Atrial Electromechanical Delay Is Impaired in Patients with Psoriasis

Abstract

Objective

In this study, we aimed to investigate atrial electromechanical delay (EMD) in patients with psoriasis.

Subjects and Methods

A total of 43 patients with psoriasis (26 mild-moderate, 17 severe) and 17 healthy control subjects were enrolled. Patients with psoriasis were divided into two groups: the mild-moderate group and the severe group according to their psoriasis area severity index (PASI) scores. Atrial EMD was measured from the lateral mitral annulus and called ‘PA lateral’, from the septal mitral annulus, called ‘PA septal’, and from the right ventricle tricuspid annulus, called ‘PA tricuspid’. Atrial EMD was defined as the time interval from the onset of atrial electrical activity (P wave on surface ECG) to the beginning of mechanical atrial contraction (late diastolic A wave). All three groups were compared with each other, and correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the PASI score and interatrial EMD.

Results

PA lateral was significantly higher in both the mild-moderate psoriasis group and the severe psoriasis group compared to controls (69 ± 12 and 78 ± 13 vs. 60 ± 6 ms; p = 0.001). Also, PA septal (63 ± 11 vs. 53 ± 6 ms; p = 0.005, post hoc analysis) and PA tricuspid (49 ± 7 vs. 41 ± 5 ms; p = 0.009, post hoc analysis) were significantly higher in the severe psoriasis group than in the control group. Correlation analysis revealed that the PASI score was well correlated with PA lateral (r = 0.520, p < 0.001), PA septum (r = 0.460, p = 0.002), interatrial EMD (r = 0.371, p = 0.014) and intra-atrial EMD (r = 0.393, p = 0.009).

Conclusion

Atrial EMD was prolonged in patients with psoriasis. The measurement of atrial EMD might be used to determine the risk of development of AF in patients with psoriasis.

Introduction

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disorder which affects 2% of the general population [1]. It mainly affects the skin and joints, which may further lead to comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and obesity associated with reduced exercise capacity mediated by T cells [2].

Atrial electromechanical delay (EMD) was evaluated as a noninvasive technique by tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDI) which is well correlated with cardiac arrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation (AF) [3,4]. TDI measurement of atrial EMD has been shown to correlate well with invasive measurements [3]. The prolongation of atrial EMD has been demonstrated using TDI in various diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes mellitus, rheumatic mitral stenosis, familial Mediterranean fever, dilated cardiomyopathy, coronary slow flow, and sarcoidosis [5,6,7,8].

AF affects 1-2% of the general population and is associated with an increased risk of stroke, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and cardiovascular mortality [3]. Prolonged atrial EMD is associated with an increased risk of AF [9]. In addition, there is an association between AF and inflammation [9], and atrial EMD can be prolonged in psoriasis because of increased inflammation. There was no previous study which evaluated atrial EMD in psoriasis. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated atrial EMDs by using TDI in patients with different severity levels of psoriasis.

Subjects and Methods

Forty-three patients presenting with psoriasis vulgaris were consecutively included in this study; they were categorized according to disease severity using the psoriasis area severity index (PASI) [10]. Twenty-six patients (14 males and 12 females) whose PASI scores were ≤12 were included in the mild-moderate severity group and 17 patients (10 males and 7 females) with PASI scores >12 were included in the severe disease group (10 males). Seventeen matched healthy volunteers were selected as control subjects (12 males, 5 females).

Inclusion criteria were patients >18 and <70 years old. Exclusion criteria were patients with known coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, structural heart disease, malignancy, renal failure, and severe comorbid states. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of our institution. Informed consent was signed by the participants.

Echocardiography

Conventional echocardiography was performed with 2-dimensional, M-mode, pulsed wave, continuous, color Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging using Philips HD11 ultrasound system (Philips, Andover, Mass., USA). Simultaneous ECG recording was done. Conventional echocardiographic images were obtained from the parasternal and apical views according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography [11]. Left ventricular (LV) diameters and wall thickness were measured from the parasternal views by M-mode echocardiography. The Teichholz method was used for the calculation of LV ejection fraction. The left atrial area and diameter were measured from the parasternal long axis view. Mitral inflow velocities were measured from apical views.

Atrial Electromechanical Time Measurement

TDI was performed using transducer frequencies of 3.5-4.0 MHz. The spectral pulsed Doppler signal filters were adjusted until a Nyquist limit of 15-20 cm/s was obtained. The minimal optimal gain was used. Myocardial TDI velocities [peak systolic (S’), early diastolic (E’) and late diastolic velocities (A’)] were measured with spectral pulsed Doppler from the apical 4-chamber view. The ultrasound beam slope did not exceed 15% to acquire the optimal angle of imaging. The monitor sweep speed was adjusted at 50-100 mm/s to optimize the spectral display of myocardial velocities. Atrial EMD was defined as the time interval from the onset of atrial electrical activity (P wave on surface ECG) to the beginning of mechanical atrial contraction (late diastolic A wave). All values were averaged over 3 consecutive beats. Atrial EMD was measured from the lateral mitral annulus and called ‘PA lateral’, from the septal mitral annulus, called ‘PA septal’, and from the right ventricle tricuspid annulus, called ‘PA tricuspid’. Interatrial EMD was calculated as the difference between PA lateral and PA tricuspid, intra-atrial EMD was calculated as the difference between PA septum and PA tricuspid, and left-atrial EMD was calculated as the difference between PA lateral and PA septum [12].

Statistical Analysis

The Statistical Package for Social Sciences software program (SPSS, version 16.0 for Windows) was used for statistical analysis. Continuous variables were given as means ± SD; categorical variables were defined as percentages. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey test were used to compare the study variables among groups. The χ² test was used for univariate analysis of the categorical variables. Correlation analyses were performed using Pearson's coefficient of correlation. A probability value of p < 0.05 was considered significant, and 2-tailed p values were used for all statistics.

Results

The baseline characteristics of patients and controls are given in table 1. There were no significant differences between groups regarding hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, fasting glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Table 1.

Baseline demographic and laboratory properties of the control and psoriasis groups

	Control group (n = 17)	Mild-moderate psoriasis group (n = 26)	Severe psoriasis group (n = 17)	p value
Age, years	45 ± 13.5	48 ± 11	47 ± 11.5	0.630
Male	12 (70)	14 (53)	10 (58)	0.545
Hypertension	4 (23)	7 (26)	3 (17)	0.781
Diabetes mellitus	2 (11)	3 (11)	2 (11)	0.995
Smoking	7 (41)	8 (30)	5 (29)	0.717
Fasting glucose, mg/dl	95.4 ± 9.0	96.0 ± 10.8	99.0 ± 18.1	0.456
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	120 ± 18	115 ± 18	121 ± 16	0.451
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg	78 ± 9	75 ± 9	77 ± 7	0.686
PASI	N/A	7.2 ± 2.3	16.5 ± 3.3	0.001

Figures in parentheses are percentages. N/A = Not assessed.

Left atrium diameter and left atrium area, LV systolic and diastolic diameters and interventricular septum, posterior wall thickness, and LV ejection fraction were similar in psoriasis patients and controls (table 2). However, PA lateral was significantly higher in both the mild-moderate and the severe psoriasis group compared to controls (69 ± 12 and 78 ± 13 vs. 60 ± 6 ms; p = 0.001). Also, PA septal (63 ± 11 vs. 53 ± 6 ms; p = 0.005, post hoc analysis) and PA tricuspid (49 ± 7 vs. 41 ± 5 ms; p = 0.009, post hoc analysis) were significantly higher in the severe psoriasis group than in the control group. In addition, PA lateral (78 ± 13 vs. 69 ± 12 ms; p = 0.025, post hoc analysis) and PA septal (63 ± 11 vs. 56 ± 9 ms; p = 0.035, post hoc analysis) were significantly higher in patients with severe psoriasis than in those with mild-moderate psoriasis. Moreover, interatrial delay (PA lateral - PA tricuspid) was significantly higher in the severe psoriasis group when compared with controls (29 ± 14 vs. 19 ± 7 ms; p = 0.046, post hoc analysis; table 2).

Table 2.

Echocardiographic and atrial EMD parameters of the control and psoriasis groups

	Control group (n = 17)	Mild-moderate psoriasis group (n = 26)	Severe psoriasis group (n = 17)	p value
LA diameter, cm	3.2 ± 0.3	3.2 ± 0.2	3.4 ± 0.2	0.056
LA area, cm2	15.1 ± 2.8	15.1 ± 2.9	16.4 ± 2.1	0.277
LVDD, cm	4.7 ± 0.2	4.6 ± 0.4	4.7 ± 0.3	0.416
LVSD, cm	2.9 ± 0.3	3.2 ± 0.4	3.1 ± 0.2	0.126
IVS, cm	1.03 ± 0.11	1.09 ± 0.10	1.08 ± 0.10	0.225
PW, cm	1.00 ± 0.09	1.04 ± 0.08	1.01 ± 0.08	0.315
LVEF, %	69 ± 5	66 ± 6	67 ± 6	0.342
PA lateral, ms	60 ± 6	69 ± 12ac	78 ± 13b	0.001
PA septum, ms	53 ± 6	56 ± 9c	63 ± 11b	0.005
PA tricuspid, ms	41 ± 5	45 ± 10	49 ± 7b	0.012
Interatrial delay, ms	19 ± 7	23 ± 13	29 ± 14b	0.056
Intra-atrial delay, ms	12 ± 7	10 ± 6	14 ± 9	0.220
Left-atrial delay, ms	7 ± 5	13 ± 11	15 ± 9	0.052
E velocity, cm/s	8.3 ± 1.3	7.3 ± 1.0	7.6 ± 1.4	0.030
A velocity, cm/s	6.0 ± 1.3	6.0 ± 1.9	5.9 ± 1.9	0.983
DT, ms	139 ± 32	152 ± 29	153 ± 40	0.394
IVRT, ms	91 ± 23	92 ± 26	95 ± 16	0.863
S’, cm/s	10 ± 3	12 ± 3	12 ± 4	0.074
E’, cm/s	14 ± 3	13 ± 3	13 ± 3	0.259
A’, cm/s	9 ± 3	11 ± 3	9 ± 2	0.103

LA = Left atrium; LVDD = LV end-diastolic dimension; LVSD = LV end-systolic dimension; IVS = intervene-tricular septum thickness; PW = posterior wall thickness; LVEF = LV ejection fraction; DT = deceleration time; IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time. Interatrial delay: PA lateral – PA tricuspid; Intra-atrial delay: PA septum – PA tricuspid; Left-atrial delay: PA lateral – PA septum; S’: systolic velocity from the mitral annulus; E’: early diastolic velocity from the mitral annulus; A’: late diastolic velocity from the mitral annulus.

^ap < 0.05 between controls and the mild-moderate psoriasis group

^bp < 0.005 between controls and the severe psoriasis group

^cp < 0.005 between the mild-moderate and the severe psoriasis group.

Correlation analysis revealed that the PASI score was well associated with PA lateral (r = 0.520, p < 0.001), PA septum (r = 0.460, p = 0.002), interatrial EMD (r = 0.371, p = 0.014) and intra-atrial EMD (r = 0.393, p = 0.009; fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Correlations between PASI score and PA lateral, PA septum, interatrial and intra-atrial EMDs.

Discussion

In this study, we showed that atrial EMD was prolonged in patients with psoriasis. The severe psoriasis group had the most delayed atrial EMD values compared to the mild-moderate and control groups. Also, there was a significant correlation between PASI score and atrial EMD values. When taking into account that atrial EMD is a good predictor for new-onset AF, these findings suggest that psoriasis may be a risk factor for the development of AF [3,4].

Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory condition, with similarities to other inflammatory immune disorders. Inflammation is known as one of the precursors for the development of AF [9]. Inflammatory cells have been observed in the atria of patients with AF. Circulating levels of inflammatory markers (e.g., plasma C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) appear to correlate with the success of electrical cardioversion and recurrence of AF following cardioversion [13]. Anti-inflammatory therapies like methylprednisolone and statins have been shown to decrease the risk of AF recurrences after cardioversion and of postoperative AF after cardiac surgery [14,15]. Inflammation might be a cause for the prolongation of atrial EMD in our study patients with psoriasis. When the prolongation of atrial EMD and a good correlation between PASI score and atrial EMD is considered, our findings support the fact that inflammation might be a cause for the prolongation of atrial EMD.

The prolongation of atrial conduction times in this study confirmed the previous findings of Ahlehoff et al. [16]. However, the study of Ahlehoff et al. [16] was done with a large cohort in which the groups were similar for untreated hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hyperlipidemia, and other cardiovascular risk factors.

Increased interatrial and intra-atrial EMDs, as measured by TDI, were observed in patients with paroxysmal AF compared with the control subjects [17]. We previously suggested that atrial EMD measured by TDI is a good predictor for recurrence of AF [17,18]. Also, prolonged atrial EMD was shown in many diseases such as sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diastolic dysfunction, and hypertension [4,5,19], which are associated with an increased risk of AF. Several mechanisms were hypothesized to explain the relationship between prolonged atrial EMD and AF. The first is that the slowing of intra-atrial conduction is a facilitated status for initiating reentry, which caused AF or atrial flutter [20]. Another mechanism is the multiple wavelet hypothesis. Refractory period, mass and conduction velocity affect the quantity of wavelets in different parts of the atria. Hence, prolonged conduction time is related to raising the quantity of daughter wavelets and to consequences in the continuation of AF [8].

Our study showed that the duration of atrial EMD was correlated with the severity of psoriasis which may indicate the role of active inflammation in the development of rhythm disturbances. Although an increased prevalence of atherosclerotic heart diseases has been shown in patients with psoriasis, there is a lack of data regarding the association between psoriasis and rhythm disorders. Similarly to our results, Sarli et al. [21] found that heart rate recovery, which is an indicator of autonomic function, was significantly impaired in patients with psoriasis. It is well known that impaired heart recovery is associated with ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death [22]. These findings support the presence of a link between inflammation and the prolongation of atrial EMD resulting in arrhythmias.

The PASI score is the gold standard for assessing the severity of psoriasis [10]. In our study, the PASI score was well correlated with atrial EMD, thereby indicating that the mild-moderate group had a lower risk of AF than the severe group. Previously, it had been demonstrated that patients with coronary artery disease treated with statins had a lower incidence of new-onset AF [23]. The anti-inflammatory effect of statins is assumed to be the mechanism that leads to decreased AF frequency [24]. Previous studies also showed that effective treatment of psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis with anti-inflammatory agents was associated with a decrease in cardiovascular events [24]. Therefore, good control of psoriasis with anti-inflammatory treatment may help in preventing the development of AF.

The presence of prolongation of atrial EMD indicates that the measurement of atrial EMD can be a useful tool for risk stratification of AF in psoriasis patients. A recent subgroup analysis from the LIFE study demonstrating that psoriasis is independently associated with new-onset AF supports our findings [25]. This study suggested that psoriasis patients should be monitored for AF. The measurement of atrial EMD can be used to determine the high-risk population for development of AF in psoriasis.

This study had several limitations, including a relatively small sample size. Atrial EMD for the prediction of AF in patients with psoriasis was not directly investigated. Hence, long-term follow-up is needed to accurately evaluate the relationship between atrial EMD and occurrence of AF.

Conclusion

Atrial EMD, which is an early indicator of AF development, was prolonged in patients with psoriasis. The measurement of atrial EMD might be used to determine the risk of AF development in psoriasis patients.

Disclosure Statement

We have no conflict of interest to disclose.