Outcomes of Different Surgical Procedures in the Treatment of Spinal Tuberculosis in Adults

Abstract

Objective

To investigate surgical methods and outcomes in the treatment of spinal tuberculosis (TB) in adults.

Subjects and Methods

One hundred and eighty-one patients (average age 39 years) without multiple-level noncontiguous spinal TB were followed up for 22–72 months. The patients were divided into four groups according to surgical procedure on the basis of the position and extension of the foci: group A (74 cases): anterior radical debridement and strut grafting with instrumentation; group B (83 cases): posterior instrumentation and bone grafting with anterior radical debridement and strut grafting in a single- or two-stage procedure; group C (10 cases): extrapleural anterolateral decompression and strut grafting with posterior instrumentation in thoracic or thoracolumbar spine, and group D (27 cases): single-stage transforaminal decompression and posterior instrumentation and fusion.

Results

There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in mean preoperative (81s%) Oswestry's Disability Index. Except for 24 patients with lumbosacral TB who were only instrumented posteriorly, kyphosis degrees were corrected by a mean of 11.5° in the anterior instrumentation group and 12.6° in the posterior instrumentation group (p < 0.01). The correction loss was 6.8° in the anterior instrumentation group and 6.1° in the posterior instrumentation group at the last follow-up (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

The four surgical procedures obtained good results for correction and maintenance of the correction, clearance of the foci, decompression of the spinal cord and pain relief in the treatment of spinal TB in adults, providing that the operative indication is accurately identified. However, the posterior approach was superior to anterior instrumentation for correcting deformity and maintaining the correction.

Introduction

The recent resurgence of tuberculosis (TB), an old disease, has been attributed to the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic, the emergence of multidrug resistance to TB and immigrants with a high prevalence of TB [1,2]. Skeletal system involvement occurs in 1–3s% of patients, and up to 50s% of those affected have TB of the spine [3,4]. It is generally accepted that spinal TB is the most dangerous pattern of bone and joint TB because of its ability to cause bone destruction, deformity and paraplegia [5]. Antituberculous chemotherapy is the mainstay of spinal TB treatment. Yet patients treated conservatively have a mean increase in deformity of 15°, and for approximately 3–5s%, the final deformity is more than 60° [2]. Radical debridement combined with fusion and instrumentation is utilized in patients with neurological deficit, caseous abscesses, sequestered bone formation, instability or a kyphotic angle of more than 30° [6]. However, a controversy remains regarding the surgical approach and modality of instrumentation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcomes of different surgical procedures in the treatment of spinal TB in adults.

Subjects and Methods

Between January 2004 and December 2009, 241 adult patients with thoracic and lumbar spinal TB were treated with different surgical procedures. One hundred and eighty-one patients (average age 39, range 16–67 years) without multiple-level noncontiguous spinal TB were followed up for 22–72 months. Out of 25 patients with neurological deficit, 11 were classified as Frankel type C and 14 as Frankel type D before surgery. The pathogenic vertebral levels included 4 contiguous thoracic vertebrae in 11, 3 contiguous vertebrae in 55, 2 contiguous vertebrae in 98, and the lesion localized at 1 vertebra in 17 cases. The kyphosis degrees ranged from −52 to 30° in 104 cases, 31 to 60° in 49 cases and 61 to 70° in 28 cases. Erythrocyte sedimentation rates were elevated in 163 cases. A definitive diagnosis was made by pathological and/or microbiological examination of tissue removed at surgery. Two cases with pyogenic infection in the lumbar spine that could not be proved histologically were excluded from this study. Twenty-five patients underwent operation for neurological impairment with short-term chemotherapy regimen before surgery. The remaining 156 cases underwent more than 3 weeks of chemotherapy before surgery. Symptoms, kyphosis angle and functional and neurological status were the main parameters used for the clinical and radiological assessment. Clinical assessment was performed using the measured Oswestry Disability Index.

Patients were divided into four groups according to the surgical procedure on the basis of the position and extension of the foci. Group A: 74 cases lacking a large paraspinal abscess and without lumbosacral TB were subjected to anterior radical debridement and strut grafting with instrumentation (fig. 1a, 2b); group B: 83 cases with large paraspinal abscess, especially cases with lumbar TB, were given the surgical treatment of posterior instrumentation with or without posterior column shortening along with simultaneous or staged anterior radical debridement plus titanium cage filled with morseled rib bone or large autoiliac or costal grafting [7] (fig. 2a, b); group C: 10 cases with thoracic or thoracolumbar spinal TB were given extrapleural anterolateral decompression and strut grafting with posterior instrumentation; group D: 27 cases with lumbar or lumbosacral TB underwent single-stage transforaminal decompression and posterior instrumentation and fusion [8].

Fig. 1.

a A 29-year-old man with spinal TB in the T8–9 vertebrae and sagittal magnetic resonance imaging showing destruction of the T6–9 vertebrae, especially the T8–9 vertebrae. b Fusion seen at 12-month postoperative radiogram and a 4° loss of correction seen in the local kyphosis angle.

Fig. 2.

a A 36-year-old man with spinal TB in the T11-L1 vertebrae and sagittal magnetic resonance imaging showing destruction of the T11-L1 vertebrae, especially the T12-L1 vertebrae. b There was a 8° loss of correction in local kyphosis angle in the 13-month postoperative radiogram.

The standard four-drug therapy of isoniazid (5 mg/kg), rifampicin (10 mg/kg), ethambutol (15 mg/kg) and pyrazinamide (25 mg/kg) was administered postoperatively as a first-line treatment and continued for a total of 3 months, followed by three-drug antituberculous treatment (rifampicin/isoniazid/ethambutol) for at least 9 months. Student's t test was used to analyze the statisti- cal significance among anterior and posterior instrumentation groups. A value of p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

One hundred and eighty-one patients were followed up for an average of 37 months (37 ± 6.9 months). The distribution of pathologic vertebrae in each group is shown in table 1. Maximal average operation time and blood loss occurred in group B, followed by group A; the minimum occurred in groups C and D. Local symptoms of all patients were relieved significantly (p < 0.01) 1–3 weeks postoperatively. There was also a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in mean preoperative (81s%) Oswestry's Disability Index. Erythrocyte sedimentation rates returned to normal 8–12 weeks postoperatively. Fusion rates of the bone graft were 68 (92.5s%) cases in group A, 64 (91.6s%) cases in group B, 9 (92.1s%) cases in group C and 25 (91.3s%) cases in group D at the final follow-up. Except patients with lumbosacral TB who were only instrumented posteriorly, kyphosis degrees of the patients with thoracic and thoracolumbar and lumbar TB were corrected by a mean of 11.5° in the anterior instrumentation group and 12.6° in the posterior instrumentation group (p < 0.01), whereas the correction loss was 6.8° in the anterior instrumentation group and 6.1° in the posterior instrumentation group at the last follow-up (p < 0.01; table 2). Of the 25 cases with neurological deficit, 14 patients with grade D recovered to completely normal, 7 patients with grade C also recovered completely, and the other 4 improved to grade D. No patients deteriorated, including those with no neurological deficit preoperatively. Three sinuses were found in groups A, B and C 0.5, 1 and 1.5 months postoperatively, respectively, which were cured by change of dressing after 1–2 months. Instrumentation loosening was found in 1 patient in group A at 1-year follow-up. The patient was asymptomatic and the strut graft had fused at that time. Ten (5.5s%) cases had major drug complications, 7 had abnormal liver function, 4 combined with gastrointestinal tract reaction, 3 with abnormal renal function. After replacing rifampicin with rifapentine (twice a week), the patients recovered gradually. Severe complications did not occur.

Table 1.

Patient data

Group	Distribution of pathologic vertebrae				Cases
	thoracic	thoracolumbar	lumbar	lumbosacral
A	39	27	8	0	74
B	4	7	39	20	70
C	8	2	0	0	10
D	1	2	20	4	27
Total	52	38	67	24	181

Table 2.

Correction of thoracic and thoracolumbar and lumbar TB treated by anterior or posterior instrumentation

	Anterior group	Posterior group	p value
Patients, n	74	83	–
Infected vertebrae	2.89 ± 0.68	2.95 ± 0.71	>0.05
Fusion level	4.11 ± 0.67	4.21 ± 1.06	>0.05
Average kyphosis angle, ° (preop/postop)	22.1/10.6a	7.4/–6.2a	<0.01/<0.01
Averaged angle of correction, °	11.5 ± 2.7	12.6 ± 1.2	<0.01
Averaged angle loss of correction, °	6.8 ± 1.9b	6.1 ± 1.3b	<0.01

^aThere were statistically significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative average kyphosis angle (Student's t test, p < 0.01).

^bThere were statistically significant differences between the postoperative average kyphosis angle and that at the last follow-up (Student's t test, p < 0.01).

Discussion

Spinal TB is traditionally treated surgically by anterior instrumented fusion [9], combined anterior-posterior procedure [10], extrapleural anterolateral procedure or posterior procedure only [11]. However, in this study posterior instrumentation was superior to anterior instrumentation in correcting the kyphosis deformity of the thoracic and lumbar spine and in maintaining that correction. The probable reason for this might be that pedicle screws cross the vertebral body pedicle, the strongest part of the vertebral body, providing three-dimensional correction and strengthening the spinal three-column stability, which is much stronger than anterior instrumentation. For patients with two or more segments of spinal TB, more than two pairs of pedicle screws were often used to avoid instability, and were removed after fusion without leading to excessive loss of movement of the spine. Anterior instrumentation, consisting of four screws fixed in the vertebral body and used only in the cephalic and caudal vertebrae adjacent to the lesion, could not provide the same strength as pedicle screws. Although anterior instrumentation is used more often in the thoracic region, which has support from the bony thorax, the screw cannot yet provide the same strength as the pedicle screw, which could lead to osteoporosis of the vertebral body caused by spinal TB.

Our finding that the posterior approach was superior to anterior instrumentation confirmed previous studies [12,13,14] where remarkable correction of the kyphotic deformity was achieved, and loss of correction after surgery was negligible. Güven et al. [12] reported a series of 10 cases with posterior instrumentation, in which there was a 3.4° loss in the correction of local kyphosis. Moon et al. [13] and Chen et al. [14] reported 44 and 29 patients with spinal TB, respectively, who were treated by anterior radical surgery combined with posterior instrumentation and fusion. They achieved remarkable correction of the kyphotic deformity, and loss of correction after surgery was negligible (1–3°). However, other studies [5,9] showed that anterior instrumentation increased the rate of correction of the kyphotic deformity and was effective in maintaining it. Benli et al. [9] observed that anterior instrumentation increased the rate of correction of the kyphotic deformity (79.7 ± 20.1s%) and was effective in maintaining it, with an average loss of 1.1 ± 1.7°. In the report of Jin et al. [5], a mean of 18° of kyphosis correction was achieved after anterior instrumentation surgery in the adult group during the follow-up period. In contrast, Kim et al. [15], who operated on 21 patients with Pott disease by anterior instrumentation, mentioned that although a 67.7s% correction (11.3°) was achieved initially, a correction of 83s% (9.4°) was lost at the latest follow-up. Lee et al. [16] reported that the correction of the kyphotic angle and loss of correction were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in both the anterior instrumentation and fusion groups and the single-stage transpedicular decompression and the posterior instrumentation groups. The correction loss in the anterior instrumentation group of our series was 6.8 ± 1.9°, comparable to the 9.4° loss in the series of Kim et al. [15]. Similarly, the correction loss in the posterior instrumentation group in the present study was 6.1 ± 1.3°, comparable to the 3.4° loss in the series of Güven et al. [12]. There are statistically significant differences between the postoperative average kyphosis angle and that at the last follow-up in our series, similar to the series of Lee et al. [16]. The difference between our study and that by Moon et al. [13] might be that the number of subjects in their study is small. The difference between our study and Benli et al. [9] may be that the conditions of our patients was more serious than theirs, and the small number of their patients might be another reason.

Conclusion

Good outcomes were obtained with all the surgical procedures performed in correction of the deformity and maintaining correction, clearance of the foci, decompression of the spinal cord and pain relief in the treatment of spinal TB in adults providing that the operative indication is accurately identified, although posterior instrumentation was superior to anterior instrumentation for correcting deformity and maintaining that correction.