Response to: Comment on Rohrscheib et al. 2016 "Intensity of mutualism breakdown is determined by temperature not amplification of Wolbachia genes"

Unlike other intracellular bacteria, Wolbachia genomes are highly labile largely due to the presence of repetitive sequences such as transposons, active phage and high rates of recombination [1–3]. Within the wMelPop genome a locus of considerable instability, referred to as the Octomom locus, has been described by several studies [4–8]. As this locus is one of the few variable loci between wMel (single Octomom locus, low bacterial density and non-pathogenic) and wMelPop (3–12 Octomom loci, high bacterial density and pathogenic) genomes, and no genetic transformation tools are available, there is considerable interest in understanding the link between genotype and phenotype. Chrostek and Teixeira hypothesized “that Octomom region amplification underlies wMelPop virulence” and went on to correlate increased Octomom copy number to increased bacterial density within the host and strength of pathology [5]. Absent from this study was a systematic assessment of temperature, which previous studies had shown to affect wMelPop pathology, and its effect on wMelPop density and Octomom copy number. We hypothesized that temperature would affect Octomom copy number and/or gene expression, and that such changes would affect the strength of pathology [8]. Our study showed that while Octomom copy number did vary over developmental time, no consistent trend was observed among Octomom copy number, bacterial density nor pathology [8]. We determined that temperature, not Octomom copy number or bacterial density, had the greatest effect on wMelPop infected host lifespan. The link between Octomom copy number and pathology was further challenged by our discovery of a pathogenic Wolbachia strain (wMel3562) that maintained a single copy of the Octomom locus, and supports an earlier study of a wMelPop variant that lacks the Octomom locus but which is still pathogenic [7–9]. These observations suggest that at the very least, genetic elements beyond the Octomom locus are responsible for pathology.

Chrostek and Teixeira’s comment does not critique a major finding of our studies: that wMelPop density and rate of growth within the host was biphasic. That is, above a threshold temperature wMelPop rapidly established a high density within the host, while below that threshold wMelPop established a moderate density within the host at a slower rate. Importantly we showed that neither the rate or density of wMelPop had an effect on pathogenicity. As Chrostek and Teixeria make no mention of these results in their commentary we assume that they agree with our conclusion that neither absolute density nor the rate of growth alone affects the strength of pathology.

A major criticism of our study was the design of the qPCR experiment used to estimate Octomom copy number, in particular the absence of any reference to a calibrator. In their commentary, Chrostek and Teixeira suggest that “a calibrator with known Octomom copy number is required”, one such calibrator would be wMelCS which contains a single copy of the Octomom locus. Re-applying our qPCR assay, and analysing the data using the Pfaffl method, we estimated a 1:1 ratio of Octomom to wMelCS genome (S1 Fig; S1 Data). Consequently, we conclude that our qPCR assay was valid and our previous estimates of Octomom copy number correct.

In the Chrostek and Teixeira 2015 paper a selection experiment was made on the basis of Octomom copy number and not pathology. We concede that our description of Chrostek and Teixeira’s selection experiment was incorrect, however our criticism of their selection experiment remains: the design of the experiment was fundamentally flawed as it does not correct for selection upon the host. In the absence of these controls, no conclusions regarding Octomom copy number and phenotype can be inferred. The need for such controls has been highlighted by a previous selection study which sought to manipulate the strength of wMelPop pathology [10]. Selection was conducted on separate and independent flylines and attenuation of pathology in all flylines observed; however it was shown that selection had acted upon the host genome not wMelPop [10]. To conclusively determine the outcome of selection in Chrostek and Teixeira 2015 paper would require transfer of selected wMelPop into an unselected host background either via backcrossing or microinjection.

In their commentary, Chrostek and Teixeira suggest that non-controlled wMelPop Drosophila stocks should be a heterogeneous population that is made up of low and high-copy number variants–we agree with that assumption. Based on that assumption, a simulation model of Octomom copy number variation over developmental time is presented, and Octomom copy number is predicted to fluctuate in a similar fashion to that described in our own study. In their commentary Chrostek and Teixeira conclude from this model that “flies carrying wMelPop with high Octomom copy numbers die faster and, therefore, at later time points these Wolbachia are depleted from the pool of total wMelPop and mean Octomom copy number decreases.” The model does not account for a reduction of absolute lifespan of wMelPop infected insects when compared to wMelCS or uninfected controls. If Octomom amplification is linked to intensity of pathology then variants with a single copy of the Octomom locus should live as long as non-pathogenic strains of Wolbachia.

Both studies have highlighted the dynamic nature of the Octomom locus, across generational and developmental time. Our study has shown Octomom amplification is not linked to either the intensity of pathology nor over-replication of wMelPop. We conclude that at this point in time there is no clear genetic determinate of wMelPop pathology and that further studies of wMelPop and related strains are required.

Supporting information

S1 Fig. Octomom copy numbers in wMelCS-infected flies.

Mean Octomom copy number relative to a single copy wMelCS gene in 1, 5 and 15-day old adult Drosophila reared at 21°C (black-shaded circles) or 24°C (grey-shaded circles) as determined by qPCR. Flies were reared at 24°C from embryo to eclosion. Days refer to adult fly age post eclosion. Grey bars represent median of n = 6 samples. No significance difference was observed (F(2, 27) = 3.35, p = 0.87).

(TIFF)

S1 Data. Raw density data.

Raw Wolbachia density data for flies infected with wMelCS reared at different temperatures and across different time points.

(XLSX)

Funding Statement

Funds were received by the Australian Research Council. Future Fellowship supported BVS (FT100100725), while equipment funded by Discovery project (DP1092492) and an internal Griffith University Researcher Award was awarded to JCB. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.