Sir,
HIV immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is one of the most significant challenges of highly active antiretroviral treatment (ART) faced by physicians across the world. Through this letter, I wish to draw the attention of readers to a simple aware, alert, avert strategy that can be used to deal with IRIS, especially in areas with a high load of HIV/AIDS patients.
Aware: Awareness about IRIS among physicians of all disciplines is necessary for prompt identification in clinical settings.
IRIS occurs because of the enhancement in the immune system of the body that renews its ability to mount a strong inflammatory response. This manifests clinically as worsening of symptoms of the patient initiated on ART.[1] IRIS can be classified as:
Paradoxical IRIS: Paradoxical worsening of an existing infection/disease process
Unmasking IRIS: Appearance of a new infection/disease process soon after initiation of therapy.[2]
Alert: Crucial to the prevention of IRIS is identification and understanding of the risk factors and staying alert to suspect them. Table 1 enlists the major risk factors of the two broad categories of IRIS, modeled on tuberculosis-IRIS.
Table 1.
Risk factors for development of unmasking tuberculosis-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome versus paradoxical tuberculosis-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV infected patients
Avert: Based on the risk factors, some basic preventive strategies have been devised through research and clinical experience that can be used to avert IRIS.
Prevention of unmasking IRIS can be achieved through:
Systematic screening for opportunistic infections (OIs) before initiation of ART
Screening of all patients, irrespective of the presence of symptoms in endemic areas
Screening of patients for subclinical cryptococcal infection at the time of entry into ART programs.[1]
Preventive strategies for paradoxical IRIS include:
Prompt diagnosis and intensive treatment of the OI
Deferral of ART initiation based on CD4 count of the patient.[6] Deferral may prove to be beneficial for OIs such as cryptococcal or tubercular meningitis but may reduce survival in Pneumocystis jirovecii infection.
The knowledge about IRIS, its risk factors and preventive strategies are much needed among physicians of all disciplines, especially in regions of high endemicity. This simple strategy, proposed through this letter, can greatly help in curbing the rise in this challenge in the management of HIV/AIDS and will go a long way in reducing the overall morbidity and mortality associated with it.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
REFERENCES
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