Abstract
Background
Heart failure (HF) is a major public health issue with implications on health-related quality of life (HRQL).
Objective
To compare HRQL, estimated by the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), in patients with and without HF in the community.
Methods
Cross-sectional study including 633 consecutive individuals aged 45 years or older, registered in primary care. The subjects were selected from a random sample representative of the population studied. They were divided into two groups: group I, HF patients (n = 59); and group II, patients without HF (n = 574). The HF group was divided into HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF - n = 35) and HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF - n = 24).
Results
Patients without HF had a mean SF-36 score significantly greater than those with HF (499.8 ± 139.1 vs 445.4 ± 123.8; p = 0.008). Functional capacity - ability and difficulty to perform common activities of everyday life - was significantly worse (p < 0.0001) in patients with HF independently of sex and age. There was no difference between HFpEF and HFrEF.
Conclusion
Patients with HF had low quality of life regardless of the syndrome presentation (HFpEF or HFrEF phenotype). Quality of life evaluation in primary care could help identify patients who would benefit from a proactive care program with more emphasis on multidisciplinary and social support.
Keywords: Heart Failure, Quality of Life, Primary Health Care
Introduction
Heart failure (HF) is a major public health issue with implications in health-related quality of life (HRQL).1 Patients with HF present limitations on their usual activities, suffering impairment on social interaction, with a progressive loss of physical autonomy. Signs and symptoms of HF have a strong impact on HRQL regardless of the phenotype, affecting patients with either preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Although HFrEF and HFpEF differ regarding mortality and hospitalization rates,2-4 manifested signs and symptoms appear to have a similar impact on the well-being of those patients.5
To improve the HRQL of patients with HF is one of the major aims of the treatment. Additionally, many patients with HF usually attribute more importance to HRQL than to improvement in their survival.6
In the community setting, patients with HF are about a decade older, have multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy prescriptions, and are taking more medications than patients usually recruited for clinical trials.7-9 These patients may benefit from measures that may improve their HRQL.
The objective of the present study was to compare the HRQL, estimated by the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), in patients with and without HF, and between the two phenotypes, HFrEF and HFpEF, in the community.
Methods
The Digitalis Study was a cross-sectional study including 633 volunteers, whose methodology is published elsewhere.10 Briefly, individuals aged 45 to 99 years, registered in the Family Doctor Program (PMF) of the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, were randomly selected to attend community visits for examination. Data were collected from July 2011 to December 2012. Initially, the healthcare units of the PMF were randomly selected, proportionally to the number of individuals enrolled. Then, in each unit, individuals aged 45 to 99 years were also randomly selected.
For the present study, individuals were divided into two groups: group I, formed by HF11 patients (HF group - n = 59); and group II, formed by individuals without HF (n = 574). The HF group was divided into HFpEF (n = 35) and HFrEF (n = 24).
The Portuguese version of the SF-36 Questionnaire was used to classify HRQL.12
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS software, version 21.0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA). Categorical variables were expressed as absolute numbers and/or percentages. Quality of life and its domains presented non-Gaussian distribution, thus, the differences between categories were presented as median and interquartile range, and the differences were tested with the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. All comparisons were assessed with bilateral tests. A 5% statistical significance level was considered.
Ethical considerations
This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, revised in 2000. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institution under number 0077.0.258.000-10.
Results
We evaluated 633 subjects (59.6 ± 10.4 years; 62% female; 63% black or brown skin-color). The HF patients were older, had lower educational levels, consumed less alcohol, and showed a higher prevalence of former smokers. The average overall score, bodily pain and general health perception differed between patients without HF as compared to patients with HF. Two dimensions, physical and emotional aspects, showed no variation (Table 1).
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and mean scores of the SF36 dimensions of individuals with and without heart failure
| Variables | No HF (n = 574) | HF (n = 59) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58.4 ± 9.4 | 71.1 ± 12.4 | < 0.001 |
| Female (%) | 61.8 | 61 | 0.901 |
| Never studied (%) | 5.4 | 17.2 | 0.020 |
| Family income (mean in US $) | 484.63 ± 461.71 | 406.85 ± 463.80 | 0.234 |
| Black or brown skin-color(%) | 63.2 | 63.8 | 0.929 |
| Alcohol consumption(%) | 9.9 | 3.4 | 0.100 |
| Tobacco use | 0.012 | ||
| Never smoker (%) | 48.6 | 50.8 | - |
| Former smoker (%) | 31.2 | 42.4 | - |
| Smoker (%) | 20.2 | 6.8 | - |
| Private health insurance (%) | 15.3 | 15.3 | 0.949 |
| SF-36 dimensions | |||
| Physical functioning | 85 (60-90) | 55(25-80) | < 0.0001 |
| Physical health | 100(100-100) | 100(100-100) | -- |
| Emotional health | 100(100-100) | 100(100-100) | -- |
| Vitality | 70(50-85) | 65(40-80) | 0.01 |
| Mental Health | 80(60-92) | 78(57-96) | 0.265 |
| Social functioning | 100(62-100) | 87(53-100) | 0.296 |
| Bodily pain | 70(45-100) | 80(49-100) | 0.865 |
| General health perception | 70(50-85) | 67(45-80) | 0.091 |
| Overall SF-36 | 535(403-615) | 447(356-537) | 0.001 |
HF: heart failure; P value (associated with two-tailed t test for independent samples); Chi-square test with continuity correction; median (interquartile range) with Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric variables.
Physical functioning was lower in patients with HF regardless of sex or age. Women, regardless of the presence of HF, scored lower for most of the dimensions than men did. The functional capacity - ability and difficulty to perform common everyday life activities -, general health perception and overall score were significantly worse in patients with HF independently of sex and age (Table 2).
Table 2.
Mean SF-36 scores by sex and age in patients with and without heart failure
| Male (n = 242) | Female (n = 391) | Age (45 to 59 years) (n = 357) | Age (60 to 99 years) (n = 276) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SF36 dimensions | No HF(n = 219) | HF(n = 23) | p-value | No HF(n = 355) | HF(n = 36) | p-value | No HF(n = 344) | HF(n = 13) | p-value | No HF(n = 230) | HF(n = 46) | p-value |
| Physical functioning | 95(75-100) | 55(23.7-81.2) | < 0.0001 | 80(55-95) | 55(30-80) | < 0.0001 | 90(65-95) | 60(22.5-77.5) | 0.001 | 80(55-95) | 55(25-80) | < 0.0001 |
| Physical health | 100(100-100) | 100(100-100) | -- | 100(100-100) | 100(100-100) | -- | 100(100-100) | 100(100-100) | -- | 100(100-100) | 100(100-100) | -- |
| Emotional health | 100(100-100) | 100(100-100) | -- | 100(100-100) | 100(100-100) | -- | 100(100-100) | 100(100-100) | -- | 100(100-100) | 100(100-100) | -- |
| Vitality | 80(60-90) | 67.5(38.7-85) | 0.05 | 60(45-85) | 60(40-80) | 0.571 | 70(45-85) | 50(32.5-67.5) | 0.037 | 75(50-90) | 70(45-80) | 0.215 |
| Mental Health | 84(72-96) | 80(68-96) | 0.455 | 76(52-88) | 68(52-96) | 0.987 | 76(52-96) | 70(51-80) | 0.086 | 80(60-92) | 80(57-96) | 0.891 |
| Social functioning | 100(75-100) | 93.7(59.4-100) | 0.228 | 100(62-100) | 88(50-100) | 0.419 | 100(75-100) | 87.5(68.7-100) | 0.582 | 100(62.5-100) | 88(50-100) | 0.260 |
| Bodily pain | 80(57-100) | 80(61-100) | 0.685 | 70(45-90) | 80(42.5-100) | 0.160 | 70(45-90) | 57.5(27.5-80) | 0.180 | 80(47.5-100) | 80(57.5-100) | 0.086 |
| General health perception | 70(55-85) | 67(45-75) | 0.058 | 70(50-85) | 68(45-80) | 0.568 | 70(55-80) | 50(25-70) | 0.027 | 70(55-85) | 70(46.2-80) | 0.265 |
| Overall SF-36 | 585(488.2-632) | 500.2(401.6-564.4) | 0.003 | 497.7(367.9-591.4) | 425(320.6-515.2) | 0.056 | 537.5(412-615) | 388(315-487.5) | 0.005 | 529(386-615) | 475(388.5-555) | 0.058 |
HF: heart failure; median (interquartile range) with Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric variables.
Women had lower HRQL (vitality and general health perception) even in the absence of HF. Individuals younger than 60 years had a worse HRQL in the presence of HF, which was not observed in patients aged 60 years and older (Table 2).
Although the differences were not statistically significant (except for the vitality dimension), patients with HFpEF had lower mean values as compared to those with HFrEF (Table 3).
Table 3.
SF-36 overall and dimension scores of individuals with heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction (HFrEF and HFpEF, respectively)
| SF36 dimensions | HFpEF (n = 35) | HFrEF (n = 24) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical functioning | 55(25-77.5) | 55(26.2-85) | 0.582 |
| Physical health | 100(100-100) | 100(100-100) | -- |
| Emotional health | 100(100-100) | 100(100-100) | -- |
| Vitality | 55(36.2-70) | 75(52.5-80) | 0.024 |
| Mental Health | 68(44-96) | 80(68-96) | 0.143 |
| Social functioning | 93.7(50-100) | 87.5(65.6-100) | 0.951 |
| Bodily pain | 70(43.7-100) | 100(58.7-100) | 0.097 |
| General health perception | 62.5(45-80) | 70(46.2-78.7) | 0.420 |
| Overall SF-36 | 441(314-520) | 452(406-578) | 0.126 |
Median (interquartile range) with Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric variables.
Discussion
Patients with HF had a lower mean overall SF-36 score than patients without HF (53.1 ± 29.6 vs. 76.2 ± 24.9; p < 0.001). The HRQL worsening observed in this study was similar to data obtained in the literature.13-15
Age, vitality, pain and the overall SF-36 score were the four characteristics associated with worse HRQL in patients with HFrEF. On the other hand, only age was related to HRQL worsening in patients with HFpEF.
The CHARM study16 has evaluated the HRQL in HF patients and has concluded that those with HFpEF had a similar HRQL when compared to patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). That study showed that the extent of HRQL worsening was independent of LVEF. Our data did not show a difference between the overall SF-36 scores in patients with HFpEF and HFrEF (418.9 ± 122.5 vs. 476.6 ± 120.5; p = 0.101).
In general, older HF patients reported better quality of life than younger ones, regardless of the LVEF value. Studies have shown a better HRQL among older patients than among younger patients with HFrEF, although older patients had a worse functional status and performed worse in the six-minute walk test.17 Our data show that patients aged 45 to 59 years with HF have a more pronounced worsening of HRQL than those without HF (394.0 ± 106.4 vs. 501.3 ± 139.8; p = 0.012) when compared to patients aged ≥ 60 years (459.9 ± 125.7 vs. 497.7 ± 138.3; p = 0.113).
Patients with HF usually do not understand the cause and prognosis of their disease and rarely discuss the quality and end of life with the professionals involved in their care. Care for people with advanced progressive illnesses is currently prioritized by diagnosis rather than need. Patients with advanced HF should receive care that is proactive and designed to meet their specific needs.18
A chronic syndrome such as HF, which requires continuous treatment for an indeterminate period and is linked to aging and presence of comorbidities, is inexorably associated with worse quality of life.13-15
The present study had some limitations. This is a cross-sectional study where all evaluations were performed in a single day without follow-up of the population, leading to difficulty in establishing causal relationships between HF and loss of quality of life. Another limitation is related to the reduced number of HF cases assessed, which diminishes the power of the study, leading to the lack of statistical significance of some associations.
Conclusions
Patients with HF have low quality of life independent of the syndrome phenotype. The quality of life evaluation in primary care could help identify patients who would benefit from a proactive healthcare program with more emphasis on multidisciplinary and social support. Therefore, strategies that can improve the quality of life of those patients and bring them greater benefits than the prolongation of life without associated quality are needed.
Acknowledgements
We thank the support of the Municipality of Niterói in the accomplishment of this research.
Footnotes
Author contributions
Conception and design of the research: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Correia DMS, Mesquita ET; Acquisition of data: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Kang HC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Kang HC, Mesquita ET; Statistical analysis: Rosa MLG; Writing of the manuscript: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Correia DMS, Martins WA, Ceron DMM, Coelho LCF, Soussume WSN, Mesquita ET; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Correia DMS, Martins WA, Ceron DMM, Kang HC, Moscavitch SD, Mesquita ET.
Potential Conflict of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Sources of Funding
There were no external funding sources for this study.
Study Association
This article is part of the Postgraduate course submitted by Prof. Dr Antonio José Lagoeiro Jorge, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.
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