Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Genetics and Molecular Biology logoLink to Genetics and Molecular Biology
. 2017 Aug 31;40(3):604–609. doi: 10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2016-0166

D-loop haplotype diversity in Brazilian horse breeds

Patrícia Ianella 1, Maria do Socorro Maués Albuquerque 1, Samuel Rezende Paiva 1, Andréa Alves do Egito 2, Leonardo Daniel Almeida 1, Fabiana T P S Sereno 3, Luiz Felipe Ramos Carvalho 4, Arthur da Silva Mariante 1, Concepta Margaret McManus 3
PMCID: PMC5596364  PMID: 28863209

Abstract

The first horses were brought to Brazil by the colonizers after 1534. Over the centuries, these animals evolved and adapted to local environmental conditions usually unsuitable for exotic breeds, thereby originating locally adapted Brazilian breeds. The present work represents the first description of maternal genetic diversity in these horse breeds based on D-loop sequences. A D-Loop HSV-I fragment of 252 bp, from 141 horses belonging to ten Brazilian breeds / genetic groups (locally adapted and specialized breeds) were analysed. Thirty-five different haplotypes belonging to 18 haplogroups were identified with 33 polymorphic sites. Haplotype diversity (varying from 0.20 to 0.96) and nucleotide diversity (varying from 0.0039 to 0.0239) was lower for locally adapted than for specialized breeds, with the same pattern observed for FST values. Haplogroups identified in Brazilian breeds are in agreement with previous findings in South American samples. The low variability observed mainly in locally adapted breeds, indicates that, to ensure conservation of these breeds, careful reproductive management is needed. Additional genetic characterization studies are required to support accurate decision-making.

Keywords: mitochondrial DNA, genetic characterization, Equus caballus, locally adapted breeds, animal genetic resources

Horses have played an important role in shaping human civilization and their domestication occurred from several wild populations 4.000 to 6.000 years ago (Vaughan et al., 2010; Outram et al., 2009). This species was introduced in South America by European conquerors during the 16th century, and the development of current American horse breeds has been based on the ones from the Iberian Peninsula (Jimenez et al., 2012; Cortés et al., 2017). As with all domesticated animals introduced during this period, horses were widely dispersed in this new environment, becoming adapted to different conditions (Mirol et al., 2002). The first horses were brought to Brazil by the colonizers after 1534 (Primo, 2004). Over the centuries these animals evolved and adapted to conditions usually unsuitable to exotic breeds, including local environmental (high temperatures, long periods of drought), sanitary (vector-born disease) and management systems found in Brazil, originating Brazilian breeds also known as “locally adapted” or “creoles”. The main locally adapted Brazilian genetic groups include the breeds Campeira (Santa Catarina), Creole (Rio Grande do Sul), Lavradeira (Roraima), Pantaneira (Pantanal - Mato Grosso), Mangalarga (Minas Gerais and São Paulo), Marajoara (Marajó Island - Pará), as well as smaller animals such as the Puruca pony (Pará) and the genetic group Baixadeiro (Maranhão). More recently, to improve conformation, and increase stature, these breeds were crossed with Arab or English Thoroughbred breeds (Beck, 1985). Considering the importance of these breeds/genetic groups in their respective geographic regions and set the hypothesis that they are facing a genetic erosion, the main objective of this study is to quantify the genetic distribution of mtDNA haplotypes of the locally adapted breeds and genetic groups from Brazil and compare this with the information already generated for specialized breeds.

Genetic characterization of cryopreserved and live animals is an important approach for orientating conservation strategies (Solis et al., 2005). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing has imprinted biogeographic and phylogenetic perspectives on intra- and inter-species genetic structure. The displacement loop hyper-variable region of mtDNA (D-loop) is useful for population and evolutionary studies because of its high level of sequence variation, in addition to a lack of recombination and maternal heritance. D-loop polymorphisms have been used to understand the origin and genetic diversity of horses from Italy (Bigi et al., 2014), Iran (Moridi et al., 2013), India (Devi and Ghosh, 2013), China (Zhang et al., 2012), Colombia (Jimenez et al., 2012), Croatia (Ivankovic et al., 2009) and Lithuania (Cothran et al., 2005), as well as Lusitano (Hill et al., 2002; Lopes et al., 2005) and Arabian horses (Khanshour and Cothran, 2013). These studies have also been used to infer on horse phylogeography and evolution (Jansen et al., 2002; Mirol et al., 2002; McGahern et al., 2006; Cieslak et al., 2010; Achilli et al., 2012; Jimenez et al., 2012; Devi and Ghosh, 2013). According to Mirol et al. (2002), knowledge of South American breeds is important for conservation genetics of domestic horses, as New World varieties are, probably, closer to historical horses than those found currently on the Iberian Peninsula, which have been crossed with other breeds over the last 500 years. In spite of the wide range of Brazilian locally adapted breeds, few studies have been carried out with microsatellite data to investigate their genetic diversity and establish relationships between them. Most of the data indicated loss if variability for Brazilian locally adapted breeds (Reis et al., 2008; De Assis et al., 2009; Silva et al., 2012; Pires et al., 2016), except in the Pantaneiro breed, for which relatively high levels of heterozygosity were found (Giacomoni et al., 2008; Sereno et al., 2008).

To investigate mtDNA diversity in specialized (commercial breeds) and locally adapted breeds (creoles) of horses in Brazil, 141 animals belonging to 10 locally adapted and commercial Brazilian breeds/genetic groups were analysed (Table 1). Analyses of sequences from the HVS-I region of the mitochondrial D-Loop sequence (Ishida et al., 2009) were carried out. PCR reactions were performed in a 20 μL final volume containing: 9 ng of DNA, 0.25 μm of each primer, 0.20 mM dNTP, 1X PCR buffer (1M Tris HCL, pH 8.4 100 mM, KCL 500 mM), 2.5 mM MgCl2, 1U Taq polymerase. Amplifications started with an initial denaturation step of 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94 °C, 59 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 1 min, and a final extension of 5 min at 72 °C. PCR products were purified with Exo-SAP enzyme and sequenced using a BigDye v3.1 sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and a DNA sequencer ABI 3130 (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer's manual.

Table 1. Estimated haplotype and nucleotide diversity from the d-loop region of mtDNA, in locally adapted and specialized Brazilian horse breeds.

Breed Number of animals Number of haplotypes Haplotype diversity Nucleotide diversity FST
Baixadeira (EBA) 10 3 0.600 ± 0.131 0.01667 ± 0.00637 0.015
Campeira (ECA) 10 3 0.600 ± 0.132 0.00899 ± 0.00462 0.008
Lavradeira (ELV) 10 2 0.200 ± 0.154 0.00397 ± 0.00314 0.004
Marajoara (EMA) 10 4 0.778 ± 0.091 0.01437 ± 0.00521 0.013
Puruca (EPU) 10 5 0.756 ± 0.130 0.01120 ± 0.00579 0.009
Pantaneira (EPA) 43 16 0.909 ± 0.025 0.01787 ± 0.00614 0.018
Criolla (ECR) 11 5 0.733 ± 0.155 0.00661 ± 0.00361 0.002
Arab (EAR) 12 9 0.962 ± 0.040 0.02260 ± 0.01149 0.023
Mangalarga (EML) 9 7 0.944 ± 0.070 0.02116 ± 0.00859 0.020
English Thoroughbred (ETB) 16 12 0.942 ± 0.048 0.02394 ± 0.01198 0.025
Total 141 33 0.9250.011 0.01942 ± 0.00672 0.022
Open in a new tab

Fst – Fixation Index

The sequences obtained were aligned with the reference sequence (GenBank Accession number NC_001640) using SeqScape v2.6, as well as other sequences deposited in GenBank. After edition, the sequences (252 bp/animal) were analyzed in MEGA V.3.1 (Kumar et al., 2004) and DNASP V.4.5 (Rozas et al., 2003) programs to determine the number of haplotypes. Haplotypes were classified in haplogroups according to the nomenclature established by Achilli et al. (2012). The analysis of Molecular variance (AMOVA) and Fst distances between pairs of breeds were carried out using the Arlequin V. 3.0 (Excoffier et al., 2005) program. Free software NETWORK 5.0.0.1 (http://www.fluxus-engineering.com) was used for calculation of the median joining network (Bandelt et al., 1999) of all haplotypes.

Thirty-six different haplotypes were identified with 33 polymorphic sites (Table 2). Of the 18 haplogroups found by Achilli et al. (2012), nine (A, B, H, I, L, M, N, O'P' and Q) were found in the Brazilian samples, and seven (except H and O'P') were identified in the locally adapted breeds/genetic groups (Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2). Achilli et al. (2012) have also identified these same haplogroups in South American samples, except for the H haplogroup, a rare type observed only in Asia and Europe (here observed in one EAR and one ETB). These authors have proposed a new nomenclature, constituting 18 haplogroups observed in ancient and modern horses worldwide. All these haplogroups are present in Asian horses and 17 in European horses (except for F – present only in Przewalskis horse, an Asian subspecies wild horse).

Table 2. Haplotype (H) list showing nucleotide substitutions observed in mitochondrial DNA D-Loop (252 bp) in Brazilian equine breeds, the position of polymorphic nucleotide sites and number of animals observed in each breed analyzed.

Position of nucleotide substitution relative to GenBank NC_001640 as Reference Sequence Breed
Haplogroup* 15526 15534 15538 15540 15555 15580 15582 15584 15585 15596 15597 15601 15602 15603 15604 15608 15611 15617 15649 15650 15659 15666 15667 15703 15709 15718 15720 15723 15726 15740 15743 15745 15755 EBA ECA ELV EMA EPU ECR EPA EAR EML ETB
NC_001640 - H36 A T C A A C T T C G A A T C T G C G T A A T G A T C C G C G A A C G 2 5 6
H1 B . . . . . . . . A . . . . . . . . . . G . A . . . . A . . . . . . 6
H2 N . . . . . . . . A . . C T . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . . . . . . 1 1 1 1
H3 N . . . . . . . . . . . C T . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . . . . . . 3 1 2
H4 L . T . . . . . . . . . . T C . . . . G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 1
H5 L . T . . . . . . . . . . T C . . . . G . . . . . . . A . . . . . . 3 6 1 1 3 11 2 1
H6 M . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . . . C . . C . . . . . A . . . . . . 9 2 3 2 1 1
H7 M . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . . . C . . C . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
H8 B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G . A . . . . A . . . . . . 4 4 1
H9 B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . . . . . . 1
H10 Q . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . . . . . . . . . C . . A T . G . . A 1
H11 L . T . . . . . . A . . . T C . . . . G . . . . . . . A . . . . . A 1
H12 M . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . . . C . . C . . . . . A . . . . . A 1
H13 N . . . . . . . . A . . C T . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . . . . . A 1 1 1
H14 L . T . . . . . . A . . . . C . . . . G . . . . . . . A . . . . . . 3 1
H15 I . . G . . . . . . G . . T . . . . . . G . . . . T . A . . . . . . 1
H16 L . T . . . . . . . . . . T C . . . . G . . . . . . . A . . . . . A 1
H17 Q . . . . . . . . A . . . T . A . . . . . . . . C . . A . A G . . . 1
H18 L . T . . . . . . A . . . T C A . . . G . . . . . . . A . . . . . . 3 1 4
H19 L . T . . . . . . A . . . T C . . . . G . . . . . . . A . . . . . . 3
H20 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 1
H21 Q . . . . . . . . A . . . T . A . . . . . . . . C . . A . . G . . . 1
H22 M . . . . . . . . A . . . T . . . . C . . C . . . . . A . . . . . . 3
H23 B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G . A . . . . A . . . . . A 1
H24 L . T . . T G G . A . . . T C A A A . G . . . . . . . A . . . T T . 1
H25 I . . G . . . . T A . . . T . . . . . . G . . . . T . A . . . . . A 1
H26 OP . . . . . . . . . . G . T . A . . . . . . . G C . . A . . . . . A 1
H27 L . T . . . . . . . . . . T C A . . . G . . . . . . . A . . . . . . 2
H28 L . T . . . . . . A . . . . C . . . . G . . . . . . . A . . . . . A 2
H29 H C . . G . . . . A . . . T . . . . . G . . . . . . T A . . . . . . 1
H30 B . . . . . . . . . . G . T . . . . . . G . . . . . . A . . . . . . 1
H31 I . . G . . . . . A . . . T . . . . . . G . . . . T . A . . . . . . 3
H32 Q . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . . . . . . . . . C . . A T A G . . . 2 1
H33 H C . . . . . . . A . . . T . . . . . G . . . . . . T A . . . . . . 1
H34 B . . G . . . . T A . . . T . . . . . . G . . . . . . A . . . . . . 1
H35 OP . . . . . . . . . . G . T . A . . . . . . . G C . . A . . . . . . 1
Open in a new tab

EBA – Baixadeira; ECA – Campeira; ELV – Lavradeira; EMA – Marajoara; EPU – Puruca; ECR – Criolla; EPA – Pantaneira; EAR – Arab, EML – Mangalarga; ETB- English Thoroughbred.

*

Haplogroups defined by mtDNA nomenclature according to (Achilli et al., 2012).

Figure 1. Haplogroup frequency in Brazilian horse breeds. Haplogroup classification is according to Achilli et al. (2012). Horse Breeds: ELV - Lavradeira; EPU - Puruca; EMA - Marajoara; EBA - Baixadeira; EPA - Pantaneira; ECR - Crioula; EML - Manga Larga; ECA - Campeira; EAR - Árabe; ETB - English Thoroughbreed.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

Figure 2. Median-joining network analysis of 36 haplotypes from 141 Brazilian horse mitochondrial DNA. Circles represent the haplotypes, and their sizes are proportional to the frequency. Colored shapes represent haplogroup classification according to Achilli et al. (2012). Horse Breeds: ELV - Lavradeira; EPU - Puruca; EMA - Marajoara; EBA - Baixadeira; EPA - Pantaneira; ECR - Crioula; EML - Manga Larga; ECA - Campeira; EAR - Árabe; ETB - English Thoroughbreed.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

The majority of mtDNA sequences from Brazilian locally adapted breeds belong to haplogroup L (Haplotype H5, 28 individuals, Figure 2) although this haplogroup was not found in locally adapted Marajoara (EMA) and specialized Arab (EAR) breeds (Table 1). The EMA breed is found on an island (Marajó) off the coast of Pará state in northern Brazil. Given its isolation, there are less opportunities for crossbreeding moreover the island has a largely inhospitable terrain, such as flooded marshlands (Reis et al., 2008) with high indices of tropical diseases, such as IEA (Equine infectious anemia). The O'P' haplogroup was observed only in the Arab breed. The number of haplotypes per breed varied between two (Lavradeira-ELA) and 16 (Pantaneira-EPA) (Table 2). Twenty-five unique haplotypes were observed in the locally adapted breeds/genetic groups: EMA and Creole (ECR) Baixadeira (EBA), showing one each, and EPA showing seven unique haplotypes. Specialized breeds, such as EAR and Thoroughbred (ETB) showed seven and five unique haplotypes, respectively (Table 1). To better understand how haplotypes are distributed across the breeds, a network analysis for the 36 haplotypes was carried out (Figure 2). This analysis corroborates with the haplogroup classification, showing the separation of the haplotypes into haplogroups according to the branches of the network.

According to Reis et al. (2008), Marajora (EMA) had slightly higher diversity than Puruca (EPU), as also observed in this study. Such a finding may be due to a larger population and broader founder base. According to Reis et al. (2008), the Marajoara horses was derived from Portuguese horses from Cabo Verde, introduced into the Marajó archipelago at the beginning of the 18th century, while the Puruca pony was derived from nine Shetland ponies imported from France at the end of the 19th century.

The haplotype diversity index (Table 1) was highest for EAR (0.962) and lowest for ELV (0.200). EPA showed the highest haplotype diversity among the locally adapted breeds (0.900). The lowest nucleotide diversity was observed as well in ELV (0.00397) and the highest in EPA (0.1787) among the locally adapted breeds. The specialized breed ETB showed the highest nucleotide diversity index among the breeds analyzed (0.02394). The observed haplotype and nucleotide diversity average in this study was lower than that recorded in Italian (Bigi et al., 2014), Indian (Devi and Ghosh, 2013), Colombian Creole (Jimenez et al., 2012) and Chinese horses (Zhang et al., 2012). The ELV showed the lowest haplotype and nucleotide diversity index, and the individuals of this studied population grouped only in two haplogroups, which may be related to its geographic isolation. EPA showed the highest diversity indices among local breeds., and it has mtDNA classified in six haplogroups with three shared haplotypes H13, H14 and H18 with specialized breeds. These findngs may be due to the use of the breed in different crosses with specialized breeds in an attempt to increase the physical stature and improve performance. In addition, it is important to note that EPA is the most prominent locally adapted breed in Brazil, and it has a growing trend in the internal market. Such high genetic variability was also observed in other studies using RAPD (Egito et al., 2007) and microsatellite markers (Giacomoni et al., 2008; Sereno et al., 2008).

Values of breed differentiation (FST) were expectedly low, varying between breeds (from 0.002 in ECR to 0.025 in ETB, mean 0.02), suggesting a low population structure level (Table 1). Silva et al. (2012), using microsatellites to characterize locally adapted horse breeds, demonstrated loss of genetic variability in Campeira, Lavradeira, Baixadeira and Mangalarga Marchador horses in Brazil. Similar results were described using microsatellite analyses in Marajoara and Puruca (Reis et al., 2008) and Mangalarga breeds (De Assis et al., 2009). This highlights the need for conservation efforts for these breeds, especially those found in highly challenging environments where tropical diseases can devastate local populations and severely affect subsistence farmers who depend on these animals for their living.

Haplogroups identified in Brazilian breeds are in concordance with previously findings in South American samples, as described in the literature. Despite the important adaptive characteristics retained in these breeds altogether, a loss of genetic variability can be seen. Locally adapted breeds, except Pantaneira, tend to show lower haplotype diversity than commercial breeds. This may be associated with their history of geographical isolation, such as for Lavradeira and Marajoara, local adaptations to stressful environmental conditions (most locally adapted breeds), or long term breeding strategies, such as with the Crioula, for which a herd book has been maintained for almost 100 years (Maciel et al., 2014).

Genetic diversity is essential to maintain current production needs in several environments, allowing sustained genetic improvement and facilitating faster adaptation to changing breeding objectives (Notter, 1999). Careful selection of animals for breeding and conservation should be carried out to ensure that variability is maintained within these populations. Paiva et al. (2011) showed that the integration of different genetic strategies is useful in conservation programs to provide different types of information and so optimize the selection of animals for breeding purposes. The mtDNA haplotypes, along with nuclear molecular markers, may be important as an additional criterion for genetic management of animals in conservation nuclei, as well as a proxy to help the germplasm collection to be deposited in the national gene bank.

Acknowledgments

This work has been supported by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA).

Footnotes

Associate Editor: Guillermo Ortí

References

  1. Achilli A, Olivieri A, Soares P, Lancioni H, Hooshiar Kashani B, Perego UA, Nergadze SG, Carossa V, Santagostino M, Capomaccio S, et al. Mitochondrial genomes from modern horses reveal the major haplogroups that underwent domestication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:2449–2454. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1111637109. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bandelt HJ, Forster P, Röhl A. Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol. 1999;16:37–48. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Beck S. Eqüinos: Raças, Manejo e Equitação. 2nd ed. Editora dos Criadores; São Paulo: 1985. 373 p [Google Scholar]
  4. Bigi D, Perrotta G, Zambonelli P. Genetic analysis of seven Italian horse breeds based on mitochondrial DNA D-loop variation. Anim Genet. 2014;45:593–595. doi: 10.1111/age.12156. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Cieslak M, Pruvost M, Benecke N, Hofreiter M, Morales A, Reissmann M, Ludwig A. Origin and history of mitochondrial DNA lineages in domestic horses. PLoS One. 2010;5:e15311. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015311. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cortés O, Dunner S, Gama LT, Martínez AM, Delgado JV, Ginja C, Jiménez LM, Jordana J, Luis C, Oom MM, et al. The legacy of Columbus in American horse populations assessed by microsatellite markers. J Anim Breed Genet. 2017;134:340–350. doi: 10.1111/jbg.12255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cothran EG, Juras R, Macijauskiene V. Mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence variation among 5 maternal lines of the Zemaitukai horse breed. Genet Mol Biol. 2005;28:677–681. [Google Scholar]
  8. De Assis JB, DeLaat DM, Peixoto MGCD, Bergmann JAG, Fonseca CG, Carvalho MRS. Genetic diversity and population structure in Brazilian Mangalarga Marchador horses. Genet Mol Res. 2009;8:1519–1524. doi: 10.4238/vol8-4gmr647. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Devi KM, Ghosh SK. Molecular phylogeny of Indian horse breeds with special reference to Manipuri pony based on mitochondrial D-loop. Mol Biol Rep. 2013;40:5861–5867. doi: 10.1007/s11033-013-2692-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Egito AA, Fuck BH, McManus C, Rezende S, Maués S, Santos SA, Gomes U, Abreu P De, Augusto J, Tavares F, et al. Genetic variability of Pantaneiro horse using RAPD-PCR markers. Rev Bras Zootec. 2007;36:799–806. [Google Scholar]
  11. Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S. Arlequin (version 3.0): An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinform Online. 2005;1:47–50. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Giacomoni EH, Fernández-Stolz GP, Freitas TRO. Genetic diversity in the Pantaneiro horse breed assessed using microsatellite DNA markers. Genet Mol Res. 2008;7:261–270. doi: 10.4238/vol7-1gmr367. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Hill EW, Bradley DG, Al-Barody M, Ertugrul O, Splan RK, Zakharov I, Cunningham EP. History and integrity of thoroughbred dam lines revealed in equine mtDNA variation. Anim Genet. 2002;33:287–294. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00870.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Ishida N, Hasegawa T, Takeda K, Sakagami M, Onishi A, Inumaru S, Komatsu M, Mukoyama H. Polymorphic sequence in the D-loop region of equine mitochondrial DNA. Anim Genet. 2009;25:215–221. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00196.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Ivankovic A, Ramljak J, Konjacic M, Kelava N, Dovc P, Mijic P. Mitochondrial D-loop sequence variation among autochthonous horse breeds in Croatia. Czech J Anim Sci. 2009;2009:101–111. [Google Scholar]
  16. Jansen T, Forster P, Levine MA, Oelke H, Hurles M, Renfrew C, Weber J, Olek K. Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:10905–10910. doi: 10.1073/pnas.152330099. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Jimenez LM, Mendez S, Dunner S, Cañón J, Cortés Ó. Colombian Creole horse breeds: Same origin but different diversity. Genet Mol Biol. 2012;35:790–796. doi: 10.1590/S1415-47572012005000064. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Khanshour AM, Cothran EG. Maternal phylogenetic relationships and genetic variation among Arabian horse populations using whole mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequencing. BMC Genet. 2013;14:83–83. doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-83. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. MEGA3: Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform. 2004;5:150–163. doi: 10.1093/bib/5.2.150. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Lopes MS, Mendonça D, Cymbron T, Valera M, da Costa-Ferreira J, Machado da Câmara A. The Lusitano horse maternal lineage based on mitochondrial D-loop sequence variation. Anim Genet. 2005;36:196–202. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01279.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Maciel FC, Bertoli CD, Braccini J, Neto, Cobuci JA, Paiva SR, McManus CM. Population structure and genealogical analysis of the Brazilian Crioula Horse. Anim Genet Resour. 2014;54:115–125. [Google Scholar]
  22. McGahern A, Bower MAM, Edwards CJ, Brophy PO, Sulimova G, Zakharov I, Vizuete-Forster M, Levine M, Li S, MacHugh DE, et al. Evidence for biogeographic patterning of mitochondrial DNA sequences in Eastern horse populations. Anim Genet. 2006;37:494–497. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01495.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Mirol PM, Peral García P, Vega-Pla JL, Dulout FN. Phylogenetic relationships of Argentinean Creole horses and other South American and Spanish breeds inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Anim Genet. 2002;33:356–363. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00884.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Moridi M, Masoudi AA, Vaez Torshizi R, Hill EW. Mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence variation in maternal lineages of Iranian native horses. Anim Genet. 2013;44:209–213. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2012.02389.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Notter D. The importance of genetic diversity in livestock populations of the future. J Anim Sci. 1999;77:61–69. doi: 10.2527/1999.77161x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Outram AK, Stear NA, Bendrey R, Olsen S, Kasparov A, Zaibert V, Thorpe N, Evershed RP. The earliest horse harnessing and milking. Science. 2009;323:1332–1335. doi: 10.1126/science.1168594. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Paiva SR, Facó O, Faria DA, Lacerda T, Barretto GB, Carneiro PLS, Lobo RNB, McManus C. Molecular and pedigree analysis applied to conservation of animal genetic resources: The case of Brazilian Somali hair sheep. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2011;43:1449–1457. doi: 10.1007/s11250-011-9873-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Pires DAF, Coelho EGA, Melo JB, Oliverira DAA, Ribeiro MN, Cothran EG, Juras R. Genetic relationship between the Nordestino horse and national and international horse breeds. Genet Mol Res. 2016;15:1–8. doi: 10.4238/gmr.15027881. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Primo A. Conquista e Colonização: A Fantástica História dos Conquistadores Hibéricos e Seus Animais na Era dos Descobrimentos. Editora Movimento; Porto Alegre: 2004. 184 p [Google Scholar]
  30. Reis SP, Gonçalvez EC, Silva A, Schneider MPC. Genetic variability and efficiency of DNA microsatellite markers for paternity testing in horse breeds from the Brazilian Marajó archipelago. Genet Mol Biol. 2008;31:68–72. [Google Scholar]
  31. Rozas J, Sánchez-DelBarrio JC, Messeguer X, Rozas R. DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods. Bioinformatics. 2003;19:2496–2497. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg359. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Sereno FTPS, Sereno JRB, Vega-Pla JL, Kelly L, Bermejo JVD. Genetic diversity of Brazilian Pantaneiro horse and relationships among horse breeds. Pesqui Agropec Bras. 2008;43:595–604. [Google Scholar]
  33. Silva ACM, Paiva SR, Albuquerque MSM, Egito AA, Santos SA, Lima FC, Castro ST, Mariante AS, Correa PS, McManus CM. Genetic variability in local Brazilian horse lines using microsatellite markers. Genet Mol Res. 2012;11:881–890. doi: 10.4238/2012.April.10.4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Solis A, Jugo BM, Mériaux JC, Iriondo M, Mazón LI, Aguirre AI, Vicario A, Estomba A. Genetic diversity within and among four south European native horse breeds based on microsatellite DNA analysis: Implications for conservation. J Hered. 2005;96:670–678. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esi123. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Vaughan TA, Ryan JM, Czaplewski NJ. Mammalogy. 6th edition. Jones and Bartlett Learning; Burlington: 2010. 750 p [Google Scholar]
  36. Zhang T, Lu H, Chen C, Jiang H, Wu S. Genetic diversity of mtDNA D-loop and maternal origin of three Chinese native horse breeds. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2012;25:921–926. doi: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11483. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Genetics and Molecular Biology are provided here courtesy of Sociedade Brasileira de Genética

RESOURCES