Abstract
Objectives
This study sought to (1) analyze the demographic profile of patients who completed combined orthodontic and surgical treatments at the Kuwait Ministry of Health dental clinics, (2) evaluate the source, type, amount and timing of preoperative patient information, (3) determine posttreatment patient satisfaction and (4) examine whether patient satisfaction is associated with preoperative information.
Subjects and Methods
Of the 145 patients who completed combined orthodontic and surgical treatments at least 6 months prior to the initiation of this study, 74 agreed to be interviewed by telephone by means of a structured survey including questions covering the study's objectives.
Results
The mean age of participants was 21.1 years; 52 (70.3%) were female and 22 (29.7%) were male. Of these 74 patients, 70 (94%) did not regret their decision to undergo orthognathic surgery and 62 (83.8%) would repeat the same treatment if it was needed. The majority of the respondents reported that the importance of treatment compliance had been explained very well prior to surgery, but that information about the associated functional and social problems was lacking. The orthodontist was the most prominent source of information before treatment began. As the presurgical orthodontic treatment phase progressed, the roles of the surgeon and orthodontist became more evenly distributed.
Conclusion
The patients who underwent orthognathic surgery were satisfied and generally well informed. However, information regarding surgical risks and functional discomforts was not adequate. Participants were more likely to be satisfied when they were provided with more information about discomfort and surgical risks.
Key Words: Orthognathic surgery, Adverse effects, Surgical risks, Pretreatment information, Patient satisfaction
Introduction
Several studies have shown that a high quality and quantity of information prior to treatment is needed to achieve a high level of satisfaction among patients seeking combined orthodontic and surgical treatments [1,2,3]. Ostler and Kiyak [1] indicated the importance of successful patient-practitioner communication and sufficient preoperative knowledge regarding surgical complications and outcomes. Bailey et al. [2] showed that including patients in the decision-making process increases their awareness and acceptance of the final results. Olson and Laskin [3] showed that dissatisfaction is more related to the quality of the information provided to the patient than the actual quality of the surgical outcome.
Several studies [4,5] have attempted to measure the relationship between the information provided about the side effects of actual surgery and posttreatment satisfaction. The following areas were identified: the most common cause of dissatisfaction was attributed to an insufficient amount of information concerning jaw fixation, the lack of knowledge about the areas subjected to postoperative nerve injury and inadequate explanation of the postoperative diet, swelling, pain and scarring [4]. Rittersma et al. [5] reported other reasons for dissatisfaction with the final outcome toinclude the lack of information on general anesthesia, the postoperative diet, weight loss, absence from work, loss of tooth sensitivity, possible damage to the dentition, swelling and pain.
The number of patients undergoing different types of orthognathic surgery in Kuwait is increasing, so the need exists for an objective evaluation of patient preparation prior to surgery. The relationship between the information provided to patients before surgery and patient satisfaction with the final outcome has not been evaluated in Kuwait. This study aimed to (1) analyze the demographic profiles of patients treated with combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgeries at the Kuwait Ministry of Health (MoH) dental clinics, (2) evaluate the source, type, amount and timing of preoperative patient information, (3) determine posttreatment patient satisfaction and (4) examine whether patient satisfaction was associated with preoperative information.
Materials and Methods
Prior to the initiation of the study, the MoH gave permission to collect data, while ethical approval was given by the Faculty of Dentistry Research Committee.
Participants
The Orthodontic Unit heads of the various specialist dental centers were approached, and they agreed to provide lists with the names and telephone numbers of all their patients who had undergone combined orthodontic and surgical malocclusion corrections. A total of 204 patients were identified at four specialist dental centers (Al-Amiri, Al-Farwaniya, Al-Adan and Bnaid Al-Gar). Fifty-seven of them were excluded from the list due to the presence of a congenital deformity, history of facial trauma or removal of an appliance <6 months previously. Of the remaining 147 patients, 74 agreed to participate in the study via a telephone interview. The interviews were conducted between 6 months and 10 years after appliance removal. Of the consenting patients, 66 had undergone surgery at three different major surgical centers in Kuwait (Al-Babtain, Al-Amiri and Al-Adan), with 4 being operated on in other hospitals. Only 4 of the surgeries had been performed abroad.
Data Collection
Information regarding gender, age at the time of surgery and appliance removal was collected from the patients’ confidential records. The remaining data were collected via individual telephone interviews using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions on socioeconomic status and level of education as well as where the surgery and orthodontic treatment had been conducted. Other questions covered the type of surgery, patients’ motivation, the source and timing of received information, details that had been provided concerning possible risks and discomforts, possible social and functional problems during the recovery period after orthognathic surgery and the importance of self-compliance after surgery. Questions regarding satisfaction with the final outcome were also included. The questionnaire was pilot-tested on a sample of 3 patients who had completed combined orthodontic and surgical treatments provided by the academic staff at the Faculty of Dentistry. Improvements were then made in order to enhance patients’ understanding of the words and terms used. Three orthodontists and two surgeons were consulted as to whether all relevant areas had been covered. Questions regarding smoking cessation and the use of elastics were added. The questionnaire addressed patient demographics, the type and timing of receiving general patient information, specific information concerning the risk of adverse effects, the need for patient compliance and patient satisfaction with the final outcome. The interviewers recorded the answers and treated the data confidentially. Each questionnaire received an identification code and the key connecting this code with a patient's name was kept in a locked file available only to the investigators.
Procedure
The interviewers were the two main investigators (Lateefa AlKharafi and Dalal AlHajery) who had designed the questionnaire and were conducting the study. Patients were called using the telephone numbers recorded on their charts. Three attempts were made to contact each participant. Thorough explanation of the study and its objectives was provided to those reached. Depending on the participant's preferred language, the Arabic or English version of the questionnaire was read over the phone to the patients and their responses were recorded. Each interview took 15-20 min to complete.
Data Analyses
The data were entered onto an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. The time periods were rounded to the nearest quarter of a year prior to entry. For each patient, the scores in each of the four categories related to general information, specific information concerning surgical risks, information with regard to social and functional problems and information concerning the importance of patient compliance; these were aggregated into one score. Similar aggregations were made for the scores related to actual versus expected outcomes and general satisfaction. If two thirds or more of the responses in any category were recorded as ‘very satisfied’ and one third or fewer responses were recorded as ‘fairly satisfied’, then the aggregated score was categorized as ‘very satisfied’. Similarly, if two thirds or more of the responses in any category were recorded as ‘unsatisfied’ and one third or less was recorded as ‘fairly satisfied’, then the score was aggregated as ‘unsatisfied’. The scores of the remaining patients were categorized as ‘fairly satisfied’. The final scores regarding recommendation of the procedure and patient willingness to repeat the procedure were aggregated and dichotomized as positive or negative using the same two-thirds cutoff point. Descriptive statistics were calculated including means and standard deviations for the continuous parameters and frequency distributions for the categorical variables. To test the association between the aggregated information scores and patient satisfaction, the χ2 test was used.
Results
Social Demographics
Fifty-two (70.3%) of the participants were female. At the time of surgery, the mean age was 21.1 ± 4.1 years, with 39 (52.7%) patients between 20 and 30 years old, 33 (44.6%) <20 years old and 2 (2.7%) >30 years old. Thirty (40.5%) and 26 (35.1%) participants came from families with monthly incomes of KWD 500-999 (USD 1,750-3,499) and KWD 1,000-2,000 (USD 3,500-7,000), respectively. There were 8 (10.8%) participants from families with monthly incomes of either KWD <500 or >2,000. Two participants chose not to disclose their family's monthly income. A total of 42 (56.8%) patients had a higher education (i.e. a bachelor's, master's or a doctoral degree), 17 (22.9%) had received a high school diploma and 15 (20.3%) had some high-school education.
Treatment Type and Duration
The two-jaw procedure (i.e. the maxillary Le Fort I and mandibular bilateral sagittal split osteotomies) was the most commonly performed surgery among the participants in the sample [46 (62.2%)]. This was followed by the single mandibular procedure in 22 (29.7%) participants and the maxillary procedure in 6 (8.1%). The total treatment duration varied from 3 months to 7 years with a mean of 2.99 ± 1.61 years. The mean duration of the postoperative orthodontic treatment was 0.78 ± 0.76 years and ranged from 0 months [4 (5.4%) patients] to 4 years [2 (2.7%) patients].
Motivation for Treatment
Thirty-four (45.9%) patients were self-motivated to undergo surgery, whereas 8 (10.8%) reacted to advice from family, friends or both. The decision was based on a recommendation from an orthodontist for 24 (32.4%) patients and from a surgeon and a general dentist for 4 (5.4%).
Patient Information
The timing and sources of information concerning the surgery and proposed treatment plan were provided to the patients in three phases: before, during and at the end of the presurgical orthodontic treatment. Although the orthodontist was the most prominent source of information before treatment initiation, later this was more evenly distributed between the orthodontist and surgeon. The role of the surgeon as the information provider became more prevalent at the end of presurgical orthodontic treatment; however, the surgeon was rarely the only source of such information.
General Information. The general information is summarized in table 1. Patients reported having been best informed about the significance of patient compliance followed by the notification that orthodontics would be needed before and after surgery. The possibility of surgical, orthodontic or both types of relapse was the information received the least.
Table 1.
Responses to questions regarding the general information received
| Cannot recall, n (%) | No, n (%) | Fairly well, n (%) | Very well, n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Need for orthodontics before and after surgery | – | 12 (16.2) | 14 (18.9) | 48 (64.9) |
| Possible treatment alternatives and outcome differences | – | 43 (58.1) | 7 (9.5) | 24 (32.4) |
| Possible surgical risks and postoperative discomfort | 1 (1.4) | 19 (25.7) | 17 (23) | 37 (50) |
| Possible surgical, orthodontic or both types of relapse | 5 (6.8) | 47 (63.5) | 7 (9.5) | 15 (20.3) |
| Possible long-term iatrogenic surgery effects | 2 (2.7) | 32 (43.2) | 6 (8.1) | 34 (45.9) |
| Significance of self-compliance | 3 (4.1) | 9 (12.2) | 7 (9.5) | 55 (74.3) |
Information on Surgical Risks. Four (5.4%) patients were informed about the possibility of damage to their permanent dentition. In addition, participants were not well informed about the risks associated with the actual surgical procedures, including general anesthesia, bleeding and infection (table 2). Similarly, they were not adequately informed about the surgical risks associated with the combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgeries.
Table 2.
Responses to questions regarding the specific information received
| Cannot recall, n (%) | No, n (%) | Fairly well, n (%) | Very well, n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risks and discomforts associated with orthognathic surgery | ||||
| General anesthesia | 3 (4.1) | 52 (70.3) | 7 (9.5) | 12 (16.2) |
| Bleeding | 3 (4.1) | 51 (68.9) | 13 (17.6) | 7 (9.5) |
| Infections | 2 (2.7) | 50 (67.6) | 7 (9.5) | 15 (20.3) |
| Permanent loss of sensibility in lips and gingiva | 2 (2.7) | 30 (40.5) | 5 (6.8) | 37 (50) |
| Temporary loss of sensibility in lips and gingiva | 1 (1.4) | 19 (25.7) | 3 (4.1) | 51 (68.9) |
| Permanent damage to dentition | – | 70 (94.6) | – | 4 (5.4) |
| Postoperative swelling | 1 (1.4) | 11 (14.9) | 5 (6.8) | 57 (77) |
| Postoperative pain | 1 (1.4) | 17 (23) | 9 (12.2) | 47 (63.5) |
| Postoperative restriction in jaw movements | 4 (5.4) | 18 (24.3) | 9 (12.2) | 43 (58) |
| Functional problems during the recovery period after orthognathic surgery | ||||
| Eating and type of diet | 1 (1.4) | 8 (10.8) | 6 (8.1) | 59 (79.9) |
| Loss of appetite | 1 (1.4) | 53 (71.6) | 4 (5.4) | 16 (21.6) |
| Temporomandibular joint problems | 1 (1.4) | 53 (71.6) | 5 (6.8) | 13 (17.6) |
| Social problems during the recovery period after orthognathic surgery | ||||
| Performance at work or school | 1 (1.4) | 47 (63.5) | 7 (9.5) | 19 (25.7) |
| Discomfort in public situations | – | 59 (79.7) | 5 (6.8) | 10 (13.5) |
| Depression or possible altered mental status | – | 54 (73) | 9 (12.2) | 11 (14.9) |
| Interaction with friends and relatives | 1 (1.4) | 65 (87.8) | 3 (4.1) | 5 (6.8) |
| Importance of self-compliance after surgery | ||||
| Oral hygiene | – | 5 (6.8) | 4 (5.4) | 65 (87.8) |
| Jaw, lip or both types of exercise | 1 (1.4) | 13 (17.6) | 1 (1.4) | 59 (79.7) |
| Use of elastics | 5 (6.8) | 25 (33.8) | 5 (6.8) | 39 (52.7) |
| Smoking cessation (if a smoker) | – | 49 (66.2) | – | 25 (33.7) |
Information Concerning Possible Functional and Social Problems. Participants reported that the possibility of experiencing eating difficulties was well explained to them prior to surgery; however, functional problems such as loss of appetite and temporomandibular joint problems were not well explained (table 2). The least well-informed aspect of preoperative information was with regard to two of the three functional problems, i.e. loss of appetite and temporomandibular joint problems, and all the social problems.
Information Concerning the Need for Compliance. The information in this category on oral hygiene and exercising was reported as being excellent. However, information about the use of elastics and smoking cessation was not as frequently provided.
Patient Satisfaction
Patient satisfaction with the final treatment result, in terms of function and social effects, is summarized in table 3. Seventy participants (96.4%) did not regret their decision to undergo combined orthodontic and surgical treatments, and 66 (89.2%) would recommend the treatment to a friend or family member with similar needs. Sixty-two (83.8%) said they would repeat the same treatment if needed (table 4).
Table 3.
Responses to questions concerning patient satisfaction
| Very satisfied, n (%) | Fairly satisfied, n (%) | Not satisfied, n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Facial appearance | 54 (73) | 17 (23) | 3 (4.1) |
| Jaw joint function | 53 (71.6) | 18 (24.3) | 3 (4.1) |
| Chewing capacity and eating | 59 (79.7) | 14 (18.9) | 1 (1.4) |
| Speech and articulation of sounds | 62 (83.8) | 11 (14.9) | 1 (1.4) |
| Dental appearance | 60 (81.1) | 7 (9.5) | 7 (9.5) |
| Self-confidence level | 64 (86.5) | 9 (12.2) | 1 (1.4) |
| Ability to form relationships | 68 (91.9) | 6 (8.1) | – |
| Overall satisfaction with orthodontist | 66 (89.2) | 6 (8.1) | 2 (2.7) |
| Overall satisfaction with surgeon | 63 (85.1) | 9 (12.2) | 2 (2.7) |
Table 4.
Summary of responses to questions concerning overall satisfaction: comparison to previous findings
| Our study | Zhou et al. [6] | Cunninghamet al. [7] | Garvill et al. [8] | Laufer et al. [9] | Finlay et al. [4] | Nurminen et al. [10] | Rittersma et al. [5] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Do you regret your orthodontic/surgical experience? | Yes | 5.4% | 8% | – | – | – | – | 2.7% | |
| No | 96.4% | 84% | 85.4% | ||||||
| Would you recommend a similar treatment to others? | Yes | 89.2% | – | 76.5% | – | – | 89% | – | 79.0% |
| No | 10.8% | 7.3% | |||||||
| Would you have the surgery again? | Yes | 83.8% | 81% | 76.5% | 78% | 77% | 60.7% | ||
| No | 16.2% | 12% | 16% | 3.6% | |||||
Expectation of Discomfort. Fifty-two (70.3%) of the participants found the postoperative swelling to be less problematic than they had expected. Forty-seven (63.5%) also found pain to be less severe than they had expected (table 5).
Table 5.
Responses to questions concerning outcomes relative to pretreatment expectations
| As expected, n (%) | Worse than expected, n (%) | Better than expected, n (%) | Total, n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postoperative pain | 15 (20.3) | 18 (24.3) | 41 (55.4) | 74 (100) |
| Postoperative numbness | 21 (28.4) | 6 (8.1) | 47 (63.5) | 74 (100) |
| Postoperative swelling | 17 (23) | 5 (6.7) | 52 (70.3) | 74 (100) |
| Overall satisfaction | 28 (37.8) | 13 (17.6) | 33 (44.6) | 74 (100) |
Associations. Socioeconomic status was negatively associated with patient satisfaction (p = 0.008); patients of higher socioeconomic status were less likely to be satisfied. The positive correlations of the type of information provided presurgically and treatment satisfaction postsurgically are given in table 6.
Table 6.
Positive correlations of the type of information provided presurgically and treatment satisfaction postsurgically
| Presurgical information type | Postsurgical treatment satisfaction | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Surgical risks | Overall satisfaction | 0.040 |
| Surgical risks and postoperative discomfort | Satisfaction with the surgeon | 0.031 |
| Surgical risks and postoperative discomfort | Increased likelihood that the perceived discomfort was as expected | 0.017 |
| Phases of orthodontics | Satisfaction with the orthodontist | 0.028 |
Discussion
The finding of this study that the majority of patients who sought combined orthodontic and surgical treatments were female confirmed that of previous studies [3,8,10,11,12,13,14,15]. A probable explanation could be related to the fact that women are more concerned with appearance [16] than men. The age of participants in this sample at the time of surgery suggests that in Kuwait, few patients >30 years of age undergo combined orthodontic and surgical corrections, contrary to previous studies [1,11,14]. The age limit of 30 years in this study could indicate that patients >30 years of age are discouraged from undergoing necessary orthognathic surgery for malocclusion correction in Kuwait.
The higher the family income, the higher the chances that orthodontic treatment would be received [17]. The results of this study suggest that most patients who undergo orthognathic treatment in Kuwait are of a middle socioeconomic status. This finding might be related to the fact that such treatment is provided free of charge to Kuwaiti patients at MoH dental clinics. In this study, socioeconomic status was negatively associated with patient satisfaction (p = 0.008). Patients of high socioeconomic status have the resources to seek multiple medical/dental opinions and have access to the Internet, where only successful cases are published. These resources might yield unrealistic expectations, thereby leading to lower levels of satisfaction. We had a higher proportion of highly educated participants than previous studies. Only 20% of the participants had less than a high school education; Stirling et al. [13] reported twice this number. Although tertiary education in Kuwait is free and the percentage of the population receiving it is slightly higher than the regional average, the education levels in our study were lower than those in the population reported on by Stirling et al. [13] and two statistical reports [18,19]. The reason for this finding might be that people with a higher education openly accept undergoing orthognathic surgery in Kuwait since they can read more about it and know how it can affect their lives positively.
Our findings suggest that the risks of the surgical procedures and the possibility of postoperative problems should be better explained; this was particularly evident with regard to the social aspects. This finding might reflect the fact that the surgeons are typically less involved in patient communication before and during the preoperative orthodontic stages and tend to become more involved at the end of the preoperative orthodontic treatment. These findings suggest that changes in this routine might be advantageous for patients. Regular meetings between the surgeon and orthodontist during the preoperative stage might lead to improved communication among the orthodontist, surgeon and patient.
In our study, only 4 (5.4%) patients were advised by their general dentist to seek combined orthodontic and surgical treatments. On the other hand, Modig et al. [20] reported that approximately 70% of the patients were advised by their general dentist to undergo combined orthodontic and surgical treatments for malocclusion correction. The general dentist is the primary caregiver in Kuwait who refers patients when specialist care is needed. The better the general dentist is educated about major skeletal malocclusions, the better he or she can assume the major role of directing patients to the orthodontist.
Our results showed that many participants were satisfied with their postsurgical results. Table 4 shows varying results across previous studies. Consistent with other research [8,13], our study revealed that increased information concerning discomfort and surgical risks increased the level of patient satisfaction.
No systematic group differences in patient demographics were detected between the 74 consenting patients and the 71 patients who either refused to participate or could not be reached, which ensures that our sample represented the patient pool.
Limitations
The fact that certain patients underwent surgery a long time ago is a weakness of all retrospective studies. Therefore, possible biases due to the lack of accurate patient memory when conducting the interviews cannot be ruled out. Retrospective studies do not allow satisfaction comparisons before and after surgery; thus, conclusions drawn based on the level of satisfaction measured only after surgery should be treated with caution. Another limitation is related to the fact that the study relied on information from patients with available chart records. Therefore, selection and detection biases due to the lack of documentation regarding unsuccessful patients cannot be ruled out. Prospective studies are encouraged. The material is limited to MoH clinics because at the time of data collection, only MoH clinics provided that kind of treatment. The small number of respondents was a representation of how uncommon the treatment was. However, in the last decade, orthognathic surgery has also been carried out at Kuwait University and in private hospitals. New data will become available to conduct similar research on a wider scale. Another limitation would be that none of the respondents reported being unsatisfied after recategorizing the outcome satisfaction response scores.
Conclusions
In general, patients undergoing orthognathic surgery in Kuwait are satisfied and well informed; however, information concerning surgical risks and functional discomfort can be improved. Participants were more likely to be satisfied when they were provided information concerning discomfort and surgical risks. Our findings might be of significance for the establishment of appropriate protocols for how and when to inform patients who are likely to benefit from combined orthodontic and surgical malocclusion corrections. General dentists should be further educated to diagnose major skeletal malocclusions and be able to assume the important role of referring patients to the orthodontist.
Acknowledgements
We thank Prof. Jon Artun, Dr. Rashed Al-Azmi, Dr. Ashraf Mokhtar, Dr. Emad Al-Nejada, Dr. Petr Schutz and Prof. Mohammad Al-Massri for providing information and assisting us at various stages of this study.
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