410 | 5.012 | ||
| p | 0.074 | 0.01** | ||
All data are expressed as means with standard deviation (M ± SD).
A: experimental group; B: control group
A paired t-test was performed with respect to the differences in pre-post treatment (***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05)
A independent t-test was performed with respect to the differences among groups (***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05)
Table 4. Comparison of body temperature, mood state, sleep satisfaction according to the experimental conditions.
| Group | Pre-treatment | Post-treatment | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body temperature(℃) | A | 35.2 ± 0.5 | 36.2 ± 0.4 | *** |
| B | 35.1 ± 0.5 | 35.9 ± 0.4 | *** | |
| t | 0.251 | 2.143 | ||
| p | 0.071 | 0.05* | ||
| Mood status | A | 24.3 ± 3.1 | 19.3 ± 2.9 | *** |
| B | 23.7 ± 2.7 | 22.4 ± 2.6 | *** | |
| t | 2.042 | 3.104 | ||
| p | 0.105 | 0.01* | ||
| Sleep satisfaction | A | 46.1 ± 6.4 | 59.4 ± 7.1 | *** |
| B | 45.9 ± 7.1 | 36.3 ± 5.3 | ** | |
| t | 1.904 | −10.471 | ||
| p | 0.120 | 0.001*** | ||
All data are expressed as means with standard deviation (M ± SD).
A: experimental group, B: control group
A paired t-test was performed with respect to the differences in pre-post treatment (***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05)
An independent t-test was performed with respect to the differences among groups (***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05)
DISCUSSION
The present study attempted to find out the effects of back massage by blending and using essential oils and foot bath on psychophysiological response, which is the stress, body temperature, mood state, and sleeping satisfaction of stroke patients.
First, back massage and foot bath were found to reduce stress. Satou et al.24) found significant decrease in psychological stress after aromatherapy massage using aroma oil on elderly patients under long-term hospitalization, and Chung & Choi25) found that the effects of aroma massage on stress in women college students. In addition, the findings of the present study were consistent with previous research results in that Kim & Kim26) found that aroma self-foot reflexology massage can be utilized as an effective intervention for stress and fatigue, and Effati-Daryani et al.27) found that Lavender cream with foot bath can be used for reducing their stress, anxiety and depression. It seems that stress reduction is achieved by the promotion of metabolism and blood circulation due to the active aroma ingredients, relaxation of tense muscles while receiving the massage, stability of mind and body, and the foot bath. In addition, back massage and foot bath were found to minimize the stress of stroke patients since the stress was reduced significantly more for the experimental group than the control group.
Second, back massage and foot bath were found to increase the body temperature. Plakornkul et al.28) found the body temperature increased on and around the neck, shoulder, and arm after Thai traditional massage, and Gholami-Motlagh et al.29) found greater body temperature increase for the back, neck, and chest Swedish massage than leg, arm, and face Swedish massage. Furthermore, the findings of the present study were also consistent with previous studies in that Portillo-Soto et al.30) found that the massage therapy increased skin temperature and calf blood flow, and Liao et al.31) found that foot bath are an effective way to affect skin temperature change. It is thought that both back massage and foot bath using aroma oil would help provide an increase in body temperature by the effect of blood circulation.
Third, both back massage and foot bath were found to improve the mood state. Gholami-Motlagh et al.29) found the massage therapy on the back, neck, and chest is distributed improved the mood state, and Effati-Daryani et al.27) and Edge32) found the physical and psychological stresses were alleviated when a foot bath was taken regularly every day. In addition, the results of the present study were in agreement with previous studies in that Keiko et al.33) found the activity of the autonomic nervous system was reduced and relaxation and comfort were significantly increased after the foot bath. It is thought that aroma back massage and foot bath improve mood state by the emotional stability and fatigue recovery induced by physical and psychological relaxation for fatigue and stress and normalized antagonism of the autonomic nervous system.
Fourth, the back massage and foot bath were found to improve sleeping satisfaction. Longworth34) stated that slow back massage was effective for reducing patients’ tension, fatigue, and sleep improvement due to the effect of inhibitory reflex of muscle spindles and palpation habituation by influencing the parasympathetic nerves, and Saeki35) found that the foot bathe frequently applied to adult women as a nursing activity provided sleep improvement and comfort, and had physiological effect of relaxing the function of autonomic nervous system. Furthermore, the results of present study were consistent with the results of previous studies of Sung & Yochihara17) who found significant effects of the foot bath on sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and sleep efficiency, and Tsuchie36) who found the effectiveness of foot bath for sleep improvement by the improved blood circulation due to smooth metabolism caused by the stimulation on peripheral blood vessels when the foot is immersed in warm water. It is thought that aroma oil improves the quality of sleep by acting on the autonomous nervous system responsible for sleep and life rhythm, and the foot bath improves sleep satisfaction by maximally relaxing distal skin blood vessels and by the intervention that can increase the body temperature at the same time. Later, it will be necessary to analyze of physiological activity according to the absorption of the aroma oil used in this study and to evaluate the changes of body according to back massage and foot bath through electrophysiological method.
As discussed above, it was confirmed that the rehabilitation programs in hospital had significant effect on the psychophysiological response. The back massage using blended essential oils and foot bath can provide physical and psychological sense of well-being to stroke patients by increasing the body temperature and sleep satisfaction due to psychological effect of the aroma as well as stress and mood state reduction by muscle stimulation, relaxation and increased blood circulation through bodily contact, it can be used as the alternative physical therapy.
REFERENCES
- 1.Park SW, Jang KE, Lee HS, et al. : The relationship between activities of daily living and cognitive function, anxiety, stress, depression in stroke patients. J Korean Acad Rehabil Med, 1999, 23: 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Chemerinski E, Robinson RG, Kosier JT: Improved recovery in activities of daily living associated with remission of poststroke depression. Stroke, 2001, 32: 113–117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Seo NS: [The effects of stage based exercise program on the physical and psychological variables in stroke survivors]. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi, 2003, 33: 954–964. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Garton AL, Sisti JA, Gupta VP, et al. : Poststroke post-traumatic stress disorder: a review. Stroke, 2017, 48: 507–512. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Kim JS: Post-stroke mood and emotional disturbance: pharmachological therapy based on mechanisms. J Stroke, 2016, 18: 244–255. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Morris WN: Mood: the frame of mind. New York: Springer, 1989. [Google Scholar]
- 7.Turner MA, Andrewes DG: The relationship between mood state, interpersonal attitudes and psychological distress in stroke patients. Int J Rehabil Res, 2010, 33: 43–48. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Pearce SC, Stolwyk RJ, New PW, et al. : Sleep disturbance and deficits of sustained attention following stroke. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 2016, 38: 1–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Barone DA, Chokroverty S: Neurologic disease and sleep. Sleep Med Clin, 2017, 12: 73–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Miner B, Kryger MH: Sleep in the aging population. Sleep Med Clin, 2017, 12: 31–38. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Hachul H, Oliveira DS, Bittencourt LR, et al. : The beneficial effects of massage therapy for insomnia in postmenopausal women. Sleep Sci, 2014, 7: 114–116. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Poppendieck W, Wegmann M, Ferrauti A, et al. : Massage and performance recovery: a meta-analytical review. Sports Med, 2016, 46: 183–204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Hou WH, Chiang PT, Hsu TY, et al. : Treatment effects of massage therapy in depressed people: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry, 2010, 71: 894–901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Snyder M, Egan EC, Burns KR: Efficacy of hand massage in decreasing agitation behaviors associated with care activities in persons with dementia. Geriatr Nurs, 1995, 16: 60–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Hwang E, Shin S: The effects of aromatherapy on sleep improvement: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med, 2015, 21: 61–68. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Dunwoody L, Smyth A, Davidson R: Cancer patients’ experiences and evaluations of aromatherapy massage in palliative care. Int J Palliat Nurs, 2002, 8: 497–504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Sung EJ, Tochihara Y: Effects of bathing and hot footbath on sleep in winter. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci, 2000, 19: 21–27. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Francesca G: Aromatherapy for holistic therapists, 1st ed. Oxford Uuniversity Press, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- 19.Fritz S: Fundamentals of therapeutic massage. Mosby-Year Book Inc., 1995. [Google Scholar]
- 20.Holmes TH, Rahe RH: The social readjustment rating scale. J Psychosom Res, 1967, 11: 213–218. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Alfieri FM, Massaro AR, Filippo TR, et al. : Evaluation of body temperature in individuals with stroke. NeuroRehabilitation, 2017, 40: 119–128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Peck DF, Morgan AD, MacPherson EL, et al. : The multiple affect adjective check list: subscale intercorrelations from two independent studies. J Clin Psychol, 1984, 40: 123–125. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Snyder-Halpern R, Verran JA: Instrumentation to describe subjective sleep characteristics in healthy subjects. Res Nurs Health, 1987, 10: 155–163. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Satou T, Chikama M, Chikama Y, et al. : Effect of aromatherapy massage on elderly patients under long-term hospitalization in Japan. J Altern Complement Med, 2013, 19: 235–237. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Chung M, Choi E: [A comparison between effects of aroma massage and meridian massage on constipation and stress in women college students]. J Korean Acad Nurs, 2011, 41: 26–35. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Kim JO, Kim IS: [Effects of aroma self-foot reflexology massage on stress and immune responses and fatigue in middle-aged women in rural areas]. J Korean Acad Nurs, 2012, 42: 709–718. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Effati-Daryani F, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mirghafourvand M, et al. : Effects of Lavender cream with or without foot-bath on anxiety, stress and depression in pregnancy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Caring Sci, 2015, 4: 63–73. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Plakornkul V, Vannabhum M, Viravud Y, et al. : The effects of the court-type Thai traditional massage on anatomical relations, blood flow, and skin temperature of the neck, shoulder, and arm. BMC Complement Altern Med, 2016, 16: 363. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Gholami-Motlagh F, Jouzi M, Soleymani B: Comparing the effects of two Swedish massage techniques on the vital signs and anxiety of healthy women. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res, 2016, 21: 402–409. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Portillo-Soto A, Eberman LE, Demchak TJ, et al. : Comparison of blood flow changes with soft tissue mobilization and massage therapy. J Altern Complement Med, 2014, 20: 932–936. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Liao WC, Landis CA, Lentz MJ, et al. : Effect of foot bathing on distal-proximal skin temperature gradient in elders. Int J Nurs Stud, 2005, 42: 717–722. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Edge J: A pilot study addressing the effect of aromatherapy massage on mood, anxiety and relaxation in adult mental health. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery, 2003, 9: 90–97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Keiko Y, Yoko A, Shinya N: Influence of wrapped warm footbath on the autonomic nervous system and psycholneuroimmunological activities in healthy middle-aged volunteers—examination of a time series changes of autonomic nerve activity with wavelet analysis. Auton Nerv Syst, 2007, 44: 400–408. [Google Scholar]
- 34.Longworth JC: Psychophysiological effects of slow stroke back massage in normotensive females. ANS Adv Nurs Sci, 1982, 4: 44–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Saeki Y: The effect of foot-bath with or without the essential oil of lavender on the autonomic nervous system: a randomized trial. Complement Ther Med, 2000, 8: 2–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Tsuchie J: Effects of hot footbath on sleep: the impact of EEG and skin temperature. Jpn J Nurs Reaearch, 1992, 15: 90–91. [Google Scholar]