Table 1. ERAS protocol applied in the study.
| 1. Preoperative counseling, patient education |
| 2. Nutritional assessment and enteral nutrition (Supportan or Fresubin 500 ml) support |
| 3. Cardiopulmonary function evaluation and optimization |
| 4. No preoperative bowel preparation |
| 5. Preoperative fasting time: 6-8 hours for solid food, 2 hours for clear liquids |
| 6. Oral intake of 400 ml carbohydrate drink: up to 2-3 hours before the induction of anesthesia (10% glucose solution) |
| 7. Intravenous antibiotics (cefoxitin 1.5 g or ceftriaxone 1 g) 30 minutes before incision |
| 8. No preanesthetic medication |
| 9. General anesthesia with rapid short-acting agents combined with TAP block |
| 10. Laparoscopic surgery |
| 11. Anesthesia depth monitoring with bispectral index or narcotrend index |
| 12. Intraoperative lung-protective ventilatory strategy |
| 13. Intraoperative neuromuscular monitoring |
| 14. Prevention of intraoperative hypothermia |
| 15. Intraoperative goal-directed fluid therapy and postoperative restrictive fluid administration |
| 16. Perioperative blood glucose control |
| 17. Multimodal prevention of PONV (5-HT3 receptor antagonist + dexamethasone + haloperidol) |
| 18. Multimodal prevention of DVT (physical prophylaxis combined with low molecular weight heparin administration) |
| 19. No nasogastric tube postoperatively |
| 20. Prevention of stress ulcer (perioperative administration of proton pump inhibitor) |
| 21. Multimodal management of postoperative pain (PCIA, TAP, NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitor) |
| 22. Avoiding incision infection |
| 23. Early oral intake (drink water 2 hours after surgery, oral nutritional supplements on the first day after surgery, semi-solid diet on the second day after surgery) |
| 24. Early mobilization (out-of-bed activity for 2 hours on the first postoperative day and 4-6 hours from the second postoperative day to discharge) |
| 25. Removal of drainage tubes within three days after surgery |
| 26. Removal of urinary catheter as soon as possible (within 24 hours for colon surgery patients; within 48 hours for rectal surgery patients) |
TAP: transverse abdominis plane; PONV: postoperative nausea and vomiting; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; PCIA: patient-controlled intravenous analgesia; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.