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. 2017 Jul 25;9(7):4820–4827. doi: 10.19082/4820

Correlation between social support, self-efficacy and health-promoting behavior in hemodialysis patients hospitalized in Karaj in 2015

Mahmoud Kiajamali 1, Meimanat Hosseini 2,✉, Fatemeh Estebsari 3, Maliheh Nasiri 4, Tahereh Ashktorab 5, Amirhossein Abdi 6, Aazam Mahmoudi 6, Atefe Salimi Akin Abadi 7
PMCID: PMC5586999  PMID: 28894541

Abstract

Background

In hemodialysis, as a choice of treatment due to long treatment duration, the patient encounters limitations. Perceived social support, perceived self-efficacy and health promoting activities are important strategies to facilitate and maintain their health.

Aim

To determine the correlation between social support, self-efficacy and health promoting behaviors in hemodialysis patients hospitalized in Karaj city in 2015.

Methods

This cross-sectional descriptive correlational study was carried out on 200 hemodialysis patients who were selected from four hospitals in Karaj based on cluster sampling. Data were collected using these methods: “General Questionnaire”, “Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale”, “Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale” and “Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile 2”. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 22 and the EQS 6.1. Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis test, spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data. To determine the relation between perceived self-efficacy, perceived social support and health promoting behavior, structural equation modeling was applied.

Results

Self-efficacy has a significant positive correlation with social support (r=0.592, p<0.001) and significant negative correlation with health-promoting behaviors (r=−0.709, p<0.001), and social support has a significant negative correlation with health-promoting behaviors (r=−0.709, p<0.001). Also, results showed that perceived self-efficacy had a greater role than perceived social support in explaining health-promoting behaviors.

Conclusion

The relationship between health promoting behaviors, self-efficacy and social support reveals a necessity for Community Health Nursing planners, matrons and hospital managers and nurses to pay more attention to the needs of patients under hemodialysis. It is recommended that due to some unexpected findings in this study, further studies shall be fulfilled on the factors effective on the discussed variables.

Keywords: Social support, Self-efficacy, Health promoting behaviors, Patient, Hemodialysis

1. Introduction

Previously, chronic kidney disease (CKD) was merely a health issue, however, now it has developed into a global problem and threat (1). End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) can be defined by the requirement for life-saving dialysis or kidney transplantation. Worldwide, the number receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT) is estimated at more than 1.4 million, with incidence growing by approximately 8% annually. Worldwide, the number of patients with ESKD at the end of 2014 was estimated at around 3,346,000 people. By the year 2014, 2.358 million people in 36,000 dialysis centers worldwide had been treated. In Iran 25,934 ESKD patients had been treated with hemodialysis by the end of 2014. Medical and economic care in CKD is challenging. Hemodialysis annual growth is three percent in America and seven percent in Iran and the world average is 6.5% (2). The main treatment of chronic kidney disease is kidney transplant (3). This method has been the most expensive replacing treatment for a long time in Iran and all over the world since its annual expense is estimated to be 50,000 dollars in Europe, 23,000 dollars in Turkey and 10,000 dollars in Iran (1). The patients suffering from chronic kidney disorder under hemodialysis encounter limitation in daily activities, dependency to others, financial stresses, family problems, changes in life, mental image and dimensions of self-confidence. Due to long term treatment and occurrence of so many problems for the patients, attention of family members and friends is gradually decreased (4). Social support focuses on quality of relationships and Solidarity between individuals (5) and this is an experience that makes person believe that he is a valuable person in communicating and establishing a two-way relationship with others in a social network (6). Observations resulting from various studies demonstrate that social support plays a significant role in preserving people’s health and will have a direct influence on decreasing negative effects of various stresses from environment and society, and consequently, on quality of life. By increasing the amount of social support, quantity of fatality is decreased and physical and psychological disorders are reduced (7). Conclusions obtained from studies by Aure’LieUntas et al., carried out on 32,332 patients under hemodialysis in 12 countries from 1996 to 2008 show that low level of social support in patients under hemodialysis causes an increase in fatality and decrease in life style, and patients seldom regard their regimen (8). Meanwhile, patients suffering from kidney disorder who are under hemodialysis treatment require a modification in their life style and self-sufficiency in the area of regimen. Self-sufficiency perception may intensify self-care activities and improve obedience to their regimen (4). Bandura believes that a person with low self-sufficiency may rarely make any effort to fulfill a new health behavior or to alter a behavior which they are used to (9). Self-efficacy is a person’s belief about his or her ability and capacity to accomplish a task or to deal with the challenges of life (10). It is also referred to as personal efficacy, and is the extent or strength of one’s belief in one’s own ability to complete tasks and reach goals (9). Self-efficacy is related to feeling self-esteem, self-worth, and a sense of efficacy in life (10). Self-sufficiency can influence all aspects of life (11). Paying attention to health hazards together with personal life style are registered well in texts; and it is completely specified that health promoting activities and benefitting a safe life style are the significant strategies to facilitate and maintain health (12) and health care (13). Health-promoting behaviors are behaviors or actions that people carry out because they tend to improve their health status (14) and include responsibility for health, physical activity, nutritional behavior, sublimity of the soul (spiritual growth), interpersonal relationship and stress management (15). Health promotion leads to a significant decrease in expenses of health care in subsequent years (16). Health promotion has a vital role in increasing general policies of health and health-supporting environments, in increasing positive social conditions and individual skills and promoting safe living methods (17). Nowadays, there is a great emphasis on promoting health levels, welfare and self-care. Hence, predictions of the WHO demonstrate that 70 to 80 % of mortality in developed countries and 40 to 50 % of mortality in developing countries are due to diseases related to lifestyle. Because of the significance of this issue, in 2000, the WHO focused on healthy lifestyle, and furthermore, keeping and improving behaviors of healthy lifestyle was the most important objective of the organization.(18). Much research in Iran and other countries in the area of social support and self-efficacy in patients receiving hemodialysis are implemented (2, 4, 8, 10, 11, 18–22). In the field of self-efficiency; however, no study has been fulfilled regarding health promoting behaviors in patients receiving hemodialysis and/or its relation with self-efficacy and social support in these patients. Considering the ever-increasing escalation of patients receiving hemodialysis and their problems, it is required to have studies on perception of patients regarding social support, self-efficacy and health promoting behavior and reviewing effective elements on this perception. Therefore, the present study is performed in order to determine correlation of social support, self-efficacy and health promoting behaviors in patients under hemodialysis in hospitals in Karaj in 2015.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Research design and selection criteria

This study was a cross-sectional descriptive correlational study. Sample size were determined as 165 based on the previous study (23) and assuming r=0.25, α=0.05 and β=0.10. However, the final sample size was considered as 200 individuals concerning the percent of non- response (20%). 200 hemodialysis patients were selected from 4 hospitals in Karaj through cluster sampling method. This method is used for the study of populations in areas of broad geographic range (24). After certifying proposal, and receiving sampling license, four hospitals, which included 3 public hospitals and one hospital affiliated to Social Security Organization (clusters) among the eight centers, were selected based on having a dialysis ward and through geographic status. Then one of the researchers attended hospitals and introduced himself and the objectives of study, in coordination with directors of hospitals, and in two consecutive days per week at morning, evening and night shifts in the dialysis ward, he took action to present required descriptions about research and its goals while emphasizing on confidentiality of responses, and gained written letters of consent, and filled and collected the instruments through interview while the patients were connected to dialysis device. Inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) Being an Iranian national, 2) At least 18-year-old, 3) It was at least one year since their first dialysis, 4) According to the medical profiles, they had no other disease, except the illnesses which lead to dialysis (blood pressure and diabetes), 5) They were aware of time and location and able to reply to the presented questions of the research, 6) They gave their consent to participate in the study, 7) They were able to speak Persian and they had fistula. Exclusion criterion was incomplete filling of the instruments.

2.2. Instrument

Data collection instruments in this research included the following:

2.2.1. “General Questionnaire” (17 questions)

In the general questionnaire, the variables of gender, age, education, marital status, employment, domicile, number of children, number of people living with the patient, income, age at first dialysis, duration of suffering from chronic disease of kidney, duration of performing hemodialysis, leading factor to hemodialysis, existence of other people under hemodialysis in the family of patient, receiving care from another person and the amount of independency of the patient were considered as interfering variables.

2.2.2. “Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale”(12 items, 7-option)

Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale has 12 items 7-options, and score shall be 12 and 84 in this scale, as minimum and maximum scores, respectively (25). According to the suggestion of the questionnaire planner in the present research, to maintain weight of items, an average of scores was used. Therefore, minimum and maximum averages of scores of scale are considered 1 and 7, respectively. Meanwhile, this scale has two subscales of adaptive self-efficacy and confronting self-efficacy.

2.2.3. “Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale” (14 items, 7-options)

This scale has 14 items 7-options of Likert from 1 to 7 scores for each item (completely agreed=7 to completely disagreed=1), with minimum score of 14 and maximum score of 98 which was designed by Hosseini, and obtaining higher score shows higher perceived support (25). Based on the suggestion of the planner of the scale, to preserve weight of scale items, average of scores (1 to 7) were used. Also, this scale has three subscales of support of family and authorities, support of relatives and support of friends.

2.2.4. “Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile 2” (including 52 items, 4-options)

Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile 2 was designed to review health promoting behaviors. These behaviors include spiritual growth, health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, interpersonal relationship and stress management. This scale was designed by Walker et al. (26) with minimum 52 and maximum 208 scores.

2.3. Validity and reliability

Validity of “general questionnaire” was specified qualitatively and validity of “Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale” and “Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale” was determined through two quantitative (content validity index and content validity ratio) and qualitative (written or oral comment) methods (25), and its amounts were reported properly. Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile 2” which was used to assess health promoting behaviors of samples, was also translated and its psychometric properties were assessed; and its extent was reported to be appropriate (27). Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.72 and 0.76 for “Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale” and “Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale” respectively. In the present study Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.75 for Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile 2.

2.4. Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed by SPSS, version 22 and the EQS 6.1. To analyze data descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and percent frequency) and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, parametric statistical tests (t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient), nonparametric tests (Man-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation coefficient) was performed. In order to determine the fit model, self-efficacy and perceived social support and health promoting behaviors structural equation model was used.

2.5. Ethics of research

All of the subjects were informed regarding the details of the study and they signed a written informed consent. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nursing and Midwifery School of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences with the registration number of SBMU2.REC.1394.50 in 2015.

3. Results

Results of this study concerning demographic characteristics of the samples, demonstrated that out of 200 participating patients in the study, 55.50% of them were male. Their age average was 58.92 years and standard deviation was 11.156. In total, 37.50% of the patients were aged between 56 to 65 years old. Furthermore, 31.50% of the patients were illiterate, 81.00% were married and 41.50% were housewives. A total of 98.50% of the patients lived in the city and 45.00% had 4–6 children. Also, 93.50% of the patients lived in families with 1 to 5 other members. Of all the patients, 75.00 % of them had no sufficient monthly income and 81.00% of the patients had been under hemodialysis after 46 years of age. It was from one to ten years that most of them (89.50%) had experienced chronic disease of the kidney and 76.00% of them had been under hemodialysis from one to five years. Furthermore, 47.5% of patients suffered from both hypertension and diabetes, 99.00% of them had no other family member under hemodialysis, 89.00% of the patients were under care of another person and 47.00% of them were relatively independent. Some of the characteristics of the research samples are presented in Table 1. Concerning relationship of quantitative demographic variables with main variables of research which are observed in Table 2, age has a positive correlation with self-efficacy and perceived social support, and has a significant negative correlation with health promoting behaviors (p>0.01). Duration of infection to a chronic disease of kidney has a positive correlation with health promoting behaviors, and negative correlation with perceived social support and perceived self-efficacy. Statistically, there is only a significant relationship between perceived self-efficacy and duration of infection to chronic disease of kidney (p>0.01). Education status has a negative correlation with self-efficacy and social support, and significant positive correlation with health promoting behaviors (p>0.01). The number of children has a positive correlation with self-efficacy and social support and a negative correlation with health promoting behaviors, which seems to be statistically significant (p>0.01). The number of people living with the patient has a negative correlation with self-efficacy and social support and a negative correlation with health promoting behaviors, which could be statistically significant in social support (p>0.05). Age at first hemodialysis has a positive correlation with self-efficacy and social support and a negative correlation with health promoting behaviors (p>0.01). Income amount has a positive correlation with self-efficacy and social support and a negative correlation with health promoting behaviors (p>0.01).

Table 1.

Distribution of frequency of personal characteristics of units under study

Variables n (%)
Gender Female 89 (44.50)
Male 111 (55.50)
Marital Status Married 162 (81.00)
Single 38 (19.00)
Age Group (year) ≥ 45 26 (13.00)
46–55 46 (23.00)
56–65 75 (37.50)
66–75 42 (21.00)
<75 11 (3.50)
Working Condition Housewife 83 (41.50)
Worker 5 (2.50)
Employee 3 (1.50)
Self-Employed 12 (6.00)
Unemployed 35 (17.50)
Retired 62 (31.00)
Education Illiterate 63 (31.50)
Primary School 52 (26.00)
Guidance School 36 (18.00)
Secondary School 36 (18.00)
Academic studies 7 (3.50)
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Table 2.

Spearman correlation coefficient of Perceived Self-Efficiency, Perceived Social Support and Health Promoting Behaviors with Demographic Quantitative Variables in Research Samples

Variable Perceived Self-Efficiency Perceived Social Support Health Promoting Behaviors
Age *0.579 *0.453 *−0.522
Disease duration **0.074 −0.004 −0.087
Education *−0.329 *−0.186 *0.331
Number of children **0.357 **−0.305 **−0.394
Number of people living with patient −0.98 *−0.0157 0.088
Age at first hemodialysis **0.565 **0.445 **−0.507
Income level **0.254 **0.286 **−0.043
Hemodialysis duration *0.162 0.102 *−0.154
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*

Correlation is significant at 0.05,

**

Correlation is significant at 0.01

Duration of performing hemodialysis has a positive correlation with self-efficacy and social support and a negative correlation with health promoting behaviors that self-efficacy and health promoting behaviors are meaningful statistically (p>0.05). Concerning the relation of main variables with each other in this research, as it is seen in Table 3, using the Spearman test, perceived self-efficacy has a positive and significant correlation with perceived social support and has a negative significant correlation with health promoting behaviors, and perceived social support has a negative significant correlation with health promoting behaviors (p>0.01). As can be observed in Figure 1, through explaining health promoting behaviors, perceived self-efficacy had a more significant role comparing perceived social support. Meanwhile, subscale of contrasting self-efficacy could determine health promoting behaviors more than adaptive self-efficacy, and support of friends had the least role in specifying health promoting behaviors.

Table 3.

Correlation between Perceived Self-efficacy, Perceived Social Support and Health Promoting Behaviors

Variable Perceived Self-Efficacy Perceived Social Support Health Promoting Behavior
Perceived Self-Efficacy 1
Perceived Social Support **0.592 1
Health Promoting Behavior **−0.709 **−0.709 1
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**

Correlation is significant at 0.01

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Determining measuring model of perceived self-efficacy, perceived social support and health promoting behaviors in research samples. CFI =0.97, GFI =0.86, NFI =0.96, RMSEA=0.13. Note: Standardized coefficients are among 1 and −1, these values are closer to 1 or −1, stronger correlation and relationship. If RMSEA index is closer to zero, and the rest of the indexes are closer to 1, it shows better and more appropriate fitness of the model.

4. Discussion

Results of this study specified relationship of self-efficacy, social support and health promoting behaviors with each other and with demographic variables in patients receiving hemodialysis under study. Concerning correlation of self-efficacy, social support and health promoting behavior, results show that self-efficacy has a positive and significant correlation with social support and has a negative significant correlation with health promoting behaviors, and social support has negative significant correlation with health promoting behaviors. In a study about health promoting behaviors in Thai people suffering from Chronic Disease of Kidney, there was a positive relation between perceived self-efficacy and social support and health promoting behaviors, and among all independent variables and health promoting behaviors, the strongest correlation was between perceived self-efficacy and health promoting behaviors (28). According to the implemented studies concerning social support and self-efficacy in patients under hemodialysis, these two variables have a positive relation with each other in the present study, however, it has a significant negative relation with health promoting behaviors, on the contrary to the study executed by Polsingchan, in which social support had a significant positive relation with health promoting behaviors (28); and it can be interpreted that higher self-efficacy and social support of patients, can imply less necessity for health promotion However, according to the researchers, considering the questions about scales, it seems that patients’ answers to questionnaires of perceived social support and perceived self-efficacy are subjective and propagandist and idealistic, and patients may reply to some questions based on their thoughts and prejudices and expectations, and they can never encounter them objectively. In other words, patients may perceive ideal and not real and existing situations. But questions of the questionnaire about health promoting behaviors were more realistic, objective, tangible and functional, and are connected to the daily life of the patient, and considering the physical and mental status of such patients, who are considered as special patients, answers seem to be logical and believable. Furthermore, through determining correlation coefficients between social support, self-efficacy and health promoting behaviors in the patients receiving hemodialysis at hospitals, demonstrated that variable of perceived self-efficacy had a more significant role in specifying health promoting behaviors proportional with perceived social support. Also, contrasting self-efficacy can influence health promoting behaviors more than adaptive self-efficacy, and support of friends had the least role in determining health promoting behaviors. No similar study has been found in this area. Findings of the present study show that health promoting behaviors were perceived moderately by 68.0 % of patients, self-efficacy by 39.5 %, and social support by 45.00 % of patients. Zamanzadeh et al. expressed that concerning aspect of social support, studies show that 49.4 % of the units under study had undesired social support and 50.60 % of them had desired social support (7). Differences in findings may be related to method of classification of scores, that they were divided into 4 groups but in the present study, separated into 2 groups. Results of studies performed in the area of social support in the patients with chronic disease demonstrated that about one third of samples reported low social support (29). These studies were carried out in Switzerland which shows more desirable emotional support compared with the present study, and it seems that the reason for higher emotional support in the said research may be due to consistent and effective support of that country, governmental plans, better welfare situation of patients, their access to more facilities and conveniences during their illness. Results of the Zamanzadeh et al. study in this area showed that the family gives the most support to patients, while welfare organizations which support patients can never attract patients’ consent and support them (7). Findings about self-efficacy in patients under hemodialysis demonstrated that 71.4 % of samples had a moderate self-efficacy level (11). This result is in line with the present study, so that identical to the present study, self-efficacy of the majority of patients was moderate. In the study about determining general status of social support 59.5 % of patients received undesirable social support (8). The outcome of other studies also gained the same results as these results (7, 30, 31). Contrary to this, in the study, social support was perfect in 82.1% of patients (32); also in the study of Mollaoglu most of the patients benefitted from desirable social support (33). This difference of the findings with the present study can be related to the classification method of scores which are divided into 4 groups in the present study and into 2 groups in the said studies. Haririan et al. cited from Melisa et al. that there is a direct relation between low social support and mortality of the patients receiving hemodialysis, so that decrease in social support may lead to increase in mortality of patients under hemodialysis up to 10% (8). Considering the present study, it can be observed that there is a similar relation between social support and self-efficacy in the patients receiving hemodialysis, no other study was observed concerning the relation of these two variables in the patients under hemodialysis. No research was found concerning health promoting behaviors in the patients under hemodialysis. In this regard, Polsingchan writes: “Study on health promoting behavior on the patients suffering from chronic disease of kidney and the patients receiving hemodialysis are so low, that more research is required to be executed to expand our knowledge about health promoting behavior and its relevant elements; such studies can present information concerning perception of health promoting behaviors (28). Moreover, the research can be a basis for the development of interventional methods to assist people suffering from chronic disease of kidney and to help the studies related to health and treatment activities and to facilitate health promoting behaviors for people suffering from chronic disease of kidney. Furthermore, such research can present an intercultural test of health promoting behaviors which may cause improvement at its declarative value in describing the behaviors related to health in all cultures, and finally, increase in predictions can lead to a comprehensive theory with a special cultural structure.

5. Research Limitations

Spiritual and mental status of patients during completion of the questionnaire was out of the researcher’s control, and it was also probable that samples under study avoided reflecting their true feelings in replying to questions, thus by describing that content of questionnaire was completely confidential, and there was no need to pronounce name and surname, this case was somehow controlled. Also, with the amount of questions being so many, patients may have become bored or disinterested, thus the questionnaire was completed by a researcher through interview. Influence of the presence of the researcher and completion of the relevant instruments by the researcher which may lead to presenting community-oriented replies or shame or prudency in answers were among other inevitable limitations of this study; specifically considering the fact that there were so many illiterate and low-literacy people in the samples of the research.

6. Conclusions

Considering the findings of the present study, and regarding the role of health promoting behaviors, self-efficacy and social support in patients under hemodialysis which impact on treatment procedure and quality of life of these patients, it seems that educational intervention is required based on theories of change in behavior and also presenting training of life skills and ability of compatibility, along with training of key concepts of self-efficacy and social support and their perception in order to empower patients (theoretically and functionally).

Acknowledgments

The present article is the result of a final thesis advised by Dr. Meimanat Hosseini and the research project ratified by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences under code of SBMU 2. Rec. 1394.50. Finally, we hereby take the opportunity to express our gratitude to all instructors and bodies who assisted us in the performance of the present study, particularly authorities of the hospitals under study and the valued patients who participated in this research.

Footnotes

iThenticate screening: March 25, 2017, English editing: June 12, 2017, Quality control: July 01, 2017

Conflict of Interest:

There is no conflict of interest to be declared.

Authors’ contributions:

All authors contributed to this project and article equally. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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