Alemtuzumab CARE-MS I 5-year follow-up

Abstract

Objective:

To evaluate 5-year efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab in treatment-naive patients with active relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) (CARE-MS I; NCT00530348).

Methods:

Alemtuzumab-treated patients received treatment courses at baseline and 12 months later; after the core study, they could enter an extension (NCT00930553) with as-needed alemtuzumab retreatment for relapse or MRI activity. Assessments included annualized relapse rate (ARR), 6-month confirmed disability worsening (CDW; ≥1-point Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score increase [≥1.5 if baseline EDSS = 0]), 6-month confirmed disability improvement (CDI; ≥1-point EDSS decrease [baseline score ≥2.0]), no evidence of disease activity (NEDA), brain volume loss (BVL), and adverse events (AEs).

Results:

Most alemtuzumab-treated patients (95.1%) completing CARE-MS I enrolled in the extension; 68.5% received no additional alemtuzumab treatment. ARR remained low in years 3, 4, and 5 (0.19, 0.14, and 0.15). Over years 0–5, 79.7% were free of 6-month CDW; 33.4% achieved 6-month CDI. Most patients (61.7%, 60.2%, and 62.4%) had NEDA in years 3, 4, and 5. Median yearly BVL improved over years 2–4, remaining low in year 5 (years 1–5: −0.59%, −0.25%, −0.19%, −0.15%, and −0.20%). Exposure-adjusted incidence rates of most AEs declined in the extension relative to the core study. Thyroid disorder incidences peaked at year 3 and subsequently declined.

Conclusions:

Based on these data, alemtuzumab provides durable efficacy through 5 years in the absence of continuous treatment, with most patients not receiving additional courses.

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:

NCT00530348; NCT00930553.

Classification of evidence:

This study provides Class III evidence that alemtuzumab durably improves efficacy outcomes and slows BVL in patients with RRMS.

Alemtuzumab (LEMTRADA; Sanofi Genzyme, Cambridge, MA) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively targets CD52, an antigen highly expressed on T and B lymphocytes.¹ Binding of alemtuzumab to CD52 results in depletion of circulating T and B cells,^2,3 following which a distinct pattern of T- and B-cell repopulation and a shift in cytokines toward a less inflammatory pattern occur. Both mechanisms may be relevant to the durable efficacy of this drug.⁴

Compared with the active treatment subcutaneous interferon β-1a (SC IFN-β-1a; Rebif; EMD Serono Inc., Rockland, MA), alemtuzumab significantly reduced the annualized relapse rate (ARR) in patients with active relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) who either were treatment-naive (phase 2 CAMMS223 study [NCT00050778]⁵ and phase 3 Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis [CARE-MS] I study [NCT00530348])⁶ or had an inadequate response (≥1 relapse) to prior therapy (phase 3 CARE-MS II study [NCT00548405]).⁷ In CAMMS223 and CARE-MS II, alemtuzumab also increased proportions of patients who were free of 6-month confirmed disability worsening (CDW).^5,7 Alemtuzumab increased proportions with no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) in the 2-year phase 3 CARE-MS studies^6,7 and reduced brain volume loss (BVL) in all 3 clinical trials, compared with SC IFN-β-1a.^5–7 The most common adverse events (AEs) with alemtuzumab were infusion-associated reactions (IARs); autoimmune AEs were also associated with treatment.^5–7 Based on the positive benefit-risk profile demonstrated in these trials, alemtuzumab is currently licensed in over 60 countries worldwide for treatment of adults with RRMS^8,9 and is the only approved treatment that does not require continuous dosing to provide durable efficacy in patients with this disease.

We report interim results through 3 years of an extension study (NCT00930553) in patients who received alemtuzumab during the core CARE-MS I trial, constituting a total of 5 years of follow-up from CARE-MS I enrollment.

METHODS

Patients and procedures for CARE-MS I core study.

The study design for the 2-year CARE-MS I core study has been published previously.⁶ Briefly, CARE-MS I was a randomized, rater-blinded, active-controlled, head-to-head trial of alemtuzumab compared with SC IFN-β-1a in patients who were treatment-naive and had active RRMS (≥2 relapses in the previous 2 years and ≥1 relapse in the prior year).

Procedures for the extension study.

This analysis reports findings from alemtuzumab-treated patients who completed CARE-MS I and continued into the extension, in which they could receive additional alemtuzumab courses (each 12 mg/d IV on 3 consecutive days) upon evidence of MS disease activity (and ≥48 weeks since the prior course). Eligibility criteria for retreatment were ≥1 protocol-defined relapse or ≥2 new/enlarging T2 hyperintense and/or gadolinium (Gd)-enhancing brain or spinal cord lesions on MRI. Retreatment-disqualifying criteria included, but were not limited to, pregnancy, diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) or other immune cytopenia, and history of malignancy (except basal cell carcinoma) or antiglomerular basement membrane disease. The decision on whether to initiate retreatment in eligible patients was left to the treating physician and patient, as was the decision to provide another licensed disease-modifying therapy (DMT).

Efficacy assessments and endpoints.

Relapse events required objective signs on examination, lasting ≥48 hours, and were confirmed by the investigator. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was assessed quarterly and for evaluation of suspected relapses by raters blinded to previous treatment assignment and treatment history throughout the extension. Annual MRI scans were assessed by blinded imaging specialists at NeuroRx Research (Montréal, Canada; for lesion-based analyses) and the Cleveland Clinic MS MRI Analysis Center (Cleveland, OH; for brain parenchymal fraction [BPF] analysis).

Clinical efficacy endpoints evaluated over years 0–5 included the following: ARR; proportion of relapse-free patients; 6-month CDW (≥1.0-point EDSS score increase from core study baseline [≥1.5 if baseline EDSS score = 0]; formerly termed sustained accumulation of disability¹⁰); mean change from baseline EDSS score; proportions of patients with EDSS scores that were improved (≥1.0-point decrease), worsened (≥1.0-point increase), or stable (≤0.5-point change) compared with baseline; and 3-, 6-, or 12-month confirmed disability improvement (CDI; ≥1.0-point decrease from core study baseline EDSS score, in patients with baseline EDSS scores ≥2.0).

MRI lesion outcomes examined over years 0–5 included proportions of patients with Gd-enhancing, new/enlarging T2 hyperintense, and new nonenhancing T1 hypointense lesions. Median percentage BVL from baseline and per year was calculated.

NEDA was evaluated annually and cumulatively (sustained NEDA over years 3–5). NEDA was defined as no evidence of clinical disease activity (absence of both relapses and 6-month CDW) and no evidence of MRI lesion activity (absence of both new Gd-enhancing and new/enlarging T2 hyperintense lesions).

Safety monitoring.

Safety was evaluated by review of AEs, serious AEs, medical events of interest, and laboratory tests (including thyroid function [at least quarterly], hematology [at least monthly], serum creatinine [monthly], and urinalysis with microscopy [monthly]). All safety monitoring procedures continued for 4 years after last alemtuzumab administration, or until study end, whichever occurred later. IARs were defined as any AE with onset during infusion or ≤24 hours after the end of infusion.

Classification of evidence.

This analysis evaluates the long-term efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab and provides Class III evidence that alemtuzumab improves ARR, MRI lesion outcomes, and BVL over 5 years in treatment-naive patients with active RRMS and that high proportions of patients achieve NEDA. These effects were observed in the absence of continuous treatment and with most (68.5%) patients receiving no alemtuzumab retreatment through 5 years.

Statistical analysis.

Analyses were based on available data (without imputation) on all alemtuzumab 12 mg patients with up to 5 years of follow-up from first dose in CARE-MS I, with an interim cutoff date of October 4, 2014, in the extension.

ARR was estimated using negative binomial regression with robust variance estimation and covariate adjustment for the geographic region. Proportions of patients with 6-month CDW or 3-, 6-, or 12-month CDI were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Percentage of patients with improvement, stability, or worsening from the baseline EDSS score was reported.

Safety data were reported as incidences (percentage of patients with ≥1 event) and exposure-adjusted incidence rates (EAIRs) per 100 patient-years ([number of patients with specific event divided by total annual exposure-time among patients at risk of initial occurrence of the event] × 100) in the reported time cohorts.¹¹ Autoimmune AEs were reported using time of first AE occurrence over total follow-up time (0–5 years).

Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents.

This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00530348; NCT00930553). All procedures were approved by local institutional ethics review boards of participating sites. Patients provided written informed consent.

RESULTS

Patients.

Of the 367 alemtuzumab patients completing CARE-MS I, 349 (95.1%) entered the extension study; of these, 335 (96.0%) remained on study through Month 60 (year 5; figure 1).

Figure 1. Patient disposition.

Disposition schematic includes patient participation from the core CARE-MS I study through the long-term extension study. DMTs include fingolimod (n = 1), glatiramer acetate (n = 2), interferon β-1a (n = 2), interferon β-1b (n = 3), and natalizumab (n = 1). *The death that occurred in the core study was deemed not related to treatment. CARE-MS = Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis; DMT = disease-modifying therapy.

In the core study, alemtuzumab patients received 12 mg on 5 consecutive days at baseline and 3 consecutive days 12 months later. In the extension study, 239 (68.5%) alemtuzumab patients received no alemtuzumab retreatment; 341 (97.7%) received no other DMT; and 235 (67.3%) received neither alemtuzumab retreatment nor other DMT. Of the 110 patients who received alemtuzumab retreatment (table e-1 at Neurology.org), 77 (70.0%), 28 (25.5%), and 5 (4.5%) received a total of 1, 2, and 3 alemtuzumab retreatment courses, respectively, over years 3–5. The most common reason given by investigators for alemtuzumab retreatment was relapse (51.0% of retreatment courses for which a reason was provided), followed by MRI lesion activity (25.9%), and combined relapse and MRI lesion activity (23.1%).

Efficacy.

ARR remained low during the extension, similar to that in the core study (figure 2A).⁶ Mean EDSS score changes from core study baseline were improvements (i.e., reductions) at year 2 (−0.16), at year 3 (−0.10), at year 4 (−0.09), and 0.00 at year 5. Compared with core study baseline, 60.0% of patients at year 5 showed stable EDSS scores; 22.2% showed improved scores (≥1-point decrease) and 17.8% showed worsened scores (≥1-point increase; figure 2B). Over 5 years, 79.7% (95% CI 75.1%–83.6%) of patients were free of 6-month CDW, and 33.4% (95% CI 27.5%–40.1%) achieved 6-month CDI (figure 2C).

Figure 2. Clinical efficacy and disease activity outcomes over 5 years in alemtuzumab patients.

(A) ARR over 5 years in alemtuzumab patients. Results are shown for all patients who received alemtuzumab 12 mg in the core CARE-MS I study and then enrolled in the extension. A post hoc analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between ARRs in individual extension years (years 3, 4, and 5) and the ARR in years 0–2. (B) EDSS score change in alemtuzumab patients over 5 years. Proportion of patients with improved (≥1.0-point decrease), stable (≤0.5-point change), or worsened (≥1.0-point increase) EDSS scores at year 5 compared with core study baseline. EDSS score changes are shown for all patients who received alemtuzumab 12 mg in the core study and enrolled in the extension. (C) Proportion of alemtuzumab patients with 3-, 6-, or 12-month CDI over 5 years. Kaplan-Meier analysis of time to 3-, 6-, or 12-month CDI is shown for all patients who received alemtuzumab 12 mg in the core CARE-MS I study and then enrolled in the extension. (D) Proportion of alemtuzumab patients with NEDA over 5 years. Results are shown for all patients who received alemtuzumab 12 mg in the core CARE-MS I study and then enrolled in the extension. *Baseline percentage of patients Gd-enhancing lesion-free: 54%. ARR = annualized relapse rate; CARE-MS = Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis; CDI = confirmed disability improvement; CDW = confirmed disability worsening; EDSS = Expanded Disability Status Scale; Gd = gadolinium; NEDA = no evidence of disease activity.

Most alemtuzumab-treated patients were free of clinical disease activity or MRI lesion activity during each extension year and most also attained NEDA (figure 2D). Cumulatively over years 3–5, most patients showed no clinical (65.3%) or MRI lesion (53.8%) activity, and 39.5% attained sustained NEDA. During each extension year, most patients were free of new T1 hypointense lesions (year 3, 89.2%; year 4, 85.4%; year 5, 85.4%).

The rate of yearly BVL continued to decrease after the core study and seemed to stabilize in years 3, 4, and 5 (figure 3). Median cumulative BPF change from baseline to year 5 was –1.352%.

Figure 3. Brain volume loss over 5 years in alemtuzumab patients.

Median yearly percentage change in BPF is shown for all patients who received alemtuzumab 12 mg in the core CARE-MS I study and then enrolled in the extension. BPF = brain parenchymal fraction; CARE-MS = Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis.

Further analyses evaluated outcomes among the 175 patients who achieved NEDA in year 2 and received no alemtuzumab retreatment after the initial 2 courses and no other DMT (figure e-1A). Most patients achieved NEDA in each year of the extension and 60.8% attained NEDA through years 2–5, reflecting high proportions of relapse-free, 6-month CDW-free and new Gd-enhancing and T2 hyperintense lesion-free patients (figure e-1B); this cohort with sustained NEDA demonstrated slowing of median annual BVL (figure e-2).

Safety.

AEs occurring in alemtuzumab-treated patients throughout the core and extension studies (up to the cutoff date; 1767.7 patient-years over 5-year follow-up) are summarized in tables 1 and 2 and table e-2. The EAIR for overall AEs was lower in the extension (years 3–5, 133.6) than in the core study (years 0–2, 705.2). Serious AE incidence remained low over 5 years. Most AEs (96.9%) in years 3–5 were mild to moderate in severity. No AEs led to study withdrawal in the extension. One death, reported previously, occurred during the extension (in year 3), due to sepsis that developed in the setting of pancytopenia and was judged by the investigator to be treatment-related.⁶

Table 1.

AEs through year 5 of the extension in patients treated with alemtuzumab 12 mg

Table 2.

IAR events through year 5 in patients treated with alemtuzumab 12 mg

IAR incidences in patients receiving alemtuzumab retreatment in the extension were lower than in the core study (table 2). No serious IARs occurred during the extension (courses 3, 4, or 5). Similar to the core study,⁶ the most frequently reported IARs with alemtuzumab retreatment in the extension were headache, pyrexia, and rash. When IARs were removed from the count of any AEs overall, the EAIR remained lower in the extension (129.2) compared with that in the core study (174.8).

Overall incidences and EAIRs of infections over years 3–5 were lower than during the core study (table 1 and table e-2); 99.2% were mild to moderate in severity. Infection incidence did not increase with successive alemtuzumab courses (table e-3). As in the core study, the most common infection events in the extension were nasopharyngitis, urinary tract infection, upper respiratory tract infection, and herpetic infections (predominantly mucocutaneous). The incidence of serious infections remained low; the most frequent was herpes zoster, with a total of 5 cases occurring over years 0–5 (4 were during the extension).

The most common autoimmune AEs occurring during the extension were thyroid AEs, which peaked in year 3 and subsequently declined in years 4 and 5 (years 1–5 incidences: 6.4%, 9.6%, 15.3%, 7.6%, and 3.5%; incidence over 5 years was 40.7%). Of the thyroid AEs reported in years 3–5, 62.1% were moderate and 27.1% were mild in severity. Similar incidences were observed over time for the broader category of thyroid disorders (table 1 and table e-2), which include abnormal thyroid function tests (thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine [T₃], free thyroxine [T₄]) in addition to investigator-reported thyroid AEs; incidence over 5 years was 45.5%. Few serious thyroid AEs were reported. As in the core study, the most frequently reported thyroid disorders in the extension were laboratory abnormalities, and clinical hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Thirteen thyroidectomies were reported over years 0–5; most patients undergoing thyroidectomies were subsequently maintained on thyroxine.

One new case of ITP was reported during the extension (year 4). The patient had a postalemtuzumab history of autoimmune hemolytic anemia that had resolved with treatment 2 years before ITP onset. At last follow-up, the patient was receiving oral prednisone for ITP, which was considered resolved several months after the initial event.

There was a single case of nephropathy reported in year 3 (4 months after the third alemtuzumab course). The patient presented with hematuria and proteinuria. Serum creatinine levels remained normal, but there was weak seropositivity for antiglomerular basement membrane autoantibodies. A renal biopsy revealed focal global glomerulosclerosis and changes indicative of membranous nephropathy, but no evidence of antiglomerular basement membrane disease. By 39 months after the initial event, following treatment with plasmapheresis, glucocorticosteroids, and cyclophosphamide, serum creatinine levels remained normal, proteinuria was absent, and the patient did not develop kidney failure.

Over 5 years, a total of 6 malignancies were reported in alemtuzumab-treated patients (EAIR of 0.3 per 100 patient-years). Two malignancies occurred in the core study (both papillary thyroid carcinomas), and 4 malignancies were reported in years 3–5 (n = 1 each for breast cancer, keratoacanthoma, non–small-cell lung cancer, and micropapillary thyroid carcinoma).

DISCUSSION

Damage to neurons and axons starts in the earliest stages of MS and is clinically relevant, as it may foreshadow evolution of neurologic disability.^12,13 CNS tissue destruction can be quantified by MRI as cerebral atrophy, which is accelerated in patients with MS compared with healthy individuals.¹⁴ Thus, to prevent accumulation of permanent neurologic damage, early intervention in MS is important and warranted.¹⁵ However, experts have not reached consensus regarding what constitutes appropriate early-stage treatment for patients with adverse prognostic factors (e.g., an early disease course that includes frequent relapses, MRI lesion volume change, or brain atrophy).^16–18 Some physicians may initially prescribe a low- to moderate-efficacy therapy and may switch to high-efficacy therapy upon evidence of an inadequate response (e.g., disease activity while on therapy), whereas others favor an individualized approach involving higher-efficacy agents from the outset.¹⁹ CARE-MS I compared these approaches in patients with active RRMS and found greater improvements in relapse and MRI outcomes, as well as higher attainment of NEDA, in patients who received alemtuzumab compared with SC IFN-β-1a.⁶

We show that these findings were extended in the CARE-MS I alemtuzumab treatment arm, with durable improvements in key efficacy outcomes over 5 years, including low ARR and most patients having stable/improved EDSS scores and freedom from 6-month CDW. Additionally, more than one-third achieved 6-month CDI. This endpoint captures durable and clinically meaningful EDSS score changes in individual patients with preexisting neurologic impairments; improving disability in those patients may lead to better long-term prognosis.²⁰ Our study reports durable improvement in disability by using this stringent outcome measure over several years in a large MS patient cohort. Additionally, during each of years 3, 4, and 5, a consistent proportion of about 60% of patients achieved NEDA; when the rigorous goal of sustained NEDA was assessed cumulatively over years 3–5, 40% of patients satisfied this endpoint. These effects were observed in the absence of continuous treatment and despite no retreatment in the majority of patients. Similar durable efficacy improvements were also shown for patients with active RRMS who had an inadequate response to prior therapy.²¹

Previous studies have shown the predictive value of brain atrophy on disability outcomes in the early years after MS diagnosis.¹⁸ Treatment effects on brain atrophy and lesion activity correlate with treatment effects on disability and cognitive dysfunction for some therapies.^{14,18,22–24} No current therapies are known to reverse CNS damage. Alemtuzumab slowed the annual rate of BVL over years 3–5. Moreover, alemtuzumab-treated patients showed less cumulative atrophy after 5 years (reported in this study) compared with that observed in patients who had received SC IFN-β-1a in the core study and then switched to alemtuzumab in the extension (median BPF changes of −1.352% vs −1.646%, respectively; p = 0.0086),²⁵ illustrating the long-term benefits of early treatment with alemtuzumab.

Durable efficacy with alemtuzumab over the 3-year extension follow-up was accompanied by a safety profile consistent with that observed in the core study. Overall AEs, including IARs and infections, decreased over time relative to the core study, with a low but persistent risk of herpes zoster reactivation. Autoimmune thyroid AEs peaked at year 3 and declined thereafter. The rate of malignancies did not increase from the core study through the extension. Two cases of papillary thyroid carcinomas were seen in the core study; only 1 new micropapillary thyroid carcinoma event was reported over the next 3 years. The apparent rate of thyroid malignancies observed with alemtuzumab in the MS clinical trial program may have been inflated by ascertainment bias owing to a more frequent occurrence of nonmalignant thyroid disorders and their diagnostic workup²⁶ with alemtuzumab than with SC IFN-β-1a. These observations relating to safety with alemtuzumab are in contrast to AE rates that have been observed with long-term use of chronically dosed DMTs, in which the known risks associated with a particular agent may increase or remain constant with continued exposure to drug.^27–29 With alemtuzumab, because of its unique dosing schedule and lack of continuous treatment, most risks decrease over time. Procedures for regular monitoring and management help to maximize the risk-benefit profile.

As is often cited as a limitation of extension studies, the active comparator design of the pivotal CARE-MS trials^6,7 was not continued in the extension period, thus precluding long-term direct comparison with another treatment. Nonetheless, these 5-year data from patients who were treatment-naive and had a mean disease duration of 2 years upon entry into CARE-MS I demonstrate durable, long-term therapeutic effects on clinical disease activity measures, as well as on more objective measures such as MRI lesion activity and brain atrophy. The robustness of our results is supported by the high patient enrollment rate coupled with the unusually high retention rate (>95% through year 5). Notably, the latter suggests that the favorable outcomes in our study cannot reflect selective dropout of poor responders. The continued use of blinded raters also helped ensure unbiased efficacy analyses.

The sustained responses to alemtuzumab observed over 5 years in our study highlight the value of a durable, high-efficacy therapy in the absence of continuous treatment in patients who may be at high risk of MS-related disability worsening and BVL. Risks associated with the therapy are anticipated in advance of treatment, and monitoring procedures for minimizing adverse effects are implemented to maintain a positive risk-benefit profile.

GLOSSARY

AE

adverse event

ARR

annualized relapse rate

BPF

brain parenchymal fraction

BVL

brain volume loss

CDI

confirmed disability improvement

CDW

confirmed disability worsening

DMT

disease-modifying therapy

EAIR

exposure-adjusted incidence rate

EDSS

Expanded Disability Status Scale

IAR

infusion-associated reaction

ITP

immune thrombocytopenia

NEDA

no evidence of disease activity

RRMS

relapsing-remitting MS

SC IFN-β-1a

subcutaneous interferon β-1a

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

E.H., J.A.C., H.-P.H., E.J.F., G.G., S.S., K.W.S., A.T., D.A.S.C., and A.J.C. contributed to study design, data collection, writing and critical review of the manuscript, and approved the final submission draft. D.L.A. contributed to data collection, writing and critical review of the manuscript, and approved the final submission draft. D.H.M. and M.A.P. contributed to study design, writing and critical review of the manuscript, and approved the final submission draft. C.E.R and D.J. contributed to writing and critical review of the manuscript, and approved the final submission draft. K.T. led statistical support and also contributed to the writing and critical review of the manuscript, and approved the final submission draft. R.J.H. and P.X. provided editorial and medical writing support (assistance in drafting the manuscript, technical editing, copyediting, and responding to reviewers' comments), and approved the final submission draft.

STUDY FUNDING

Supported by Sanofi and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals.

DISCLOSURE

E. Havrdova reports receiving honoraria and grant support from Actelion, Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Receptos, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva, and is supported by Ministry of Education of Czech Republic, project PRVOUK-P26/LF1/4. D.L. Arnold reports receiving compensation for serving as a speaker, consultant, and advisory board participant, and receiving research support from Acorda, Bayer, Biogen, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, MedImmune, Merck Serono, NeuroRx Research, Novartis, Opexa Therapeutics, Receptos, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada. J.A. Cohen reports personal compensation for consulting for Genentech, Merck, Novartis, and Receptos and as a coeditor of Multiple Sclerosis Journal—Experimental, Translational and Clinical. H.-P. Hartung reports receiving honoraria for consulting and speaking at symposia from Bayer HealthCare, Biogen, CSL Behring, Grifols, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme. E.J. Fox reports receiving consulting fees, honoraria, travel, and research support from Acorda, Bayer HealthCare, Biogen, EMD Serono, Genentech, Novartis, Opexa Therapeutics, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva. G. Giovannoni reports having served as a consultant or received research support from AbbVie, Bayer HealthCare, Biogen, Canbex Therapeutics, Five Prime Therapeutics, GlaxoSmithKline, GW Pharma, Merck Serono, Novartis, Oxford PharmaGenesis, Protein Discovery Laboratories, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Synthon, Teva, and UCB. S. Schippling reports receiving research grants from Novartis and Sanofi Genzyme; and consulting and speaking fees from Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva. K.W. Selmaj reports receiving consulting fees from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and Synthon. A. Traboulsee reports receiving consulting fees from Biogen, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Serono, and Teva Innovation; and has been a principal investigator on clinical trials funded by Roche and Sanofi Genzyme. D.A.S. Compston reports receiving consulting fees and grant support from Genzyme and lecture fees from Bayer Schering Pharma on behalf of the University of Cambridge; and personal remuneration for lecture fees from Genzyme from July 2014. D.H. Margolin, K. Thangavelu, C.E. Rodriguez, and D. Jody report receiving personal compensation as an employee of Sanofi. R.J. Hogan and P. Xenopoulos report receiving personal compensation as an employee of Evidence Scientific Solutions. M.A. Panzara received personal compensation as an employee of Sanofi during study conduct and analysis and during preparation of the manuscript. A.J. Coles reports receiving consulting fees, lecture fees, and institutional grant support from Sanofi Genzyme. Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures.