A circulating T_H2 cytokines profile predicts survival in patients with resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma

ABSTRACT

Surgery is the only potentially curative option for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but metastatic relapse remains common. We hypothesized that the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines could predict recurrence of PDAC, thus allowing to select patients who most likely could benefit from surgical resection.

We prospectively collected plasma at diagnosis from 287 patients with pancreatic resectable neoplasms. The expression levels of 23 cytokines were measured in 90 patients with PDAC by using a multiplex analyte profiling assay. Levels higher than cutoff identified of the T_H2 cytokines interleukin (IL)4, IL5, IL6 of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)1α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)1, and of IL17α, IFNγ-induced protein (IP)10, and IL1b were significantly associated with a shorter median OS. In particular, levels of IL4 and IP10 higher than cutoff identified, and level of T_H1 cytokines TNFα and INFγ, and of IL9 and IL1Rα lower than cutoff identified were significantly associated with a shorter DFS. In the multivariate analysis, high IP10 was confirmed as negatively associated with OS (HR = 3.097, p = 0.014) and IL4 and TNFα remain negatively (HR = 2.75, p = 0.002) and positively (HR = 0.224, p = 0.049) associated with DFS, respectively. Simultaneous expression of low IL4 and high TNFα identified patients with best prognosis (HR = 0.313, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, we demonstrated that, among a series of cytokines, IL4 is the most significant independent prognostic factor for DFS in resectable PDAC patients, and it could be useful to select patients with high risk of early recurrence who may avoid an unnecessary resection.

Introduction

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly disease, with the lowest 5-y relative survival rate among solid tumors at 7%,¹ and is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030.² Surgery is the only potentially curative option for PDAC patients, but metastatic relapse remains common and no more than 20% of patients undergoing surgery and post-surgical therapy achieve long-term survival.³ Thus, the identification of biologic markers able to predict metastatic recurrence of PDAC remains critical to select patients most likely to benefit from surgical resection.⁴

Tumor microenvironment contains both innate and adaptive immune cells that communicate with each other by means of cytokines and chemokines production to control tumor growth and spread.⁵ In this “immune contexture,” the cytokine expression profile may be more relevant than its specific immune cell content, and provide malignant cells with continuous supply of growth and survival signals.^6-8

In PDAC, a dysfunctional immune system aids rather than controls cancer development and progression.⁹ However, it is still unclear which cytokines or chemokines are critical for metastasis and prognosis of established tumors.¹⁰ Previous studies examined the association between serum levels of several proinflammatory cytokines and overall survival (OS) in cohorts of patients with mostly advanced PDAC. In these studies, only a high level of IL6 was consistently demonstrated as an independent prognostic factor for poor OS.^11-14 However, comprehensive cytokine profiles have not been performed in early PDAC to date, therefore it is still unclear the potential value of cytokines or chemokines in predicting recurrence in this disease.

Here, we investigated whether the preoperative expression levels of 23 cytokines in a large and prospective cohort of patients with resectable PDAC could be predictive of their Disease free survival (DFS) or OS, thus, serving as potential biomarker to select patients more likely to benefit from an upfront surgical resection.

Results

Association of patients' characteristics with OS and DFS

Two-hundred-eighty-seven patients admitted at the Unit of General and Pancreatic Surgery of the Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona between 2012 and 2014 with suspected PDAC were assessed for eligibility. Among them, a total of 90 treatment-naïve resectable patients with histologically proven non-metastatic PDAC were included in the study (Fig. 1). Patients' characteristics are shown in Table 1. The mean age was 63 y and 51% were male. Most of them had tumors in the head of pancreas (79%), T3 stage (96%), and positive nodes (86%). Radical resection (R0) was obtained in 46% of cases. The majority of patients received adjuvant chemotherapy (82%), mostly with a gemcitabine-based regimen (97%). After a median follow-up of 26.9 mo, the median DFS was 19.9 mo and the median OS was not reached (data not show). Compliance with REMARK guidelines is reported in Table S1, available at Clinical Cancer Research online.

Figure 1.

Strobe diagram of the study.

Table 1.

Characteristics of patients involved in the study.

Patients characteristics	N°	%	p (OS)	HR	p (DFS)	HR
Age (y)
Median	63		0.319	1.572	0.772	1.088
Range	37–77
Gender
Female, n (%)	44	49
Male, n (%)	46	51	0.784	0.892	0.1	0.626
Tumor stage
T1, n (%)	1	1	ND		ND
T2, n (%)	2	2
T3, n (%)	86	96
T4, n (%)	1	1
Nodal stage
N0, n (%)	13	14
N+, n (%)	77	86	0.441	1.768	0.408	1.435
Metastasis stage
M0, n (%)	90	100
M+, n (%)	0	0	ND		ND
Location
Head, n (%)	71	79
Body/tail, n (%)	19	21	0.490	0.720	0.346	0.732
Resection margins
R0, n (%)	41	46
R1, n (%)	49	54	0.394	1.441	0.121	1.573
Adjuvant therapy
No, n (%)	16	18
Yes, n (%)	74	82	0.157	0.510	0.038	0.502
Non-gemcitabine based, n (%)	2	3
Gemcitabine-based, n (%)	72	97	ND		ND
Radiotherapy
No, n (%)	65	72
Yes, n (%)	25	28	0.383	0.643	0.430	0.775
Tumor grade
G1, n (%)	7	8
G2, n (%)	58	64
G3, n (%)	25	28	0.001	3.986	0.012	2.109

HR, hazard ratio; R1, resection denotes a microscopically positive margin; T, Tumor; N, node; G, grade.

Univariate analysis of correlation between clinical features and OS or DFS is shown in Table 1. Among the clinical parameters analyzed, patients with poorly differentiated tumor (G3) had a significantly shorter OS (HR = 3.986, p = 0.001) and DFS (HR = 2.109, p = 0.012) compared with patients with well and moderately differentiated tumors (G1/G2). Conversely, patients treated with adjuvant therapy had a significantly longer DFS than did untreated patients (HR = 0.502, p = 0.038). Association between DFS and other commonly used prognostic parameters, such as microscopically infiltrated resection margins (R1) and positive lymph nodes (N+), although displayed a negative trend, was not statistically significant in this cohort (HR = 1.573, p = 0.121, and HR = 1.435, p = 0.408, respectively).

Association of circulating cytokines and chemokines levels with OS and DFS

To determine whether patterns of circulating cytokines and chemokines could predict patients outcome, we measured the concentration of a panel of 23 different T_H1, T_H2, T_H9, T_H17 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in preoperative plasma samples from 90 treatment naïve patients with non-metastatic PDAC (Table 2). The optimal cutoff thresholds able to significantly predict patients' outcome were evaluated for each cytokine (Table 2 and Fig. 2A and B).

Table 2.

Pre-surgical circulating cytokines levels significantly correlated with OS and DFS.

Soluble factor	N°	mean pg/mL (Lower–upper 95%CI)	Median pg/mL (range)	Association with OS (p)	cutoff (pg/mL)	Association with DFS (p)	cutoff (pg/mL)
TH2 cytokines
IL4	90	9.739 (8.12–11.36)	7.42 (1.28–45.48)	0.025	9.365	0.01	9.365
IL5	90	15.08 (11.64–18.52)	9.31 (0–74.02)	0.047	5.255	0.34	—
IL6	90	36.8 (26.92–46.67)	23.02 (2.96–319.2)	0.038	23.92	0.41	—
IL13	90	36.22 (29.2–43.25)	28.63 (0.5–223.4)	0.17	—	0.058	—
TH1 cytokines
IFNγ	90	574.4 (440.1–708.6)	392.5 (10.8–3418)	0.56	—	0.004	129
IL12(p70)	90	45.05 (30.01–60.1)	27.63 (0–561.6)	0.07	—	0.24	—
TNFα	90	94.17 (66.74–121.6)	69.27 (0–1069)	0.76	—	0.003	22.04
IL2	90	21.22 (8.47–33.97)	0 (0–426.2)	0.14	—	0.096	—
TH9 cytokines
IL9	90	39.22 (23.51–54.92)	20.69 (0.3–610)	0.66	—	0.021	5.48
TH17 cytokines
IL17α	90	175.6 (134.8–216.4)	109.6 (0–913)	0.03	360.4	0.59	—
Chemokines
MIP1α	90	6.44 (5.39–7.49)	5.11 (0.8–34.68)	0.042	10.14	0.37	—
MCP1	90	129.3 (104.6–154)	107.9 (10.31–809.7)	0.032	109.3	0.15	—
MIP1b	90	107.3 (73.39–141.3)	82.13 (26.81–1577)	0.94	—	0.3	—
IP10	90	1734 (1289–2179)	1143 (376.2–17964)	0.003	2958	0.04	2958
IL8	90	79.2 (60.05–98.35)	47.62 (8.85–484.6)	0.14	—	0.054	—
eotaxin	90	175.1 (103.8–246.4)	102.7 (0–2912)	0.19	—	0.062	—
Other cytokines and growth factors
G-CSF	90	243.5 (191.4–295.5)	155.9 (19.9–1076)	0.17	—	0.064	—
GM-CSF	90	70.95 (50.91–91)	49.48 (0–547.6)	0.035	134	0.38	—
VEGF	90	82.82 (63.04–102.6)	53.82 (0–471.9)	0.17	—	0.9	—
IL7	90	19.85 (15.88–23.83)	14.17 (0–121.2)	0.12	—	0.11	—
IL15	90	<OOR	<OOR	<OOR	—	<OOR	—
IL1β	90	7.639 (5.526–9.751)	5.255 (0–59.64)	0.018	7.92	0.44	—
IL1Rα	90	715.1 (480–950.2)	356 (4.44–8552)	0.66	—	0.039	115.5

Figure 2.

OS and DFS of patients with PDAC stratified according to cytokines levels. Kaplan–Meier curves for OS (A) and DFS (B) by significant cytokines cutoff concentration in plasma samples. Cytokines concentration expressed as pg/mL. (C) upper left, IL4 level in patients stratified around an early relapse cutoff of 8 mo; upper right, determination of cutoff thresholds of IL4 level for PDAC patients dichotomized according to early relapse of 8 mo. All possible cutoff thresholds were considered and the corresponding odds ratios (OR) were calculated and plotted. Each data point in the line gives the corresponding OR and 95% confidence interval (dotted lines) on the y axis. Lower left, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves for IL4 level in patients stratified around early relapse cutoff of 8 mo; lower right, waterfall plot, green and red bars represent cases with correct or wrong classification, respectively.

Concentration of the T_H2 cytokines IL4, IL5, IL6 of the monocyte/macrophage infiltration cytokines MIP1a, GM-CSF, and MCP-1, and of IL17a, IP10, and IL1b at level higher than cutoff were significantly associated with a shorter patient's median OS.

Concentration of IL4 and IP10 higher than cutoff were significantly associated with shorter median DFS. ON the contrary, concentration of T_H1 cytokines TNFα and interferon (IFN)γ and of IL9 and IL1Ra higher than cutoff were significantly associated with an increased median DFS. A summary of the overall findings of the study is reported in Fig. 3B.

Figure 3.

Combined cytokine signature predicts DFS. (A) patients were stratified for DFS on the basis of simultaneous expression of low IL4 and high TNFα. (B) tumor-immune network.

An additional analysis demonstrated that patients whose DFS exceeded 8 mo had significantly less circulating IL4 level than did patients with DFS<8 mo (p = 0.016) (Fig. 2C). The optimal cutoff threshold of 9.365 pg/mL had a sensitivity of 60% (95% CI = 38.7%–78.1%) and a specificity of 75.7% (95% CI = 64.5%–84.2%). In particular, an early relapse within 8 mo occurred in 12 out of 29 (41.4%) patients with a plasma concentration of IL4 higher than cutoff, and only in 8 out of 61 (13.1%) patients with IL4 lower than cutoff. The same association was not proven for the other cytokines (Fig. S1, available at Clinical Cancer Research online).

Multivariate analysis of correlation between prognostic factors, including plasma cytokines, and OS and DFS

To confirm our findings and select the best prognostic cytokines, we performed a multivariate analysis including clinical features that had univariate significance (p < 0.05), and the most significant prognostic cytokines at univariate analysis (p < 0.01). In this analysis, high IP10 was confirmed as negatively associated with OS (HR = 3.097, p = 0.014) and IL4 and TNFα remain negatively (HR = 2.753, p = 0.002) and positively (HR = 0.224, p = 0.049) associated with DFS, respectively (Table 3).

Table 3.

Multivariate analysis of factors influencing OS and DFS in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer.

		95% CI
Variable	HR	Lower	Upper	p
OS
Tumor grade G3	3.698	1.602	8.535	0.002
IP10	3.097	1.257	7.632	0.014
DFS
Tumor grade G3	2.472	1.339	4.564	0.004
Adjuvant therapy	0.609	0.312	1.186	0.145
IL4	2.753	1.465	5.175	0.002
TNFα	0.224	0.051	0.995	0.049
INFγ	0.864	0.195	3.833	0.847

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidential interval.

Since the multivariate analysis revealed both IL4 and TNFα as independent predictors of DFS, we tried to determine whether the two factors could interact to affect the prognosis of patients. Indeed, concurrent plasma concentrations of IL4 and TNFα lower and higher than their respective cutoffs, identified patients with best prognosis (HR = 0.313, p < 0.0001) (Fig. 3A).

Discussion

To our knowledge, this study represents the most comprehensive profiling of cytokines in the largest prospective cohort of resectable PDAC patients to date. We demonstrated that IL4 is the most significant independent prognostic factor for DFS in resectable PDAC patients among a series of cytokines, representing a potential biomarker to stratify patients suited for surgery from patients with high risk of early recurrence who may avoid unnecessary resections.

T_H2 immune response is defined by the cytokines IL4, IL5, IL9, and IL13, which induce in turn a complex inflammatory response characterized by T_H2 subset of CD4⁺ helper T cells, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, and alternatively activated macrophages. In particular, IL4 is the signature cytokine of the T_H2 effector cells, by acting as both an inducer and an effector cytokine of these cells.¹⁵

In most solid tumors, it is generally conceived that a T_H2 inflammation promotes tumorigenesis and tumor growth. In particular, several studies provided evidence for a general T_H2 shift in PDAC with a predominance of T_H2 cytokines in the plasma of patients (reviewed in¹⁶). Important studies mainly by the group of Protti and colleagues¹⁷ provided evidence on the mechanisms underlying these observations. They identified a cross talk between PDAC cells and microenvironment components, resulting in thymic stromal lymphopoietin production by activated cancer-associated fibroblasts that, in turn, induced a T_H2 cell polarization through myeloid dendritic cell conditioning. The T_H2 (GATA-3⁺)/T_H1 (T-bet⁺) lymphoid cells ratio was independently predictive of DFS and OS in a population of resected PDAC patients. More recently, they demonstrated that basophils recruited in tumor-draining lymph nodes of PDAC patients regulate tumor promoting T_H2 inflammation, being the early source of IL4 necessary for the full stabilization of the T_H2 phenotype.¹⁸ Our study contributes to this field by providing evidence, through an inductive approach, for a T_H2 shift in those PDAC patients for which we expect an early recurrence of disease. We examined a comprehensive immune circulating biomarkers panel demonstrating that high pre-surgical plasma levels of the T_H2 cytokines IL4, IL5, IL6, and low plasma levels of T_H1 cytokines TNFα and INFγ were significantly associated with worst patients' outcome. More importantly, in the multivariate analysis, we confirmed IL4 as the strongest independent prognostic factor for DFS, a clinical end point directly correlated with tumor aggressiveness that could be not corrupted by the effect of subsequent lines of therapy.

IL4 was identified as the original inducer of the polarization of the alternatively activated M2 macrophages,¹⁹ which are generally conceived to suppress antitumor immunity and to favor growth and spreading in solid tumors.²⁰ However, recent studies correlating the infiltration of M2-polarized CD163⁺ macrophages and prognosis in patients affected by resectable PDAC reached opposite conclusions.^21,22 In this regard, our study demonstrated that high plasma levels of the cytokines involved in macrophage recruitment MIP1α, GM-CSF, and MCP1 were significantly associated with shorter patients' survival after surgery.

Beside T_H2 inflammatory cells, a FOXP3⁺ regulatory T cells (T_reg) enriched pancreatic tumor infiltrate has been found to correlate with shorter patient survival.^23,24 This cell subtype can be recruited in the tumor microenvironment by the chemokine IP10 expressed by pancreatic stellate cells, leading to immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting effects.^25,26 Consistently with these observations, we demonstrated that high IP10 plasma level were negatively associated with patients' OS.

In conclusion, our present study prospectively demonstrated through an inductive approach that circulating markers of a T_H2 immune response, and macrophages and T_reg recruitment could be predictive of early metastatic relapse and poor prognosis in resectable PDAC patients. The simple measurement of these cytokines by a non-invasive, blood-based assay, and the interpretation of their significance based on the cutoff thresholds here determined could represent a significant advantage over the assessment of the immune cells infiltration and differentiation in preoperative tumor biopsies, which often provide insufficient material to generate intratumor immune profiles and could not completely recapitulate the heterogeneity of these tumors. IL4 emerged among several other cytokines as the most significant independent prognostic factor for DFS in resectable PDAC patients. The expression of this T_H2 cytokine could be useful to select patients with high risk of early recurrence who may avoid an unnecessary resection.

Patients and methods

Patients

Inclusion criteria for this study were histopathological confirmation of PDAC, no prior neo-adjuvant therapy, no evidence of metastatic disease, eligible for surgical resection. Peripheral blood samples were prospectively collected from all patients before surgical resection using EDTA-containing tubes. Plasma was isolated from each sample by centrifugation and stored at −20°C. The variables evaluated included age, gender, tumor location, tumor size, differentiation status, lymph node involvement and TNM stage,²⁷ patterns of resection margins, patterns of recurrence. DFS was determined from the time of surgery until local or metastatic PDAC tumor recurrence. OS was defined as the time of surgery to death. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association.

Multiplex cytokines profiling

Using a 23-plex kit from Bio-Rad, all plasma specimens were analyzed for interleukin (IL)1β, IL2, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL7, IL8 (CXCL8), IL9, IL-12p70, IL13, IL15, IL17a, eotaxin (CCL⁻11), IL1Rα, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IFNγ, IP10 (CXCL10), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP1; CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP1α; CCL3), MIP1β (CCL4), TNFα, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). All Luminex assays were performed according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer (Bio-Rad Laboratories). All Luminex assays were performed according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Median fluorescence intensities were collected on a Luminex-200 instrument, using Bio-Plex Manager software version 6.2. Standard curves for each cytokine were generated using the premixed lyophilized standards provided in the kits.

Cytokine concentrations in samples were determined from the standard curve using a 5-point regression to transform mean fluorescence intensities into concentrations.

Statistical analysis

Survival curves were drawn by Kaplan–Meier estimates and compared by log rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses of DFS and OS, with stepwise variable selection, were conducted by Cox's proportional hazard regression models. Multivariate analysis was conducted using the clinical-pathologic variables with a p-value < 0.05 and the strongest significant molecular variables in univariate analysis (p-value < 0.01). The optimal cutoff thresholds for soluble biomarkers were obtained based on the maximization of the Youden's statistics J = sensitivity+specificity+1²⁸ using an R-based software as described in Budczies et al.²⁹ Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 24.0 statistical software (SPSS, Inc.), GraphPad Prism software program (version 6.0; GraphPad Software), and the statistical language R.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest

No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

Acknowledgments

Part of the work was performed at the Laboratorio Universitario di Ricerca Medica (LURM) Research Center, University of Verona.

Funding

This work was supported by the Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC) under Investigator Grant (IG) n°19111 to DM, IG n°18599 to GT, and 5 per mille Grant n°12182 to AS. Partial support was also provided by the Basic Research Project 2015 through the University of Verona, and by the Nastro Viola patients' association donations to DM.