The calendar of cytokines: Seasonal variation of circulating cytokines in chronic venous insufficiency

Abstract

Objectives

To assess if in chronic venous insufficiency, there is a seasonal variation of cytokines levels which could explain the typical worsening of symptoms during Spring and Summer.

Participants

From 193 chronic venous insufficiency patients, we selected 32 patients in clinical stage C2–C3 of the Clinical–Etiology–Anatomy–Pathophysiology classification.

Design

A prospective, comparative and blinded cytokines assessment in two different seasons.

Setting

We sorted patients by two homogenous groups, 17 Autumn Group and 15 Spring Group. A complete clinical and haemodynamic assessment and laboratory analysis of 22 circulating cytokines were performed on each patient.

Main outcome measures

Circulating cytokines levels assessment.

Results

The two groups resulted homogenous for age, gender, clinical class, and haemodynamic parameters. Comparing cytokines expressions in Autumn Group vs. Spring Group, we found a significant difference of 11 out of 22 circulating cytokines (p < 0.05). Particularly Eotaxin, Interleukin-8, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, Tumour Necrosis Factor-α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor were increased in Autumn compared to the Control Group (p < 0.001); while significantly reduced in Spring, within the normal range (p, not significant).

Conclusions

Symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency are self-reported by patients more intense during warm seasons. Surprisingly, in our study, cytokines levels were significantly higher during Autumn and downregulated in Spring. These variations show for the first time the presence of a ‘Calendar of Cytokines’ in chronic venous insufficiency, which needs to be further investigated.

Introduction

Ethio-pathogenesis of chronic venous disease (CVD) is not fully understood. The pathophysiology is dominated by lower limbs venous hypertension. In most cases, it is caused by reflux through incompetent valves, condition that can be originated from a primary valvular failure or secondary to parietal dilation.¹

It is well known how in course of CVD the inflammatory process is dominated by the so-called white cell trapping phenomenon.² On the endothelium side, inflammation is characterized by a cytokine cascade with activation of matrix metallo proteinases and sustained remodelling of the valves and venous wall.³ However, the effective contribution of haemodynamics to the inflammatory phenotype of the endothelium is unknown. In vitro investigations, aimed to understand the contribution of flow to atherosclerosis, have already demonstrated the direct relationship between haemodynamic forces and endothelial expression,⁴ while a laminar flow is associated with low inflamed vessel walls,⁵ an oscillatory flow is linked to a pro-inflammatory endothelial lining.⁶

Reflux in the veins of the lower limbs is a perfect example of oscillatory flow.^1,7 There is an upward component at muscular systole followed by a reverse flow wave at muscular diastole (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

The classic oscillatory flow of venous reflux, with bi-directional positive and negative components are depicted. Top: exemplification of the parameter assessed, PSV, EDV, and RT. Bottom: duplex scanning of the GSV 15 cm below the junction, longitudinal access, where the parameters were assessed. PSV: peak systolic velocity; EDV: end diastolic velocity; RT: reflux time; GSV: great saphenous vein.

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a very spread disease.⁸ In all cases, the symptoms of affected patients are always reported as the most frequent during the warm seasons, Spring and Summer in our latitudes, consequently leading to a greater demand for treatments and access to the health system.^9,10

The aim of this study is to verify if there is a chrono-biological variation of the circulating cytokines, related to endothelial function in CVI patients, in the different seasons of the year, and in case of variations, verify if this behaviour can be related to the clinical aspects of the disease.

Materials and methods

Patients’ population and samples collection

From a cohort of 193 patients affected by primary CVD, we selected patients for the present study according to the following inclusion criteria:

• Primary CVD

• Clinical–Etiology–Anatomy–Pathophysiology (CEAP) clinical class ranging from 2 to 3

• Reflux confined to the GSV territory

• Age 18–65 years old

• BMI ≤ 28

• Willing to participate to the study

Exclusion criteria were the followings:

• Absence of concomitant acute and chronic inflammatory diseases

• Steroids and immunosuppressant therapy

• Presence of active or healed Venous Leg Ulcer

• Smoking

• Absence of significant comorbidities affecting the cardiovascular, hepatic, renal and nervous apparatus

• Concomitant reflux in the SSV, deep venous system, pelvic veins, contralateral limb

• Surgical, compressive, sclerotherapic, pharmacological treatment of CVI in the last 12 months

Thirty-two patients fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria and entered the study. They were therefore sorted them by two homogenous groups, depending on the time of year when they have been subjected to surgical treatment in the Day Surgery:

• Autumn Group (October to December) consists of 17 subjects (11 women and 6 men) with a mean age of 54.5 ± 12 years;

• Spring Group (April to June) consists of 15 subjects (10 women and 5 men) with a mean age of 49.7 ± 13.4 years.

All the patients underwent an echo-colour-Doppler (ECD) investigation (ESAOTE My-Lab 70, Esaote Genoa, Italy), in standing position with complete scanning of the great saphenous vein (GSV) and small saphenous vein (SSV) systems, including junctions and tributaries. In addition, the main trunk of the deep venous system and the perforators were completely examined. Calf muscular pump was elicited by manual squeezing, considering as reflux the detection of a reverse flow lasting more than 0.5 s in all the examined segments.¹¹

Moreover, at 15 cm distal to the sapheno-femoral junction, the following haemodynamic parameters were assessed into the GSV: peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and reflux time (RT) (Figure 1).

Blood samples were collected from the patients arm before the surgical treatment before entering the operating room. The samples were immediately sent to the biological laboratory for centrifugation and plasma isolation.

Surgery consisted in CHIVA conservative haemodynamic correction.¹²

Analysis of cytokines and chemokines in plasma samples

Plasma samples were frozen and thawed only once before performing the MILLIPLEX MAP Human Cytokine/Chemokine Panel (Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA), a bead-based multiplex immunoassay, which allows the simultaneous quantification of the following 29 human cytokines: Interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, Interlukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 ra), IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, Interlukin-12 protein 40 (IL-12(p40)), Interlukin-12 protein 70 (IL-12(p70)), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17 A, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Eotaxin, Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF), Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), Interferon-α2 (IFN-α2), IFN-γ, Interferon gamma-induced Protein 10 (IP-10), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, Tumour Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), TNF-β and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Moreover, a custom made MILLIPLEX MAP Human Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel (Merck Millipore) was used to quantify the cytokines Platelet Derived Growth Factor-AB/BB (PDGF-AB/BB) and Regulated on Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES). Samples were processed in duplicate following the manufacturer’s recommended protocols and read on a MAGPIX instrument equipped with the MILLIPLEX-Analyst Software using a five-parameter nonlinear regression formula to compute sample concentrations from the standard curves.

Statistical analysis

The data were reported as mean ± standard deviation. The results were compared by using Student’s t-test for paired data and Wilcoxon test for unpaired data, when appropriate. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was calculated to identify correlation between haemodynamic and lab parameters. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Instat software (San Diego, CA).

Control group

We used as Control Group healthy subjects previously assessed and also described in Literature from our Center. These subjects have been assessed throughout the entire solar year and were matched for age and gender with the two patients groups.^13,14

Results

Haemodynamic results

Clinically, the two groups of patients resulted totally homogenous for age, gender, clinical class and all the haemodynamic parameters. We calculated the significance values, comparing the values of haemodynamic parameters collected in the Autumn Group with the values of haemodynamic parameters collected in the Spring group: none of the results reached statistical significance values as shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Analysis of all the haemodynamic parameters calculated in the two patient groups.

Haemodynamics parameters	Mean ± SD Autumn	Median Autumn	Mean ± SD Spring	Median Spring	P value Significative < 0.05
PSV (cm/s)	35.70 ± 17.3	34	44.46 ± 12.01	45	0.10
EDV (cm/s)	13.1 ± 7.75	12	15.66 ± 9.88	11	0.42
RI	1.39 ± 0.17	1.4	1.36 ± 0.84	1.39	0.63
RT (s)	2.94 ± 0.72	2.9	3.08 ± 0.84	3.2	0.63

SD: standard deviation; PSV: peak systolic velocity; EDV: end diastole velocity; RI: resistance index; RT: reflux time.

Correlation between circulating levels of cytokines/chemokines in the two groups

In Table 2, the change of levels of cytokines of the two groups of patients is given, respectively, and together to the control group and the level of significance as well.

Table 2.

Analysis of all cytokines/chemokines in plasma samples calculated in the two patient groups. Statistical analysis between the two groups and the control group, respectively.

Cytokine/ chemokine	Detection range	Mean ± SD Control group	Mean ± SD Autumn group	Mean ± SD Spring group	P value Autumn vs. Spring	P value Autumn vs. control	P value Spring vs. control
EGF	3.21	40 ± 23.30	135.47 ± 158.02	28.60 ± 34.56	0.013	<0.0001	0.002
EOTAXIN	3.20	54.90 ± 26.00	282.63 ± 144.58	60.11 ± 22.04	0.001	<0.0001	0.358
G-CSF	3.24	17.9 ± 6.8	28.41 ± 19.41	18.40 ± 8.12	0.059	<0.0001	0.735
GM-CSF	1.58	4.9 ± 1.9	5.22 ± 2.52	3.40 ± 1.59	0.015	0.477	<0.001
IFN-α2	0.72	12.00 ± 8.3	12.93 ± 8.95	9.80 ± 4.96	0.209	0.641	0.226
IFN-γ	1.37	3.7 ± 1.9	10.99 ± 16.30	4.68 ± 8.86	0.168	<0.001	0.024
IL-12(p70)	1.6	3.8 ± 2.00	4.93 ± 6.45	2.89 ± 1.36	0.250	0.028	0.070
IL-13	0.82	<OOR	3.03 ± 2.50	5.17 ± 4.16	0.477	NA	NA
IL-15	1.06	<OOR	1.40 ± 1.73	0.99 ± 1.78	0.231	NA	NA
IL-17a	1.28	<OOR	4.55 ± 5.11	4.72 ± 4.03	0.955	NA	NA
IL-1ra	1.8	20.3 ± 10.00	18.31 ± 15.28	13.25 ± 6.13	0.21	0.413	0.001
IL-6	0.5	<OOR	2.36 ± 1.09	1.37 ± 0.64	0.120	NA	NA
IL-7	0.4	2.9 ± 1.3	2.90 ± 2.47	1.82 ± 0.83	0.101	0.976	<0.001
IL-8	1.51	2.8 ± 1.8	17.81 ± 24.67	3.58 ± 1.73	0.028	<0.001	0.163
IP-10	1.9	203.5 ± 67.8	336.82 ± 161.09	290.57 ± 161.34	0.385	<0.001	<0.001
MCP-1	4.00	162.50 ± 56.00	294.39 ± 139.94	166.05 ± 70.40	0.002	<0.001	0.802
MIP-1a	0.9	3.6 ± 0.40	19.74 ± 13.72	6.96 ± 3.42	0.010	<0.001	<0.001
MIP-1b	8.3	20.20 ± 6.80	45.87 ± 28.44	16.57 ± 7.80	<0.001	<0.001	0.014
TNF-α	0.6	3.8 ± 1.6	6.77 ± 2.92	4.22 ± 1.74	0.003	<0.001	0.223
VEGF	3.00	34.80 ± 17.00	85.51 ± 77.51	47.92 ± 43.80	0.033	<0.001	0.399
PDGF – AB	8.6	5476.00 ± 5027.00	12929.47 ± 13811.65	2336 ± 1767.50	0.006	<0.001	0.004
RANTES	2.2	16126.00 ± 15567	664473.47 ± 66995.02	3779.80 ± 3516.87	0.001	<0.001	<0.001

All cytokine values are expressed in pg/ml. <OOR (Out of (below) detection range) means the values are lower than instrumentally detectable. The statistical significance (grey box) is p < 0.05 values. NA (not available) is meant when the statistical evaluation was not executable.

The first and most important finding is that 11 out of 22 cytokines show a statistically significant difference between the group and the Autumn Spring: EGF, Eotaxin, GM-CSF, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1 a, MIP-1 b, TNF-α, VEGF, PDGF-BB and RANTES. All of them are known to be pro-inflammatory cytokines.

In particular observation, among the cytokines statistically different between the two groups of patients, different trends are of particular interest results compared with the values assumed in control group.^13,14

The most interesting and significant among these was found to be shown by five cytokines (Eotaxin, IL-8, MCP-1, TNF-α, VEGF), which express a value of highly elevated inflammation in the autumn well above the control group levels; while they fall within the normal range during the Spring period, with a value of p never significant, marking of a lower inflammation state:

• Eotaxin (Figure 2) is 282.63 ± 144.58 pg/ml in the Autumn period (p < 0.001), while in Spring, the values drop to 60.11 ± 4.22 pg/ml (p = 0.358);

• Interleukin 8 in the group presents Autumn 17.81 ± 24.67 pg/ml (p < 0.001 compared to control) sagging 3.58 ± 1.73 pg/ml in Spring (p = 0.163);

• MCP-1 in the Autumn assumes a value of 294.39 ± 139.94 pg/mL (p < 0.001 compared to control), while in Spring, the values of 166.05 ± 70.40 pg/ml (p = 0.802);

• TNF-α in Autumn Group has a value of 6.77 ± 2.92 pg/ml (p < 0.001 compared to control), while Spring has a value of 4.22 ± 1.74 pg/ml (p = 0.223);

• Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (Figure 2) has a value in the Group Autumn equal to 85.51 ± 77.51 pg/ml (p < 0.001 compared to the control value) that falls in the Spring group at 47.92 ± 43.80 pg/ml (p = 0.399).

Figure 2.

Eotaxin and VEGF in pg/ml values, measured in the plasma of patients, in comparison of the Autumn Group (Autumn), the Spring Group (Spring) and the values taken as Control Group (Reference). VEGF: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor.

Finally, the completion of the statistical analysis of laboratory results, two cytokines have a parallel and significant trend, that appears to be always significantly higher during the year than the control values, while not exhibit any statistically significant difference in the relationship between both Autumn and Spring:

• IP10 in Autumn Group assumes the values of 336.82 ± 161.09 (p < 0.001 compared to control), while in the Spring Group assumes a value of 290.57 ± 161.34 pg/ml (p < 0.001).

• INF-γ shows the values of 10.99 ± 16.30 pg/ml in Autumn (p < 0.001 compared to control) and values of 4.68 ± 8.86 pg/ml (p = 0.024) in Spring.

Discussion

The main finding of this study is represented by a circa-annual oscillation of endothelial cytokines in patients affected by CVI. This novel finding is apparently in contrast with the clinical observation of symptoms worsening during the warm season, since the inflammatory status herein assessed is greater during autumn.

The clinical interest at the base of this study was created by the well-known series of symptoms reported by patients suffering from CVI and the absence of a complete clinical and biological evaluation, so far.

From our study, it appears that symptoms are not related to the inflammatory status expressed by a deep analysis of inflammatory cytokines. This suggests us to investigate the levels also in Summer and in winter in order to have a more comprehensive chrono-biological assessment. Our finding also rises the hypothesis that symptoms of CVI are not completely related to the levels of circulating cytokines.

The CVI complications are closely related to endothelial inflammation, which lead to stimulation of an inflammatory biosignaling,⁵ that we can dose through the circulating inflammatory cytokines.

To prevent other inflammatory events may invalidate the result of the data, through very strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, we excluded all patients who had at the time of measurement of blood parameters other acute or chronic inflammatory disorders. At the same time, to avoid inflammatory phenomena relative to an advanced state of chronic disease, we excluded all patients to a state of advanced disease, retaining only the cases that were comprised between C2 and C3 according to the CEAP classification.

In doing so, from an initial population of 193 patients, we recorded a significant decrease in our study population, but making it more reliable. Analysing the 22 inflammatory cytokines, 11 out of 22 present a statistically difference between the measurement of the Group Autumn (October to December) and the one from the Spring Group (April to June).

Especially five inflammation proteins present a very consistent pattern. Indeed they seem to have a strong seasonality, capable of being significantly above the reference values in Autumn Group, thereby justifying an increased inflammatory value, while reducing up to re-enter within the normal values, in the Spring group. This biological rhythm was not linked to any surgical, compressive or pharmacological treatment. More specifically:

1. Eotaxin (EOTAX) is a protein with a powerful action towards eosinophils and Th2. Moreover, it plays an important role in ischemia-induced remodelling of vessel walls¹⁵;

2. IL-8, neutrophil chemotactic main factor, plays a key role in promoting angiogenesis and is frequently increased in the presence of oxidative stress phenomena¹⁶;

3. MCP-1 is a cytokine present in the plasma membrane of endothelial cells, with the function to recruit monocytes, memory T cells and dendritic cells in the sites of inflammation produced by a tissue injury or infection¹⁷;

4. TNF is one of the main factors of the inflammatory cascade. It is very present in macrophages and T lymphocytes, inducing chemotaxis of leukocytes and their adhesion to the vascular endothelium, which is the main mechanism of each local inflammatory complex¹⁸;

5. VEGF is the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. It plays a crucial and specific role in angiogenesis by regulating proliferation, migration, permeability and survival of endothelial cells derived from veins, arteries and lymphatic vessels. The expression levels are regulated by the oxygen tension in the tissues, as the hypoxia conditions there is an increase in the release, while on the contrary, the normoxia induces a down-regulation of VEGF production and a regression of the formation of vessels.¹⁹

The accurate analysis of these results, confirms strong inflammatory vascular changes with the changing seasons throughout the year, suggests resolutely the presence of a protective factor active in the Spring and Summer months, able to inhibit the inflammatory vascular endothelium carried out by these important cytokines.

This factor cannot be related to haemodynamic parameters, because there is no evidence of significant difference compared with the two seasons of the year.

Indeed, the RT, which is considered as the main diagnostic element of CVI, tends to have a slight improvement in the autumn than the hottest period, where instead worsens.

Therefore, the haemodynamic changes and pathological oscillatory flows may be the primary cause of inflammation of the endothelium, but not the factor that protective modulation is present in the Spring.

At the moment in the database of this first study, there are no data in our possession to explain the interesting trends reported by inflammatory cytokines, capable of open up a completely new point of view from the first aim of the study, where we all expected a higher inflammatory state in Spring, strongly connected to higher symptoms.

However, in literature, there are several traces which can be speculatively related to our novel and surprising findings.

For instance, Vitamin D is one of the major actors that presents a chrono-biological characterization, in fact, the crucial role of activation of the molecule can be attributed to sun exposure.²⁰

It is of course significantly shortened in the autumn period, compared to Spring, has the function of allowing the skin to the irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol and the formation of cholecalciferol by isomerization.

Our speculative hypothesis could be therefore supported by the action of vitamin D and its narrow clinical and biological correlation with cytokines observed in particular. The Vitamin D, in fact, in addition to the adjustment of the phosphocalcium mechanism, presents a general level a role of suppression of all inflammatory cytokines.²¹

Among its many actions and functions is a potent modulator of the natural and specific immune system, going to act also on the same T lymphocytes, Th2, T-reg together with dendritic cells and macrophages,²² just as seen for MCP-1, IL-8 TNF-α.

At the same time, there are widespread actions of vitamin D within the context of immune diseases, infectious and autoimmune. These include the emblematic case of multiple sclerosis is,²³ capable of a real protective role offered by sun exposure, or the latitudinal difference, compared to the onset of the disease. By the same token, other diseases in immune regulation such as inflammatory bowel diseases,²⁴ vitamin D is a powerful factor in down-regulation of the inflammatory response.

Finally, also in vascular applications, vitamin D plays a crucial role and the arterial side.²⁵ It is now a fact that a deficit of 1.25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active form of vitamin D3, exposes patients to an atheromatous process,²⁶ with a mechanism that follows the main actions performed by VEGF.

There are still very few studies however that they correlate vitamin D with the venous endothelium effects, but there is scientific evidence of the protective role against the damage induced by oxidative²⁷ stress and apoptosis. It appears that at the endothelial level, Vitamin D is capable of reducing the gene expression related to apoptosis, the maintenance of mitochondrial function, the activation of protein kinases involved in the mechanisms of survival and the production of nitric oxide.²⁸

On a complete speculative basis, our suggestions and findings seem to be furthermore sustained by vast clinical evaluations. Unlike the reported symptoms, more aggressive in the warmer period, there are many evidences that highlight a greater presence of the complications of CVI in the winter months.

For example, venous ulcers (stage C6 CEAP classification) seem to have a significant increase of their appearance during the winter and autumn months in our latitudes.²⁹ At the same time, Dentali et al.³⁰ confirmed in an impressive systematic review on a base of more than 35,000 patients, a significantly increased risk of TEP during the winter months, and especially during the month of January.

Conclusions

For the first time, it is brought to light a sort of ‘Calendar of Cytokines’, including endothelial inflammation. These assumptions may provide an explanation, through accurate in vivo measurements, of the substantial seasonal difference comparing the typical symptom manifestations of venous disease and local complications closely related to CVI.

In a particular way, this work is established as one of the first prospective studies realized up to now to assess the presence of a factor capable of modulating the venous vascular endothelial inflammation, suggesting a potential role attributed to Vitamin D.

Limits of the study and future perspectives

Limitation of this study is the small population, all collected at the same latitude. At the same time, the absence of analysis during the entire period of the year due to organization aspects and the absence of a vitamin D blood analysis or administration is the lacking point that needs recognition.

Future perspectives must be a wider population in number of patients to be analysed in different groups at different latitudes, a 12-month covering and adding the assessment and the administration of Vitamin D at specified dose.

Final aims will be the definition of a possible protective factor and the drawing of a therapeutic protocol to prevent life-threatening complications in CVD patients.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR Programme PRIN 2010-2011), Grant no. 2010XE5L2R.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the Ferrara University-Hospital Ethical Committee.

Guarantor

Paolo Zamboni

Contributorship

P Spath: Literature review, data collection, data interpretation, design, wrote and revised the manuscript. V Tisato: performed the cytokines assessment and data interpretation, read and approved the manuscript. S Gianesini: data collection and data interpretation, read and approved the manuscript. M Tessari: data collection and data interpretation, read and approved the manuscript. E Menegatti: data collection and data interpretation, read and approved the manuscript. R Manfredini: data interpretation, read and approved the manuscript. S Occhionorelli: data interpretation, read and approved the manuscript. P Secchiero: data interpretation and source of financial support, read and approved the manuscript. P Zamboni: concept and design, revised the manuscript, data interpretation and source of financial support.