Abstract
Objective
We aimed to investigate whether fragmented QRS (fQRS) is associated with subclinical left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
Subjects and Methods
A total of 141 patients with OSA who had normal LV ejection fraction (LVEF) were included in the study. The fQRS was defined as the presence of an additional R wave, notching of R or S wave or the presence of fragmentation in 2 contiguous electrocardiography (ECG) leads. Subclinical LV dysfunction was defined as the presence of a tissue Doppler-derived Tei index of ≥0.5 in the absence of impaired LVEF (<50%) as assessed by transthoracic echocardiography.
Results
Of the 141 patients, 71 (50.4%) had subclinical LV dysfunction. Overall, the prevalence of the fQRS was 61% (86/141). Patients with fQRS had significantly higher Tei indices than those without fQRS [median 0.66, interquartile range (IQR) 0.39 vs. median 0.40, IQR 0.15, p < 0.001]. The presence of fQRS on ECG predicted subclinical LV dysfunction in univariate logistic regression analysis [odds ratio (OR) 6.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.10-14.43]. The association remained significant after adjusting for all potential confounders (OR 4.59, 95% CI 1.94-10.87).
Conclusion
fQRS on ECG was an independent predictor of subclinical LV dysfunction in patients with OSA. This simple tool might help to identify OSA patients who could be at risk for developing overt cardiac dysfunction.
Key Words: Fragmented QRS, Obstructive sleep apnea, Left ventricular dysfunction, Myocardial fibrosis
Introduction
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep that lead to apnea, hypopnea and intermittent hypoxia [1]. Patients with OSA are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease [2,3,4]. Cardiovascular events in OSA are related to the presence of myocardial involvement rather than OSA itself [5,6]. Myocardial fibrosis is one of the major myocardial structural alterations in patients with OSA and may eventually lead to cardiac dysfunction. Hypoxia-induced sympathetic activity, sleep fragmentation, systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and metabolic abnormalities may promote myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in patients with OSA [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. Fragmented QRS (fQRS) has been shown to be a marker of myocardial fibrosis or scar tissue in various clinical conditions [14,15,16,17]. To date, no study has evaluated the association between fQRS and LV dysfunction in patients with OSA. Hence, we investigated whether or not fQRS is associated with subclinical LV dysfunction in patients with OSA.
Subjects and Methods
Patients
All patients scheduled for an overnight polysomnographic study between June 2011 and January 2012 were approached to participate in this study. Patients diagnosed with OSA were included. Exclusion criteria were: (1) a history of coronary revascularization, (2) angiographic evidence of coronary artery disease, (3) a history of hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes, (4) a positive noninvasive test for myocardial ischemia, (5) resting electrocardiography (ECG) suggestive of myocardial ischemia or infraction, (6) a history of hospitalization for heart failure, (7) bundle branch block on ECG, (8) echocardiographic findings of reduced LV ejection fraction (LVEF) <50%, moderate-to-severe valve disease and wall motion abnormality and (9) morbid obesity. Overall, 219 patients were accepted to participate in the study; 176 (80.4%) were diagnosed with OSA but 35 of these were then excluded based on the above exclusion criteria. Hence, 141 patients (95 males and 46 females) with OSA were included in the study. Diabetes was defined as being on treatment with insulin or oral antidiabetic drugs. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia were defined as being on antihypertensive or lipid-lowering drugs, respectively. The Institutional Ethics Committee approved the study protocol. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Assessment of fQRS
The fQRS was defined as the presence of an additional R wave (R′), notching of R or S wave or the presence of fragmentation of more than one R′ in 2 contiguous ECG leads (filter range 0.15-100 Hz, 25 mm/s, 10 mm/mV). Two experienced cardiologists (O.O. and A.A.), blinded to the patients′ data, evaluated all ECGs, and the interobserver agreement was excellent [k = 0.93, p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86-0.99] for the presence of fQRS on ECG.
Polysomnography
The diagnosis of OSA was based on polysomnographic study (Alice Sleepware; Philips Respironics, Inc., Murrysville, Pa., USA). All variables were recorded on a commercially available computer system, including electroencephalography (F3M2, F4M1, C3M2, C4M1, O1M2 and O2M1), bilateral electrooculography, submental electromyography, thoracic and abdominal movements measured by uncalibrated inductive plethysmography, saturation of oxyhemoglobin (SaO2) using a finger oximeter, airflow through the nose and mouth recorded by thermistors, 2 contiguous ECG leads, a snoring microphone and video monitoring with an infrared video camera. The entire recording was observed by an experienced sleep technician. Apnea was defined as the continuous cessation of airflow for >10 s, and hypopnea was defined as a reduction in airflow of ≥30% lasting for ≥10 s accompanied by a decrease in oxygen saturation (SpO2) of at least 4% [18]. The length of time SpO2 was <90% during sleep and the minimum SaO2 for each patient was calculated. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) values were calculated as the number of episodes of apnea and hypopnea per hour over the total sleep time. Patients with an AHI ≥5 were considered to have OSA. The severity of OSA was classified according to the AHI (mild: ≥5 and <15, moderate: ≥15 and <30 and severe: ≥30) [19].
Echocardiographic Examination
All patients were examined in the left lateral decubitus position using a commercially available system (Vivid 7; GE Medical Systems, Horten, Norway) with a phased-array 3.5-MHz transducer and tissue Doppler imaging software. The conventional M-mode, B-mode and Doppler parameters were measured according to the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines [20]. LV end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters and posterior and septal wall thicknesses were measured. LV mass (LVM) was calculated using the Devereux equation: LVM = 0.8 × [1.04(LVEDD + IVST + PWT)3 - (LVEDD3)] + 0.6, where LVEDD is LV end-diastolic diameter, IVST is intraventricular septal wall thickness and PWT is posterior wall thickness [21]. LVM index (LVMI) was calculated by dividing the LVM by the body surface area. LV hypertrophy was defined as LVMI >115 g/m2 for men and >95 g/m2 for women [22]. LVEF was measured using the modified biplane Simpson's rule. Tissue Doppler imaging was performed from the lateral mitral annulus. The time interval from the end to the onset of mitral annular velocity wave during diastole (a) and the duration of the peak systolic mitral annular velocity (b) were measured (all values were averaged over 3 consecutive cardiac cycles), and then the Tei index was calculated as isovolumetric contraction time plus isovolumetric relaxation time divided by ejection time, i.e. [(a - b)/b] [23,24]. A Tei index of ≥0.5 was considered abnormal. Subclinical LV dysfunction was defined as the presence of abnormal Tei index (≥0.5) in the absence of impaired LVEF (<50%).
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR), where appropriate. Categorical variables are presented as numbers and percentages. The distributions of the continuous variables across the study groups were tested with the Shapiro-Wilks test. Continuous data were analyzed using the Student t test or the Mann-Whitney U test, and categorical data were compared using the χ2 test or the Fisher exact test. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between fQRS and the presence of subclinical LV dysfunction. In multivariate regression models, effect size was adjusted for variables with a significance level ≤0.10 in the univariate analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding CIs were presented. A 2-tailed p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, v21.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA).
Results
The mean age of the study population was 50 ± 10 years. Of the 141 patients with OSA, 71 (50.4%) had subclinical LV dysfunction. The demographic, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the patients with and without subclinical LV dysfunction are given in table 1. Overall, the prevalence of the fQRS was 61% (86/141) in the study group. Patients with fQRS had significantly higher Tei index values than patients without fQRS (median 0.66, IQR 0.39 vs. median 0.40, IQR 0.15, p < 0.001; fig. 1). Patients with subclinical LV dysfunction were older (52 ± 11 vs. 48 ± 8 years, p = 0.031), had a higher prevalence of fQRS (82 vs. 40%, p < 0.0001), higher AHI values (median 34.5, IQR 31 vs. median 21.7, IQR 25.1, p = 0.002), more severe OSA (p = 0.034) and a larger left atrium (median 39, IQR 3 vs. median 36, IQR 6, p < 0.001) than patients without subclinical LV dysfunction. The study groups were similar with respect to all other demographic, clinical, echocardiographic and laboratory parameters (table 1). The presence of fQRS on ECG predicted subclinical LV dysfunction in the univariate logistic regression analysis (OR 6.69, 95% CI 3.10-14.43; table 2). The association remained significant after adjusting for all potential confounders (OR 4.77, 95% CI 1.95-11.65) in the multivariate logistic regression analysis (table 2). Excluding OSA severity and retesting the AHI using a different multivariate regression model (model B) did not change the results (OR 4.59, 95% CI 1.94-10.87). The association of fQRS with subclinical LV dysfunction remained significant after adjusting for LVMI (model A: OR 6.35, 95% CI 2.38-16.90 and model B: OR 5.88, 95% CI 2.30-15.03) and blood pressure values (model A: OR 4.73, 95% CI 1.90-11.80 and model B: OR 4.53, 95% CI 1.87-10.99). Neither LVMI nor blood pressure values were associated with subclinical LV dysfunction in the multivariate analysis.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study groups
| Subclinical LV dysfunction |
p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| yes (n = 71) | no (n = 70) | ||
| Age, years | 52 ± 11 | 48 ± 8 | 0.031 |
| Males | 49 (69%) | 46 (66%) | 0.676 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 2.05 ± 0.19 | 2.06 ± 0.17 | 0.916 |
| Body mass index | 31 ± 5 | 32 ± 5 | 0.666 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 128 ± 22 | 129 ± 20 | 0.773 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 75 ± 16 | 76 ± 13 | 0.586 |
| Hypertension | 26 (37%) | 27 (39%) | 0.811 |
| Diabetes | 11 (15%) | 11 (16%) | 0.971 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 16 (23%) | 16 (23%) | 0.964 |
| Smoking | 21 (30%) | 19 (27%) | 0.480 |
| Obesity | 39 (55%) | 43 (63%) | 0.320 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 185 (71) | 189 (52) | 0.571 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 151 (102) | 151 (105) | 0.988 |
| LDL, mg/dl | 112 (52) | 105 (49) | 0.981 |
| HDL, mg/dl | 45 (19) | 43 (16) | 0.789 |
| AHI, events/h | 34.5 (31) | 21.7 (25) | 0.002 |
| Lowest nocturnal SpO2 | 81 (14) | 80 (23) | 0.372 |
| Length of time spent in SpO2 <90%, min | 14 (69) | 5 (27) | 0.061 |
| Sleeping time, min | 354.5 (48) | 364.5 (86) | 0.610 |
| OSA severity | |||
| Mild | 11 (15%) | 24 (34%) | 0.034 |
| Moderate | 18 (25%) | 15 (21%) | |
| Severe | 42 (59%) | 31 (44%) | |
| ACE inhibitor | 17 (24%) | 25 (36%) | 0.126 |
| β-Blocker | 11 (15%) | 8 (11%) | 0.480 |
| LVEDd, mm | 48 (6) | 46 (3) | 0.190 |
| IVST, mm | 10 (1) | 10 (1) | 0.996 |
| PWT, mm | 10 (1) | 10 (1) | 0.620 |
| LVEF, % | 65 (3) | 65 (8) | 0.051 |
| Left atrial diameter, mm | 39 (3) | 36 (6) | <0.001 |
| LVM, g | 176 (42) | 170 (49) | 0.171 |
| LVMI, g/m2 | 85 (22) | 82 (24) | 0.116 |
| LV hypertrophy | 12 (17%) | 9 (13%) | 0.546 |
| fQRS | 58 (82%) | 28 (40%) | <0.0001 |
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD or median and interquartile range. Categorical variables are presented as n (%). ACE = Angiotensin-converting enzyme; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; IVST = inter-ventricular septal thickness; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; LVEDd = LV end-diastolic diameter; PWT = posterior wall thickness.
Fig. 1.
Distribution of Tei index across the study groups.
Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analysis for subclinical LV dysfunction
| Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Model A | ||||
| Age | 1.040 | 1.003 − 1.078 | 1.025 | 0.981 − 1.071 |
| OSA severity | ||||
| Mild | Reference category | |||
| Moderate | 2.62 | 0.97 − 7.04 | 1.23 | 0.36 − 4.16 |
| Severe | 2.96 | 1.26 − 6.92 | 0.94 | 0.29 − 3.07 |
| Length of time spent in SpO2 <90% | 1.009 | 1.001 − 1.016 | 1.006 | 0.997 − 1.016 |
| LVEF | 0.933 | 0.870 − 1.000 | 0.963 | 878 − 1.057 |
| Left atrial diameter | 0.996 | 0.983 − 1.009 | 0.993 | 0.976 − 1.010 |
| fQRS | 6.69 | 3.10 − 14.43 | 4.77 | 1.95 − 11.65 |
| Model B | ||||
| Age | 1.040 | 1.003 − 1.078 | 1.027 | 0.982 − 1.073 |
| AHI | 1.022 | 1.005 − 1.039 | 1.009 | 0.986 − 1.032 |
| Length of time spent in SpO2 <90% | 1.009 | 1.001 − 1.016 | 1.004 | 0.995 − 1.014 |
| LVEF | 0.933 | 0.870 − 1.000 | 0.976 | 0.891 − 1.068 |
| Left atrial diameter | 0.996 | 0.983 − 1.009 | 0.992 | 0.975 − 1.010 |
| fQRS | 6.69 | 3.10 − 14.43 | 4.59 | 1.94 − 10.87 |
Discussion
In this study, the overall prevalence of fQRS was 61% in OSA patients who had a preserved LVEF. Patients with subclinical LV dysfunction had a significantly higher prevalence of fQRS on ECG than patients without subclinical LV dysfunction. Moreover, fQRS was independently associated with subclinical LV dysfunction in patients with OSA.
Patients with OSA are at an increased risk for clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease [2,3,4]. Cardiovascular events in OSA are related to the presence of myocardial involvement rather than to OSA itself [5,6], with fibrosis being one of the main myocardial structural changes reported in patients. Multiple mechanisms may contribute to the development of myocardial fibrosis in OSA patients, including hypoxia-induced sympathetic activity, sleep fragmentation, systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and metabolic abnormalities [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. Several studies have reported a strong association between fQRS detected on ECG and myocardial fibrosis as assessed by gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging [14,16,17]. To date, few studies have evaluated the association of fQRS with LV functions.
Canga et al. [25] found an association between fQRS and LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction in 259 patients who were admitted to their outpatient clinic. Yan et al. [26] studied the relationship between fQRS and LV functions, as assessed by speckle-tracking echocardiography, in 176 patients with coronary heart disease and preserved LVEF. They found fQRS to be associated with subclinical global and regional LV dysfunction and adverse cardiac events. Consistent with this, we found an independent association between fQRS and subclinical LV dysfunction in patients with OSA. We think that subclinical LV dysfunction in OSA patients is a consequence of myocardial structural changes, mainly myocardial fibrosis.
Myocardial fibrosis can be detected by histopathological evaluation, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and scintigraphic methods. However, these imaging modalities and histopathological tests are not readily available, are impractical in some cases and also expensive. Myocardial fibrosis may disrupt QRS morphology and lead to fQRS on 12-lead ECG. Accordingly, the prevalence of fQRS is relatively low in the healthy general population [27] and relatively high in patients with myocardial fibrosis [14,15,16,17].
We evaluated subclinical LV dysfunction by means of the Tei index, which is an easily measured Doppler-derived parameter of global cardiac functions that allows evaluation of both systolic and diastolic ventricular performance [28]. A mean Tei index value of >0.40 for the left ventricle is considered abnormal in adults. It is a reproducible parameter and is not affected by blood pressure, heart rate, ventricular geometry, valvular insufficiencies or preload and afterload in patients who are in a supine position [28]. Accordingly, it has been found to be a useful tool for evaluating global cardiac performance in congestive heart failure, valvular heart disease, coronary heart disease and heart transplant patients [29]. Moreover, it provides prognostic information for patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiac amyloidosis, pulmonary hypertension and coronary heart disease [29].
The limitations of this study were that myocardial structural changes were not shown with imaging modalities and the study sample was small.
Conclusion
fQRS on ECG is an independent predictor of subclinical LV dysfunction in patients with OSA. It is an inexpensive, widely available tool and could be used for noninvasive and indirect assessment of myocardial structural changes, mainly myocardial fibrosis, in patients with OSA. This simple tool might help to identify patients who are at risk of developing overt cardiac dysfunction.
Disclosure Statement
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
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