Abstract
Objective
To report the prevalence, clinical differences and complications of right-sided diverticulosis (RD) and to investigate the potential disparities from left-sided diverticulosis (LD) in the Vietnamese population.
Subjects and Methods
A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records of Vietnamese-born patients from 2000 to 2013 in a community teaching hospital in Boston, Mass., USA. By simple randomization, a randomized control group of 299 Caucasian patients was also selected from the same time frame [167 males (M) and 132 females (F)]. Colonoscopy reports were reviewed for demographics (age and gender), indication and anatomical location of the colonic diverticulosis (CD), concomitant colonic findings, symptoms, and endoscopic complications.
Results
A total of 207 patients were included in the Vietnamese cohort (mean age 61.6 ± 8.9 years). The mean age at first screening colonoscopy was 58.2 ± 7.2 years (114 F/92 M, 55.7/44.4%). Our study identified 104 (50.5%) patients with LD (57 M/47 F), 65 (31.1%) with RD (35 M/30 F) and 38 (18.4%) with both LD and RD (23 M/15 F); 133 (64%) were asymptomatic. A total of 21 (33%) patients with RD were symptomatic. The mean age of the control group was 61.6 ± 8.1 years. The average age at first screening colonoscopy was 52.8 ± 6.4 years. Of the 299 in the Caucasian group, 254 (84.9%) had LD (114 M/140 F), 9 (3.0%) had RD (2 M/7 F) and 36 (12%) had both LD and RD (16 M/20 F); 225 (75%) were asymptomatic and came in for screening colonoscopies. A total of 2 patients (22%) with RD were symptomatic.
Conclusion
RD was common in this Vietnamese population, and the prevalence was higher than in the Caucasian control group.
Key Words: Diverticulosis, Prevalence, Vietnamese, Complications
Introduction
Colonic diverticulosis (CD) is a common condition with a rising prevalence worldwide [1,2,3]. The prevalence varies with national origin, cultural background and diet and is increasing over time and with advanced age. It is estimated that 30% of the population at age 50 and 50% after the age of 70 have CD [4,5,6]. CD is generally an acquired disease whose pathophysiology is complex and still not fully understood [7]. Risk factors such as colonic immobility, changes in the colonic wall, low-grade inflammation, and an imbalance in microflora contribute to the development of diverticula [8]. Diverticular disease (DD) of the colon refers to symptomatic diverticula that cause complications such as acute diverticulitis, perforation and lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, the latter being the most common cause of all GI bleeding [9,10,11]. An estimated 20% of patients with CD will develop symptoms throughout their lifespan, and approximately 1-2% will require hospitalization, with 0.5% needing surgical treatment [12].
Although CD can develop anywhere in the colon, right-sided diverticulosis (RD) is uncommon and reported to occur in 1-2% of surgical specimens in Europe and America. While RD is more common in most areas of Asia [4,13], the prevalence in the Vietnamese population is unknown. With an increasing prevalence, unclear etiology and potential dangerous complications, understanding the true prevalence in different populations is important. The aim of this study was to report the prevalence, clinical features and complications of RD and to investigate the potential disparities from left-sided diverticulosis (LD) in the Vietnamese population living in the area of Boston, Mass., USA.
Subjects and Methods
Data Collection
A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records of Vietnamese-born patients from 2000 to 2013 in a community teaching hospital (Steward Carney Hospital) in Boston, Mass., USA. By simple randomization, a randomized control group of 299 Caucasian patients was also selected from the same time frame. Colonoscopy reports were reviewed for demographics (age and gender), indication and anatomical location of the CD, concomitant colonic findings, symptoms, and endoscopic complications. Symptomatic indications for colonoscopy in patients who could potentially develop DD of the colon were abdominal pain, GI bleeding, bloating, and changes in bowel movements (constipation and/or diarrhea). Endoscopic complications were defined as perforation, postprocedural infection, hemorrhage, abdominal pain, cardiopulmonary complications, and death. Both groups were analyzed separately and were subsequently compared. An independent t test was used to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference between the mean values of the Vietnamese cohort and the Caucasian controls. A χ2 test was used to determine whether there was a significant difference between the expected and the observed frequencies.
Inclusion Criteria
All Vietnamese-born patients who underwent colonoscopy with the diagnosis of diverticulosis at our community teaching hospital from 2000 to 2013 were included as well as a randomized control group of Caucasian patients during the same time frame. Diagnosis of CD was defined as two or more diverticula in one or more sites of the bowel identified with colonoscopy. RD was defined as diverticulosis in the cecum, ascending colon and/or hepatic flexure, whereas LD was defined as diverticulosis in the splenic flexure, descending colon and/or sigmoid colon. DD of the colon was defined as perforation, lower GI bleeding and diverticulitis.
Histology
All colonic biopsies from the colonoscopies and resections were collected. The pathology reports from all biopsies and resections were reviewed (by G.F.), and the slides from the 3 colonic resections were also reviewed to evaluate for any possible histopathological differences.
Results
A total of 506 patients were included in our study. Of these, 207 Vietnamese patients met the inclusion criteria, and 299 Caucasians patients were randomly selected as controls.
Vietnamese Patients
The mean age was 61.6 ± 8.9 years and the mean age at first screening colonoscopy was 58.2 ± 7.2 years. There were 114 (55.7%) females (F) and 92 (44.4%) males (M). Our study identified 104 (50.5%) patients with LD (57 M/47 F), 65 (31.1%) with RD (35 M/30 F) and 38 (18.4%) with both LD and RD (23 M/15 F). The anatomical distribution of CD was as follows: 49 in the cecum; 95 in the ascending colon; 19 in the transverse colon; 98 in the descending colon, and 111 in the sigmoid colon.
Of the 207 Vietnamese patients, 133 (64%) were asymptomatic and came in for screening colonoscopies. A total of 74 (36%) patients were symptomatic. Of these, 21 (28.3%) were RD, 38 (51.4%) LD and 15 (20.7%) both RD and LD. Symptom distribution for RD was as follows: bleeding: 14 patients; abdominal pain: 7 patients, and changes in bowel movements: 2 patients; 3 patients had diverticulitis. There were no endoscopic complications. Symptom distribution for LD was as follows: bleeding: 32 patients; abdominal pain: 9 patients, and changes in bowel movements: 5 patients; 2 patients had diverticulitis. There were no endoscopic complications. In patients with CD on both the left and right sides, 15 (39%) patients were symptomatic. Symptom distribution was as follows: bleeding: 10 patients; abdominal pain: 2 patients, and changes in bowel movements: 3 patients. There were no endoscopic complications.
Other colonic findings were the following: associated hemorrhoids: 148 (72%) patients and polyps: 12 patients. Less common colonoscopy findings included lipomas: 2 patients (1 at the hepatic flexure and 1 in the cecum); malignancy: 1 patient (adenocarcinoma); hypertrophic anal papilla: 1 patient; torturous sigmoid colon: 1 patient, and tubular rectum: 1 patient.
Randomized Control Group
The mean age was 61.6 ± 8.1 years and age at first screening colonoscopy was 52.8 ± 6.4 years (114 M/140 F, 44.9/55.1%). There were 254 (84.9%) patients with LD (114 M/140 F), 9 (3.0%) with RD (2 M/7 F) and 36 (12%) with both LD and RD (16 M/20 F). The anatomical distribution of CD was as follows: 21 in the cecum; 32 in the ascending colon; 25 in the transverse colon; 95 in the descending colon, and 212 in the sigmoid colon. Of the 299 patients, 225 (75%) were asymptomatic and came in for screening colonoscopies and 74 (25%) were symptomatic. A total of 2 (22%) patients with RD were symptomatic, with bleeding in 1 patient and abdominal pain in another. There were no associated endoscopic complications. Overall, 62 (24%) patients with LD were symptomatic. Symptom distribution was as follows: bleeding: 51 patients; abdominal pain: 12 patients, and changes in bowel movements: 6 patients; 2 patients had diverticulitis. There were no associated endoscopic complications. In patients with CD on both the left and right sides, 10 (28%) patients were symptomatic. Symptom distribution was as follows: bleeding: 4 patients; abdominal pain: 2 patients; changes in bowel movements: 5 patients, and abdominal bloating: 1 patient. There were no associated endoscopic complications.
Other colonic findings were the following: associated hemorrhoids: 166 (56%) patients; polyps: 35 patients, and malignancies: 2 patients (cecal adenocarcinoma). Less common colonoscopy findings included stricture: 1 patient; stenosis: 3 patients; lipoma: 3 patients; anal fissures: 2 patients, and lymphoid hypertrophy: 1 patient. Details are presented in table 1.
Table 1.
Results of our cohort
| Vietnamese (n = 207) | Controls (n = 299) | |
|---|---|---|
| Mean age, years | 61.6 ± 8.9 | 61.6 ± 8.1 |
| Age at first colonoscopy, years | 58.2 ± 7.2 | 52.8 ± 6.4 |
| Sex predominance | 55% F | 56% M |
| (92 M/114 F) | (114 M/140 F) | |
| Symptomatic | 74 (36%) | 74 (25%) |
| Asymptomatic | 133 (64%) | 225 (75%) |
| Location | ||
| Cecum | 49 | 21 |
| Ascending colon | 95 | 32 |
| Transverse colon | 19 | 25 |
| Descending colon | 98 | 95 |
| Sigmoid colon | 111 | 212 |
| Colonoscopy findings | ||
| Associated polyps | 12 | 35 |
| Hemorrhoids | 148 (72%) | 166 (56%) |
| Malignancy | 1 | 2 |
| Stricture | 0 | 1 |
| Stenosis | 0 | 3 |
| Lipoma | 2 | 3 |
| Anal fissure | 0 | 2 |
| Lymphoid hypertrophy | 0 | 1 |
| Tubular rectum | 1 | 0 |
| Tortuous sigmoid | 1 | 0 |
| Hypertrophic anal papilla | 1 | 0 |
| Distribution | ||
| LD | ||
| Patients | 104 (50.5%) | 254 (84.9%) |
| Sex predominance | 57 M/47 F | 114 M/140 F |
| Symptomatic | 38 (51.4%) | 62 (24%) |
| Bleeding | 32 | 51 |
| Abdominal pain | 9 | 12 |
| Change in BM | 5 | 6 |
| Abdominal bloating | 0 | 0 |
| RD | ||
| Patients | 65 (31.1%) | 9 (3%) |
| Sex predominance | 34 M/30 F | 2 M/7 F |
| Symptomatic | 21 (28.3%) | 2 (22%) |
| Bleeding | 14 | 1 |
| Abdominal pain | 7 | 1 |
| Change in BM | 2 | 0 |
| Abdominal bloating | 0 | 0 |
| LD + RD | ||
| Patients | 38 (18.4%) | 36 (12%) |
| Sex predominance | 23 M/15 F | 16 M/20 F |
| Symptomatic | 15 (20.7%) | 10 (28%) |
| Bleeding | 10 | 4 |
| Abdominal pain | 2 | 2 |
| Change in BM | 3 | 5 |
| Abdominal bloating | 0 | 1 |
BM = Bowel movement.
Statistical Analysis
There was a statistically significant difference with LD versus RD and symptom distribution in the Vietnamese and controls groups (p = 0.0001). With regard to other colonic findings, there was a statistical difference with hemorrhoids in both cohorts (p = 0.0001) but not with polyps (p = 0.0648).
Histological Specimens
Of the 3 colonic resections, 1 (from the Vietnamese group) was for a colon adenocarcinoma, and this resection did not contain any diverticula. The diverticula present in the 2 remaining resections (from the Caucasian group) showed the usual outpouchings of colonic mucosa and submucosa through weakness of the muscular layer of the colonic wall. Some of these were inflamed. No gross anatomical or histological differences were noted with these left-sided diverticula compared to the more common right-sided ones (fig. 1, 2, 3, 4).
Fig. 1.
Low-power image of a right-sided diverticulum. HE. It shows a diverticulum with outpouching of the mucosa and submucosa with an attenuated layer of muscle. There is minimal associated chronic inflammation.
Fig. 2.
Medium-power image of a right-sided diverticulum. HE. It shows the diverticulum with outpouching of the mucosa and submucosa with an attenuated layer of muscle.
Fig. 3.
Low-power image of a left-sided sigmoid diverticulum for comparison. HE. It shows a diverticulum with outpouching of the mucosa and submucosa with an attenuated layer of muscle. There is associated acute and chronic inflammation.
Fig. 4.
Medium-power image of a left-sided sigmoid diverticulum for comparison. HE. It shows a diverticulum with outpouching of the mucosa and submucosa with an attenuated layer of muscle.
Discussion
Our findings showed that RD was common in the Vietnamese population, and the prevalence was higher than in Caucasians in our study. CD is a common GI disorder worldwide, with an estimated prevalence of 50% after the age of 70 [5,6,14]. The true prevalence is, presumably, higher given that most affected individuals are asymptomatic and that screening colonoscopy is not mandatory - nor is it widely available in all countries. The anatomical distribution pattern of CD differs between populations. While LD is most common worldwide, the prevalence of RD is higher in the Asian population [4,15,16]. Our study supports that the distribution of CD in the Vietnamese population follows this pattern (31% RD in Vietnamese vs. 3% in controls).
The percentage of RD within the Vietnamese cohort (31%) was lower than the estimated prevalence of RD in Asians [16,17]. This might be attributed to environmental factors such as a Western diet low in fiber and high in fat and red meat, the former of which could lead to a higher rate of LD or LD and RD and the latter two of which have been associated with increased risk of DD of the colon [18]. Correspondingly, our results indicate that a higher percentage of the Vietnamese cohort had LD and RD than controls (18 vs. 12%). Alternatively, as vitamin D deficiency has also been shown to be associated with a higher risk of hospitalization for diverticulitis [17], geographical effects on the Boston Vietnamese population such as low exposure to sunlight may contribute to the higher rate of diverticulitis and skew the distribution towards LD, although this effect is most likely minimal. Overall, the prevalence of CD in most areas of Asia is low compared to Europe and the USA. However, in westernized urban centers such as Tokyo there is an increasing incidence of CD, of which RD is most common.
Symptomatic differences between RD and LD have been documented in previous studies, with RD largely being associated with bleeding (50-90%) and LD with symptoms of diverticulitis and perforation [19]. However, our results showed a similar symptom distribution between LD and RD in both groups, with a higher percentage of bleeding in the left-sided control group (82%). Interestingly, the Vietnamese cohort had a higher rate of symptoms than the control group, both overall (36 vs. 25%) and within the subset of patients with RD (33 vs. 22%). Although structural differences in the bowel wall due to genetics must be considered, the fact that more Asians have symptomatic CD is likely to be reflective of the fact that this population is less compliant with screening protocols in the absence of symptoms. Indeed, Vietnamese patients were on average 6 years older than non-Vietnamese patients when they presented for their first screening colonoscopy. Thus, educating this population about the importance in this screening method should be emphasized.
In terms of other colonoscopy findings, the rate of hemorrhoids was higher in the Vietnamese population, which may reflect the higher prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome and constipation in the Asian population [20]. Longer length of the transverse and sigmoid colon has been correlated with high rates of constipation in the Japanese, which is thought to result from decreased motility in these predominantly left-sided locations. It is postulated that this could account for increased intraluminal pressure in the right colon, thereby increasing the rate of RD in the Japanese [21]. Although the Vietnamese population has not been evaluated for colonic length, this structural difference may be another contributing factor to RD in Vietnamese patients. Consequently, hemorrhoids should be high on the differential diagnosis as the etiology of patients presenting with lower GI bleeding in this population.
The etiology of CD is debatable. However, the most well-known and acceptable pathogenesis involves two mechanisms which act synergistically in the formation of diverticula - increased intraluminal pressure due to a lack of dietary fiber and increased fragility of the colon wall due to raised intraluminal pressure [21]. This also accounts for the increasing incidence of CD with age, as deposition of immature collagen with abnormal cross-linking creates points of weakness in the colon wall, thereby increasing susceptibility to diverticula. Historically, isolated RD was thought to be congenital and differentiated from LD because all layers of the colon wall are affected [22]. Although genetic factors are likely to play a role in the development of RD, our investigation yielded no gross or histological differences between the two, suggesting that RD could have the same etiology as LD.
Limitations of our study include those inherent in any retrospective cohort study. Selection bias was minimized given our randomized selection of both cohorts, but our dependence on the completeness and accuracy of patient records may have predisposed us to information bias. Moreover, there was frequently an absence of data on potential confounding factors. However, this study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to evaluate the prevalence, clinical features and associations between LD and RD in the Vietnamese population and may open the door for future research in a larger cohort to elucidate the true prevalence, behavior, risk factors, and association of CD in this population. Future studies should aim at assessing all CD-associated variables such as diet, physical activity, smoking status, vitamin D levels, colonic manometry, and changes in enteric/myenteric neuronal regulation of colonic motility, as well as histopathological changes in diverticula-associated blood vessels and tissue adjacent to diverticula. Moreover, identifying when patients moved from their home country to the USA may predict other environmental factors associated with RD.
Conclusion
In this study RD was common in the Vietnamese population living in Boston, Mass., USA, and its prevalence was higher in Vietnamese than in Caucasians.
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