ABSTRACT
Listeria monocytogenes has caused listeriosis outbreaks linked to soft cheese. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of seven L. monocytogenes isolates from two possibly related outbreaks caused by soft cheese products in Washington State.
GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
Listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous, Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, motile aerobic, and facultatively anaerobic bacterium (1). Through contaminated food products, L. monocytogenes causes high-mortality foodborne illnesses in immunocompromised individuals, particularly children and pregnant women. Listeriosis caused by L. monocytogenes infection can lead to miscarriage, encephalitis, and septicemia (2). Recently, multiple L. monocytogenes outbreaks have been linked to Mexican-style soft cheese in the United States (3, 4). Between 2009 and 2010, an L. monocytogenes outbreak associated with a Mexican-style soft cheese product (brand A) was identified in Washington State. In late 2014, we noticed the recurrence of clinical L. monocytogenes isolates with the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern as strains collected in the 2009–2010 outbreak. During the follow-up investigation, a whole-genome sequencing approach was used to determine that four environmental and food isolates from the 2009–2010 outbreak and three clinical isolates from 2014 were linked.
Listeria DNA was extracted using a DNeasy blood and tissue kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and prepared with an Illumina Nextera XT kit. The 250-bp paired-end sequencing was performed using an Illumina MiSeq sequencer. Raw sequencing reads were quality trimmed using Trimmomatic (version 0.36) (5). De novo assembly of trimmed reads was performed using SPAdes (v 3.10.0) (6). The NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Automatic Annotation Pipeline (PGAAP) was used to annotate the Listeria genomes (7). Sequence types (ST) were determined using a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) subtyping method at the Institut Pasteur MLST database (http://bigsdb.web.pasteur.fr/listeria/listeria.html). The PCR serogroups were also determined at the Institut Pasteur MLST database. Whole-genome MLST (wgMLST) analysis was done using BioNumerics (v 7.6) to compare similarity among the isolates. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis was performed using the FDA SNP Pipeline (8) and an NCBI reference L. monocytogenes genome (NC_003210).
The number of bases from raw fastq files ranged from 258.1 million to 635 million. These seven isolates had contig numbers from 13 to 15 (>500 bp) with a contig N50 value of 349,495 bp. The average coverage was 54× to 147× for all samples. The G+C content was 37.9%, and the genome size was 2.88 Mb from all the samples. Based on the annotation results, the numbers of total coding DNA sequences (CDS) were from 2,852 to 2,866, and the numbers of coding genes were from 2,826 to 2,840. MLST analysis indicated that all the isolates belonged to lineage I, sequence type 663, clonal complex 663, and PCR serogroup IVb. The wgMLST analysis showed a median allele difference of 7 (range, 0 to 9) among the isolates. SNP analysis showed 3 to 5 SNP differences among the three clinical samples from 2014, while 4 to 12 SNP differences were found among the food and environmental isolates from 2009. The SNP differences between the two groups were from 9 to 18 SNPs, indicating a potential association between the two outbreaks. Further analysis will be performed to scrutinize differences among these closely related isolates.
Accession number(s).
This whole-genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank. Accession numbers and other relevant information are listed in Table 1. The versions of GenBank accession numbers described in this paper are the first versions.
TABLE 1 .
L. monocytogenes isolates described in this study
| Isolate name | Yr isolated | Specimen type | BioSample name | SRAa accession no. | GenBank accession no. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PNUSAL001227 | 2014 | Blood, NOSb | SAMN03265978 | SRR1734294 | NKVU00000000 |
| PNUSAL001228 | 2014 | Blood, NOS | SAMN03265979 | SRR1734295 | NKVT00000000 |
| PNUSAL001229 | 2014 | Blood, NOS | SAMN03265980 | SRR1734296 | NKVS00000000 |
| WAPHL_LIS_A00031 | 2010 | Environmental swabs | SAMN03339952 | SRR1805608 | NKVY00000000 |
| WAPHL_LIS_A00032 | 2010 | Cheese | SAMN03339953 | SRR1805602 | NKVX00000000 |
| WAPHL_LIS_A00033 | 2010 | Environmental swabs | SAMN03339954 | SRR1805571 | NKVW00000000 |
| WAPHL_LIS_A00034 | 2010 | Environmental swabs | SAMN03339955 | SRR1805592 | NKVV00000000 |
SRA, Sequence Read Archive.
NOS, not otherwise specified.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This project was supported in part by an appointment to the Research Participation Program at the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition administration by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Footnotes
Citation Li Z, Marsland PA, Meek RT, Eckmann K, Allard MW, Pérez-Osorio AC. 2017. Draft genome sequences of Listeria monocytogenes strains from listeriosis outbreaks linked to soft cheese in Washington State. Genome Announc 5:e00936-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00936-17.
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