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Oncology Letters logoLink to Oncology Letters
. 2017 Jun 30;14(3):2831–2837. doi: 10.3892/ol.2017.6492

Long non-coding RNA Igf2as controls hepatocellular carcinoma progression through the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway

Han Bao 1,*, Chun-Guang Guo 2,*, Peng-Cheng Qiu 1, Xin-Lei Zhang 1, Qi Dong 3, Yu-Kun Wang 1,✉
PMCID: PMC5588175  PMID: 28928822

Abstract

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve an important role in numerous human diseases, including cancer. Abnormal expression of lncRNAs has been associated with a number of tumor types; however, the underlying mechanisms through which lncRNA functions have yet to be elucidated. The present study primarily focuses on insulin-like growth factor 2 antisense 1 (Igf2as), a lncRNA reported to be differentially expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to determine the level of Igf2as in HCC cells and tissues. Flow cytometry was used to determine the level of cell apoptosis following Igf2as suppression and western blot analysis was used to identify altered protein expression levels. The results demonstrated that Igf2as was upregulated in HCC cells and tissues, and that the inhibition of Igf2as using a targeted small interfering RNA (si-Igf2as), significantly decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Western blot analysis identified that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) signaling pathway was inhibited in cells transfected with si-Igf2as. In addition, cell migration was markedly reduced by the knockdown of Igf2as. These results suggest that lncRNA Igf2as may control hepatocellular progression primarily through the regulation of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.

Keywords: Igf2as, hepatocellular carcinoma, extracellular signal-regulated kinases/mitogen-activated protein kinase, cell proliferation

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies globally (1). In China, it is a major cause of adult mortalities (2). It has been reported that hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol abuse are the primary contributors to HCC (3). In the majority of circumstances, the treatment that is most likely to be curative is a liver transplant following surgical tumor resection. However, the frequency of tumor metastasis and recurrence are important risk factors in the long-term survival of patients with HCC (4). Therefore, it is important to investigate the specific mechanisms underlying the pathology of HCC.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been established to be important for tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, angiogenesis and drug resistance, despite previously being considered as ‘transcriptional noise’ (5–7). Genomic studies have identified that only ~2% of all genes encode proteins (8). ncRNAs may be divided into microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are >200 nucleotides (nt) long, and have been established to serve important roles in a number of cellular functions (9). At present, the abnormal expression of lncRNAs has been identified to cause tumor-suppressive and pro-tumor effects in different types of cancer (7,10). For instance, antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) lncRNA has been reported to be increased in the HCCs and associated with poor prognosis (11). In addition, sex-determining region Y-Box overlapping transcript lncRNA was determined to be upregulated in HCC and enhance cancer cell metastasis (12).

In the current study, the primary focus was the lncRNA Igf2as, which is transcribed from the IGF2 region in a reverse orientation. In prostate cancer, Igf2as was identified to be upregulated and significantly enhance cancer cell proliferation, suggesting it serves an important role in the survival of patients with prostate cancer (13). Although, Igf2as was established to be overexpressed in Wilms' tumor, the epigenetically imprinted form of Igf2as was not identified (14). The present study investigated the role of Igf2as in HCC progression and demonstrated that the upregulation of Igf2as promotes HCC progression primarily through the regulation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.

Materials and methods

Cell culture and transfection

HepG2, SMMC7721, Huh7 human HCC cells and the HL-7702 human immortalized normal hepatocyte cells purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (both Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), streptomycin (100 mg/ml) and penicillin (100 IU/ml) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2.

HepG2 cells were transfected with siRNA targeting Igf2as (si-Igf2as) using HiPerFect Transfection Reagent (Qiagen China Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol. si-Igf2as and the negative control (NC; #A06001) were purchased from Shanghai Jima Pharmaceutical Technology, Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The specific siRNA sequence for Igf2as was 5-GUCAUCUCAGGUCAUUCUAU-3′.

Immunohistochemistry and evaluation

A total of 50 eligible patients were enrolled. There were 42 (84%) males and 8 (16%) females. The median age was 74 (range, 35–88) years. Samples of HCC tissues and corresponding benign liver tissues (3 cm away from the tumor) were obtained from patients who underwent curative surgery for HCC at Fourth Military Medical University Xijing Hospital (Xi'an, China) between March 2015 and March 2016. All HCC and normal liver tissue samples were pathologically confirmed by a hepatologist. Written informed consent for the biological studies was obtained from each patient involved in the study and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xijing Hospital (Xi'an, China).

Briefly, tissue samples for immunohistochemistry were fixed with 10% formalin at room temperature for ≥24 h and embedded in paraffin. Sections (3 mm) from paraffin-embedded blocks were deparaffinized using xylene and rehydrated in a descending ethanol gradient (99.5, 90, 70 and 50%). Antigen retrieval was performed by heating the sections in an autoclave at 121°C for 10 min in 10 mM citrate buffer. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 0.3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min at room temperature. Following washing three times with PBS, the sections were incubated overnight at 4°C in a humidified chamber with a primary antibody directed against novel oncogene with kinase domain (NOK; #QPREST28987; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) at a dilution of 1:200. The next day, following washing three times with PBS, the sections were incubated with mouse secondary antibody (dilution, 1:200; #PV-9005; Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) for 30 min at room temperature. Finally, the sections were stained with diaminobenzidine and the nucleus was counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. The negative control was treated with PBS instead of the primary antibody. The sections were evaluated under a microscope by two experienced pathologists who were blinded to the clinicopathological data of the tissue samples. Five fields were randomly selected and three slides from each tissue sample were analyzed. Scores were given based on the percentage of positively stained tumor cells (0, 0%; 1, 1–10%; 2, 11–50%; 3, 51–80%; 4, 81–100%) and the staining intensity 0) negative; i) weak; ii) moderate; iii) strong). The numeric values of these two parameters were multiplied to obtain an immunoreactivity score (IRS) ranging from 0–12. For analysis, two groups with low (IRS 0–4) or high NOK IRS (IRS 6–12) expression levels were formed.

RNA extraction and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis

Total RNA was extracted from HCC tissues and HepG2, SMMC7721 and Huh7 human HCC cells using TRIzol reagent according to the manufacturer's protocol (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Subsequently, RNA was reverse transcribed into complementary DNA using the EasyScript One-Step gDNA Removal and cDNA Synthesis SuperMix kit (Beijing Transgen Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). Then, RT-qPCR was applied to quantify the level of Igf2as. Primers were as follows: IGF2as forward, 5′-CCTTGGACTTTGAGTCAAATT-3′ and reverse, 5′-GGTCGTGCCAATTACATTTCA-3′; U6 forward, 5′-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′ and reverse, 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′. All primers were synthesized by Shanghai Biological Engineering Co., (Shanghai, China). The thermocycling conditions were as follows: 95°C for 10 min; 40 cycles at 95°C for 15 sec; and 60°C for 1 min. PCR amplification was performed using the Quant qRT-PCR kit SYBR Green kit (#FP302-01; Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol and reactions were analyzed using the ABI StepOne Plus System (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Relative lncRNA expression was normalized against the endogenous control, U6, using the 2−ΔΔCq method (15). Each experiment was performed three times and the average results were calculated.

Immunofluorescence assay

The HepG2 cells (1×105) were grown on cover slips for 24 h at 37°C. Briefly, cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min at room temperature. Following the fixation, cover slips were washed with PBS. The cells were blocked with 5% bovine serum albunim (BSA) in PBS for 1 h at room temperature and then treated overnight at 4°C with anti-p-ERK antibody (#M9692; 1:100 dilution; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA). Following incubation, cells were washed and treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled secondary antibody (#PV-9005; 1:200 dilution; Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) for 1 h at room temperature in dark. Immunofluorescent images were captured and analyzed using the Olympus light microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).

Western blot analysis

Total protein was extracted from HepG2, SMMC7721 and Huh7 human HCC cells using radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) supplemented with 1% (v/v) phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.), 0.3% (v/v) protease inhibitor (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) and 0.1% (v/v) phosphorylated proteinase inhibitor (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA). In total 15 mg of protein was separated on a 10% gel using SDS-PAGE and transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. The membrane was incubated with 8% milk for 2 h at room temperature. Following three washes with PBS-Tween-20 (PBST; 5 min/wash), the membrane was incubated with the primary antibodies ERK (dilution, 1:2,000; #M3807; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA), phosphorylated-ERK (p-ERK; dilution, 1:2,000; #M9692; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA), protein kinase B (Akt; dilution, 1:1,500; #SAB1400006; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA), phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt; dilution, 1:1,000; #SAB4301497; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2; dilution, 1:1,000; #B3170; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA), Snail1 (dilution, 1:2,000; #SAB2108482; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) and β-actin (dilution, 1:2,000; #A5441; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) at 4°C overnight. Then, the membranes were washed with PBST three times and incubated with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody (dilution, 1:2,000; #ZDR-5301; Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) at room temperature for 2 h. The membrane was washed three times with TBST, each for 5 min and detected using the ECL Western Blot kit (Beijing CoWin Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Then, the relative band density was determined using enhanced chemiluminescence and quantified using Sigmatel software v2.0 (Jandel Scientific Software, San Rafael, CA, USA). β-actin was used as the internal control.

MTT assay

Prior to the MTT assay, HepG2 cells were transfected with si-Igf2as or NC and cultured for 24, 48 or 72 h. The cells were collected and washed with PBS three times (5 min/wash). Then, 5 mg/ml MTT reagent was added to each well and the cells were incubated for 4 h at 37°C. The formazan crystals that formed were dissolved in 200 ml dimethylsulfoxide and the absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 570 nm. Each assay was performed three times and the average results were calculated.

Quantification of apoptotic cells

An Annexin-V FITC-propidium iodide (PI) Apoptosis kit (Invitrogen: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to determine the level of apoptosis. HepG2 cells were transfected with si-Igf2as and cultured for 48 h prior to the assay. These cells were collected and washed with PBS three times. The cells were resuspended in ice-cold 95% ethanol with 0.5% Tween 20. The fixed cells were washed in 1% BSA-PBS solution. Then, the cells were resuspended in 1X Annexin-V binding buffer [10 mM HEPES/NaOH (pH 7.4), 140 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM CaCl2]. Annexin-V FITC and PI were added to the cells at room temperature for 15 min in the darkness. Following incubation, the cells were filtered and analyzed using a flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) within 1 h of staining. The number of cells in each quadrant was expressed as percentages of total stained cells. Data from a minimum of three independent repeats was used to quantify the number of apoptotic cells and graphed with GraphPad Prism 7 software (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA).

5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay

HepG2 cells were transfected with si-Igf2as and cultured for 48 h prior to the assay. The EdU incorporation assay was performed using Cell-Light™ EdUTP Apollo®567 TUNEL Cell Detection kit (#C10812-1; Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol. For Hoechst staining, the cells were harvested onto a clean, fat-free glass slide at room temperature with a cytocentrifugation at 800 × g for 10 min. They were stained in 4 µg/ml Hoechst 33342 (#H342; Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Shanghai, China) for 10 min at 37°C in darkness and washed twice in PBS. The slides were mounted with glycerol and observed using the Olympus optical photomicroscope. The samples were observed and photographed using the Olympus optical photomicroscope (Olympus Corporation). The percentage of EdU positive cells was calculated as follows: (EdU intensity in cells/Hoechst stained cells) ×100.

Cell migration and invasion assay

Following transfection with si-Igf2as or NC for 48 h, the cells (density, 5×104) were placed into the upper layer of a chamber (pore size, 8.0 µm; EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) for the migration assay. For the invasion assay, Matrigel (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) was pre-coated onto the upper chamber and cells were seeded at a density of 1×105, following transfection with si-Igf2as or NC for 48 h. Then, the cells on the upper surface were fixed with 4% formaldehyde and stained with 0.05% crystal violet for 2 h, and the cells were observed using a microscope.

Colony formation assay

The HepG2 and Huh7 cells (500 cell/well) were seeded separately in 60 mm dish at 24 h post-transfection and cultured for 10 days at 37°C. Only colonies which reached >50 cells were fixed with 10% formaldehyde for 15 min and dyed with 8.0% crystal violet for 15 min at room temperature. Each experiment was repeated three times.

Statistical analysis

The data were expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean. Multiple comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's range test. SPSS Statistics v19 software was used for statistical analysis (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Overexpression of Igf2as in HCC tissues and hepatoma cells

The present study examined the expression of Igf2as in HCC tissues and cells. As presented in Fig. 1A, Igf2as was significantly increased in HCC tissues compared with normal tissue (P<0.01). Similarly, RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the relative level of Igf2as was significantly increased in HepG2, SMMC7721 and Huh7 human HCC cells compared with the HL-7702 human immortalized hepatocyte cells (P<0.01, P<0.05 and P<0.05, respectively; Fig. 1B).

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Igf2as expression is significantly increased in (A) HCC tissues and (B) hepatoma cells. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. NC tissue or HL-7702 cells. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; Igf2as, insulin-like growth factor 2 antisense 1; NC, negative control.

Inhibition of Igf2as decreases HepG2 cell viability and promotes cell apoptosis

To explore the role of Igf2as, a specific siRNA targeting Igf2as was used. Igf2as was significantly inhibited in cells transfected with si-Igf2as for 24, 48 and 72 h (P<0.01, P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively; Fig. 2A). Notably, the knockdown of Igf2as decreased HepG2 cell viability in a time-dependent manner, as demonstrated with the MTT assay (Fig. 2B). Flow cytometry demonstrated that the cell apoptosis rate was significantly enhanced following transfection with si-Igf2as for 48 h (P<0.001; Fig. 2C). Hoechst staining also identified apoptotic HepG2 cells following transfection with si-Igf2as (Fig. 2D).

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Inhibition of Igf2as decreases HepG2 cell viability and induces cell apoptosis. (A) Igf2as was significantly inhibited in cells transfected with si-Igf2as for 24, 48 and 72 h. (B) Inhibition of Igf2as decreased cell viability in a time-dependent manner, demonstrated by an MTT assay. Enhanced cell apoptosis occurred when HepG2 cells were transfected with an siRNA targeting Igf2as as demonstrated with (C) flow cytometry and (D) Hoechst nuclear staining. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. the NC. Igf2as, insulin-like growth factor 2 antisense 1; NC, negative control; siRNA, small interfering RNA; si-Igfas, siRNA targeting insulin-like growth factor 2 antisense 1.

Suppression of Igf2as reduces colony formation and cell migration in HCC cells

When Igf2as was inhibited in HepG2 and Huh7 cells, colony formation capacity was markedly decreased (Fig. 3A). In addition, knockdown of Igf2as also reduced HepG2 and Huh7 cell migration ability (Fig. 3B). EdU incorporation was also decreased in cells transfected with si-Igf2as compared with the NC cells (P<0.01; Fig. 3C) suggesting reduced cell proliferation capacity.

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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Inhibition of Igf2as reduces colony formation and migration in hepatoma cells. (A) Colony formation was reduced in HepG2 and Huh7 cells transfected with si-Igf2as. (B) Cell invasion was decreased in HepG2 and Huh7 cells transfected with si-Igf2as or NC. (C) HepG2 and Huh7 cell proliferation was evaluated using an EdU incorporation assay. **P<0.01 vs. the NC. Igf2as, insulin-like growth factor 2 antisense 1; NC, negative control; si-Igfas, small interfering RNA targeting insulin-like growth factor 2 antisense 1; EdU, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine.

Positive correlation between Igf2as expression levels and ERK activation

The activation of ERK in HCC tissues was investigated (Fig. 4). As presented in Fig. 4A, the phosphorylation level of ERK was notably increased in HCC tissues. By contrast, when Igf2as was inhibited, the level of phosphorylated ERK was markedly reduced (Fig. 4B). The protein expression levels of a number of ERK-associated proteins were evaluated in cells transfected with si-Igf2as. Western blot analysis demonstrated that ERK activation was significantly decreased in cells transfected with si-Igf2as (P<0.01; Fig. 4C and D). Additionally, downstream signaling, including Akt phosphorylation, and the expression of Bcl-2 and Snail1, were also significantly reduced (P<0.05; Fig. 4C and D). These results suggest that there is a positive correlation between Igf2as expression and ERK activation.

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

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Knockdown of Igf2as reduces ERK activation in HepG2 cells. (A) Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that the phosphorylation of ERK is reduced following knockdown of Igf2as. (B) Inhibition of Igf2as reduced the level of p-ERK. (C) Western blot demonstrating that the level ERK activation and a number of downstream signaling proteins were decreased following treatment with si-Igf2as. (D) Quantification of western blotting revealed that the levels of p-ERK/ERK, Bcl-2, Snal1 and p-Akt/Akt were reduced by Igf2as knockdown. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. the NC. Igf2as, insulin-like growth factor 2 antisense 1; NC, negative control; si-Igfas, small interfering RNA targeting Igf2as; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p-ERK, phosphorylated ERK; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Akt, protein kinase B; p-Akt, phosphorylated Akt; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.

Discussion

A number of strategies have been developed to improve the survival rate of patients with HCC. However, the mortality of patients with HCC remains high due to poor therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, it is important to investigate novel targets for the treatment of patients with HCC.

lncRNAs are a novel class of non-coding RNAs that are >200 nt long. Previous studies have demonstrated the important roles that lncRNAs serve in cancer tissues (16–18). Although dysregulated lncRNAs have been implicated in numerous types of cancer, the specific mechanisms underlying their role in these pathologies has yet to be elucidated. For instance, homeotic gene transcript antisense RNA lncRNA has been identified to be significantly upregulated in gastric cancer, and associated with cancer progression and lymph node metastasis (19). In addition, metastasis associated in lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) has been identified to be increased in colorectal cancers compared with adjacent normal tissues. Patients with higher MALAT1 expression levels typically demonstrate decreased survival rates (20). Additionally, growth arrest specific 5 lncRNA was demonstrated to markedly upregulated in non-small cell lung cancer, and was associated with tumor growth and invasion (20). However, the distinct role of Igf2as in HCC tissues remains to be elucidated.

The present study demonstrated that the expression of Igf2as is significantly upregulated in HCC tissues compared with normal tissues, and that Igf2as expression was increased in hepatoma cells compared with normal hepatic cells. The knockdown of Igf2as significantly increased HCC cell apoptosis and reduced cell viability. Furthermore, cell migration and invasion were decreased in cells transfected with siRNA targeting Igf2as compared with the NC group. These data suggest that increased Igf2as expression promotes HCC progression.

The ERK/MAPK signaling pathway is known to serve important roles in the progression of cancer through affecting a number of cellular processes, including gene expression, and cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion (21,22). In the current study, a positive correlation between Igf2as expression and ERK activation was demonstrated. The activation of ERK significantly promotes cell proliferation (23,24). Furthermore, ERK is involved in cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis (25). Therefore, the present study primarily focused on investigating whether ERK activation leads to abnormal cell proliferation and apoptosis, and demonstrated that, compared with normal tissue, ERK activation was increased in HCC tissues. To verify the underlying mechanisms of this association, a knockdown of Igf2as was performed, which significantly promoted apoptosis in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. These data suggest that Igf2as upregulation contributes to hepatoma cell proliferation and invasion via regulation of the ERK signaling pathway.

In conclusion, the current study identified that Igf2as is upregulated in HCC tissues and cells. Notably, the data suggest that Igf2as knockdown significantly reduces cancer cell viability, promotes cancer cell proliferation, and decreases colony formation and cell migration, through regulating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. These results indicate that Igf2as functions as a tumor oncogene in the progression of HCC.

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