Dear Editor,
We have read the article ‘Epicardial adipose tissue increased in patients with newly diagnosed subclinical hypothyroidism’ with great interest [1]. The authors speculated that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) might be increased in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) and it could relate to the development of cardiovascular disease in such patients due to higher levels of EAT in patients with SH than in controls. This may help explain the pathological mechanisms of thyroid dysfunctions related to coronary artery disease. Thanks to the authors for their contribution of the present study, which is successfully designed and documented.
The stages for treatment of SH are progression to overt hypothyroidism, poor quality of life related to nonspecific symptoms and suspected association with atherosclerosis. It is not known whether or not SH is related to risk for cardiovascular disease [2]. SH is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease events and coronary artery disease mortality in patients with high thyroid-stimulating hormone levels (≥10 mIU/l) [3]. Cardiovascular diseases are the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in developed countries worldwide [4]. The EAT measured by echocardiography has been known to be associated with metabolic syndrome. Several clinical studies have revealed that there is a correlation between the amount of EAT and coronary atherosclerosis. Additionally, although the relationship between fatty liver disease and EAT has been reported previously [5], Korkmaz et al. [1] did not mention this relationship between EAT and fatty liver disease. The main cause of morbidity and mortality in kidney disease patients has been established to be cardiovascular disease [6]. On the other hand, in kidney disease patients, EAT was positively correlated with atherosclerosis, arterial stiffness and the presence of coronary artery calcification [7]. We think that the results of the study would be stronger, if the authors had mentioned these factors including liver and kidney function tests.
Other atherosclerotic factors that affect EAT that the authors did not mention include alcohol consumption, hypothyroidism, impaired glucose tolerance and higher inflammatory status such as an inflammatory disease, cardiac syndrome X and infection [8]. In addition, antihypertensive therapy (such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers), statins and some medications such as used for weight loss and a medical history of drug addiction might affect EAT based on inflammation [9]. It would have been useful, if the authors had mentioned these factors.
Several studies have demonstrated that there has been a strong relationship between serum inflammatory markers and subclinical atherosclerosis [10]. So, EAT itself without other inflammatory markers may not provide information to clinicians about systemic inflammation. So, we think that it should be evaluated together with other serum inflammatory markers. We believe that these findings will enlighten further studies about EAT on SH.
References
- 1.Korkmaz L, Sahin S, Akyuz AR, et al. Epicardial adipose tissue increased in patients with newly diagnosed subclinical hypothyroidism. Med Princ Pract. 2013;22:42–46. doi: 10.1159/000340065. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Kebapcilar L, Akinci B, Bayraktar F, et al. Plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels in subclinical hypothyroidism. Med Princ Pract. 2007;16:432–436. doi: 10.1159/000107747. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Rodondi N, den Elzen WPJ, Bauer DC, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. JAMA. 2010;304:1365–1374. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1361. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Zubaid M, Rashed WA, Saad H, et al. Kuwait acute coronary syndromes registry: baseline characteristics, management practices and in-hospital outcomes of patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract. 2007;16:407–412. doi: 10.1159/000107732. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Lai Y-H, Yun C-H, Yang F-S, et al. Epicardial adipose tissue relating to anthropometrics, metabolic derangements and fatty liver disease independently contributes to serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein beyond body fat composition: a study validated with computed tomography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25:234–241. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.09.018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Román-García P, Rodríguez-García M, Cabezas-Rodríguez I, et al. Vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease: types, clinical impact and pathogenesis. Med Princ Pract. 2011;20:203–212. doi: 10.1159/000323434. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Turan MN, Gungor O, Asci G, et al. Epicardial adipose tissue volume and cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. Atherosclerosis. 2013;226:129–133. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.10.061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Demirkol S, Balta S, Unlu M, et al. Evaluation of the mean platelet volume in patients with cardiac syndrome X. Clinics. 2012;67:1019–1022. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2012(09)06. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Karaman M, Balta S, Ay SA, et al. The comparative effects of valsartan and amlodipine on vWf levels and N/L ratio in patients with newly diagnosed hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2013 doi: 10.3109/10641963.2012.758734. E-pub ahead of print. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Acikgoz N, Ermis N, Yagmur J, et al. Uric acid level and its association with carotid intima-media thickness in patients with cardiac syndrome X. Med Princ Pract. 2012;21:115–119. doi: 10.1159/000332583. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]