Abstract
Purpose
Ulcerative colitis (UC) as a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), presumed to occur as a consequence of increased immune responses to intestinal microbiota in genetically susceptible individuals. Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) strains are important intestinal bacteria that can be involved in IBD. The aim of this study was to design a quantitative assay for detection of B. fragilis and ETBF and also to find their association with UC.
Methods
Ninety-five biopsies were collected from patients with UC (n = 35) and with no IBD (nIBD, n = 60). All the specimens were cultured in Bacteroides bile esculin agar medium. Specific primers and probes were designed for quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) based on 16S rRNA and bft genes sequences of ETBF.
Results
The bft genes were detected in 51.4% of UC samples and 1.6% of nIBD samples, respectively. In UC patients, 37.1% of samples with diarrhea and 11.4% of samples without diarrhea, harbored the bft gene. Mean value of the number of ETBF with bft gene in UC and nIBD samples were 4.46 ן 102 and 1.96, respectively. Likewise these result for 16S rRNA gene in UC and nIBD samples were 2.0 × 103 and 8.4 × 103, respectively.
Conclusions
There was no significant association between presence and numbers of 16S rRNA gene of B. fragilis and UC. ETBF was detected more in UC specimens and biopsies of UC patients with diarrhea than in the control group. These data demonstrated that ETBF is associated with development of UC and as a causative agent for the development of diarrhea in these patients.
Keywords: Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, ETBF, Ulcerative colitis, IBD, bft, Real time PCR
Background
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) caused by improper activation of the intestinal mucosa as a consequence of combination of interactive factors such as genetic, immunological and environmental [1, 2]. The composition of intestinal microbiota may be a factor in the initiating or perpetuating UC. The intestinal microbiota affects some important functions such as the activity of epithelial cells, immune regulation and intestinal mucosal inflammation [2]. Moreover, increasing evidence implicates a role of altered intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as UC [3, 4]. The role of the intestinal microbiota in the etiology of these inflammatory diseases has yet to be defined, but a large number of investigations showed that UC is a consequence of the immune cell response to the constant antigenic stimulation of intestinal microbiota and the corresponding metabolites [5, 6]. Helicobacter spp., Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes and several other bacterial pathogens have also often been related to UC [7, 8].
In addition, the protective effects of antibiotics that target anaerobic gut bacteria have been observed in different type of UC, suggesting the possible role of the anaerobic bacteria in the pathogenesis of such inflammatory disease [9, 10].
Numerous studies have specified that the most bacteria in the human gut belong to two phyla including Gram negative Bacteroidetes and Gram positive Firmicutes [11]. Bacteroidetes are more transcriptionally active compared to Firmicutes at the mucosal surfaces [12]. The composition of intestinal microbiota in the fecal and mucosal surface is different. Several studies have been published in regards to mucosa-associated bacterial flora, due to significance of mucosal surface in UC [3, 13, 14]. Bacteroides fragilis is one of the intestinal microbiota species, present in the normal colon of most adults. Strains of enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) secrete a 20-kDa proinflammatory zinc-dependent metalloprotease, stimulating the high expression of host interleukin-17. Furthermore, the permeability of the gut epithelial cells can be enhanced as a consequence of B. fragilis enterotoxin (BFT), resulting in the intensification of internalization of different enteric bacteria. This action is considered as one of the important routes for delivering an antigen to the active immune cells and consequently initiating a tissue invasion [15]. In animals and humans, ETBF functions can lead to severe inflammation in IBD, resulting in Crohn’s disease (CD) and UC as well as diarrhea and colorectal cancer (CRC) [3, 16–20].
In UC patients, not enough data are available for quantitative detection of ETBF using biopsies. In this study, in order to determine the potential association between particular bacterial populations and intestinal inflammation in UC, the mucosal tissue of UC patients and nIBD controls were examined for the presence of ETBF using quantitative real time PCR (QRT-PCR). The data from QRT-PCR were also used to determine the association of total mucosa-associated bacterial flora with disease state in UC patients.
Methods
Patients and tissue specimens
In this study, in total 95 biopsies were collected from Iranian UC patients (n = 35) as well as patients with non-inflammatory IBD (nIBD) (n = 60), using colonoscopy. Patients were referred to Taleghani hospital and Behboud clinic between March 2015 and May 2016. Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences approved the study protocol (IR.TUMS.REC.1395.2655). The informed consent was obtained in all cases. All UC patients were diagnosed based on clinical symptoms as well as endoscopic, histologic and radiographic standards and shown typical features such as active colitis with ulceration and mucosal inflammation with special distribution [21]. All the UC biopsy samples were collected from involved regions of terminal ileum and colon, found in colonoscopy. All of the patients presented in this study were newly diagnosed with UC and have not taken antibiotics or probiotics for the last 3 months. The controls were chosen from individuals with non-inflammatory IBD (nIBD), having a surgery because of abdominal pain or an alteration in bowel movement due to nIBD conditions. None of the individuals participating in this study took any antibiotics or probiotics for the last 3 months. Patients with any clinical and/or histopathological diagnosis of IBD were excluded from the study and the biopsies were obtained in the same way as did for patients with UC. All the samples were placed in sterile plastic containing thioglycollate medium (Merck, Germany) and transported in anaerobic condition to the laboratory for immediate processing.
Bacterial culture of gut specimens
All biopsies were homogenized and subsequently cultured in anaerobic agar plates containing Bacteroides bile esculin agar (BBE) (Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, India). The plates incubated in an anaerobic chamber at 37 °C for 3 days. The confirmation of B. fragilis was done using PCR method.
DNA extraction
DNA extraction was performed on biopsies using RTP® Mycobacteria Kit (Invitek, Berlin, Germany) and preserved at −20 °C for further analysis with Real Time assays.
Design primers and probes
The sequences of the bft gene and 16S rRNA gene were retrieved from Genebank. The primers and probes were designed using primer 3 plus based on sequences of conserved region of the genes (http://www.bioinformatics.nl/cgi-bin/primer3plus/primer3plus.cgi). The specificity of the primers and probes sequences was determined by comparison of all available sequences, using BLAST database search program (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST).
All the primers and probes designed in this study are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Sequence of the primers and probes
| Gene name | Primer F Primer R (5′–3′) |
Probe (5′–3′) | Product size |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16S rRNA | TGGACTGCAACTGACACTGA GCCGCTTACTGTATATCGCA |
FAM-TCCTGTTTGATACCCACACTTTCGAGC-BHQ1 | 115 |
| bft | TGAAGTTAGTGCCCAGATGC CAGTAAAGCCTTCCAGTCC |
FAM-AAGTGGCGACGCCAAAGAGG-BHQ1 | 150 |
Real time PCR
Genomic DNA was extracted from ETBF reference strain and used as positive control. The optical density (OD) of extracted DNA was defined at 260 nano meter by means of a NanoDrop 1000 (Thermo Scientifi c, USA). To make the standard DNA for amplification, the number of molecules of the template per gram was calculated using the following formula: molecules of DNA = mass (in grams) Avogadro’s number/average molecular weight of a base × template length [22]. The standard curve for bft and 16S rRNA gene was assessed using each primers and probe sets with a tenfold serial dilution of B. fragilis DNA samples, corresponding to 101–106 Mean value/g of biopsies.
According to the standard curve and y-intercept, samples which did not display the fluorescent signal earlier than the Ct of 37 were considered as negative. Samples that produced fluorescence ≥10 were diluted. Likewise, at a concentration of more than 1011 cells, the curve does not follow linearity [22]. The efficacy of the real-time PCR was calculated by following formula: E = 10(−1/slop) − 1 [22].
After optimization and qualification of standards curves, the dilution series was included in each amplification run.
Real-time PCR assays were performed using LinGene K Real Time PCR apparatus (Bioer, Hangzhou, P.R. China). All assays were performed in a total volume of 25 µl consisting of 2× TaqMan universal master mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), 0.2 mM each primer, 0.1 mM TaqMan probe, and 2 ng DNA in double distilled water. The thermocycler program for bft gene was 95 °C for 10 min for initial denaturation, followed by 40 cycles of a two-stage temperature profile of 95 °C for 10 s and 62 °C for 1 min. PCR condition for 16S rRNA gene was 95 °C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 20 s and 60 °C for 1 min. To control the quality all the tests were performed in duplicate and mean was reported. The negative control was a PCR TaqMan master mix without DNA.
To check the specificity of the PCR and expected size of the product, the primers were applied in a conventional PCR and the amplicons were run on agarose gel. Also Specificity of positive amplified fragments was confirmed by automated sequencing.
Statistical analysis
Chi square test, Fisher’s exact test and Mann–Whitney Test were applied to determine the statistical significance of the data obtained for the presence of ETBF. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Mean values ± std. Error of mean (SEM) were computed for B. fragilis and ETBF. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using the SPSS 13.0 software program.
Results
Thirty-five samples were taken from UC patients (14 males and 21 females; mean age 36.71 years, range 16–75) and 60 samples were taken from nIBD (28 males and 32 females; mean age 36.9 years, range 16–75).
Among 35 UC samples and 60 nIBD, 16 (45.7%) and 31 (51.7%), respectively were culture positive for B. fragilis (Table 2) (P = 0.364).
Table 2.
Data regarding B. fragilis bacterial culture
| Culture of | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| nIBD | |||
| Count | 29 | 31 | 60 |
| nIBD (%) | 48.3 | 51.7 | 100.0 |
| UC | |||
| Count | 19 | 16 | 35 |
| UC (%) | 54.3 | 45.7 | 100.0 |
| Total | |||
| Count | 48 | 47 | 95 |
| Total (%) | 50.5 | 49.5 | 100.0 |
According to standard curve dilutions of ETBF (control positive) DNA at 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 and 106 provided Ct values of 15.48 ± 0.2, 18.74 ± 0.2, 21.44 ± 0.3, 24.87 ± 0.4, 27.71 ± 0.4 and 31.46 ± 0.4, respectively. The efficacy of the real-time PCR was between 95% and 100% (Fig. 1). Furthermore, all standard dilutions and specimens had 1 band in the gel electrophoresis (data not shown). Also samples which did not display the fluorescent signal earlier than 37 cycles were considered negative.
Fig. 1.
Analysis of data for Real time PCR. In standard curve, X and Y axis showed the concentration of ETBF and number of cycles respectively for control positive sample
The number of positive samples for 16S rRNA gene and bft gene, using real time PCR are presented in Table 3.
Table 3.
Quantitative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and bft genes from UC and nIBD biopsy samples
| No. of positive samples | ||
|---|---|---|
| B. fragilis | ETBF | |
| nIBD | ||
| Count | 45 | 1 |
| nIBD (%) | 75 | 1.6 |
| UC | ||
| Count | 24 | 18 |
| UC (%) | 68.5 | 51.4 |
| P value | 0.328 | 0.000 |
The results of quantitative analysis of real time PCR for 16S rRNA gene counted for B. fragilis and bft gene counted for ETBF were shown in Table 4.
Table 4.
Quantitative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and bft genes from UC and nIBD biopsy samples
| B. fragilis | ETBF | |
|---|---|---|
| nIBD | ||
| Mean | 412.7 | .03 |
| N | 60 | 60 |
| SEM | 199.9 | .03 |
| UC | ||
| Mean | 171.6 | 83.4 |
| N | 35 | 35 |
| SEM | 69.8 | 28.1 |
| P value | 0.7 | 0.0 |
SEM std. error of mean
In this study there were 60 non-IBD controls. Of whom 21% (13/60) had diarrhea. One (7%:1/13) was bft positive and 21% (47/60) didn’t had diarrhea none of them (0%:0/13) was bft positive. Differences between the percentage of bft positive in non-IBD controls with diarrhea compared to those without diarrhea wasn’t statistically significant (P = 0.21).
In the UC group 57% (20/35) had diarrhea of whom 65% (13/20) were bft positive. In the “UC” group 43% (15/35) had no diarrhea, of whom 26% (4/15) were bft positive Differences between the percentage of bft positive in the UC group with diarrhea compared to those without diarrhea was statistically significant (P = 0.04) (Table 5).
Table 5.
ETBF in patients with and without diarrhea
| ETBF | ||
|---|---|---|
| Negative | Positive | |
| UC | ||
| Diarrhea (n) | 7 | 13 |
| No diarrhea (n) | 11 | 4 |
| Total (n) | 35 | |
| P value | 0.04 | |
| nIBD | ||
| Diarrhea (n) | 12 | 1 |
| No diarrhea (n) | 47 | 0 |
| Total (n) | 60 | |
| P value | 0.21 | |
The analysis of the results of sequencing approved the presence of bft and 16S rRNA gene. Also these result determined the presence of the bft1 subtype in all the positive samples.
Discussion
IBD is known as a heterogeneous disease consisting of two main types: UC and CD [2]. In the recent years the prevalence and incidence of UC have been increased in Iran [23, 24], following the same trend in other developing countries.
There is not enough data to describe precisely the causative agents for these intestinal disorders. In addition, the etiology of the disease is still unknown [2]. The influence of gut microbiota on human health has been widely debated and some studies recommended that alteration of gut flora might lead to different disorders [25]. In a study conducted by Lucke et al. the gut microbiota was analyzed in different UC patients and some pathogens responsible for initiating, developing and relapsing of the disease have been identified [3].
Microbial symbiosis is among the main environmental risk factor for development of UC. Previous studies have shown that ETBF could be a major factor in initiating or relapsing of UC [16]. No meaningful data exist regarding the role of ETBF in human disease. Some studies reported that ETBF could be detected in normal human gut microbiota as well as in infectious samples [26, 27]. There is emerging evidence that introduced the connection of ETBF-associated inflammatory diarrheal diseases with IBD and CRC [15, 17, 18, 28, 29]. Furthermore, some studies have been published recently, describing ETBF as a trigger for chronic Stat3/IL-17-driven colitis which is IL-17 dependent and induces Th17 colitis and tumorogenesis through the secretion of the metalloproteinase Bft and other associated factors [30, 31]. Also some data showed that ETBF may initiate both a systemic as well as a mucosal inflammatory response [17]. Since the chronic inflammation as a consequence of IBD is a major risk factor for development of CRC, thus determination of the factors associated with IBD might also be important in finding the etiology of the disease [32, 33].
There was no difference in the incidence of B. fragilis positive culture between UC and control patients (Table 2). In some studies, Bacteroidetes were present more in the mucosal biopsy of IBD patients including UC and CD compared to the controls, determined by culture-based methods [3, 34]. The gold standard method for detection of bacteria is culture-based but it requires a high number of viable cells and specifically for anaerobic bacterial culture, some limitations apply.
Therefore, different methods like real time PCR can be used for detection and quantification of these organisms. The rate of B. fragilis harboring bft gene was higher in UC population in comparison with nIBD, as found in previous studies [14, 18]. Although we found that 51.4% of UC samples harbored bft gene, an increased rate of ETBF, compared to the preceding reports [16]. Also quantitative real time PCR showed higher mean value of bft gene in biopsy of UC samples compared to nIBD. In both groups, no difference in the incidence of the bft gene could be found either between male or female. Moreover according to the result of sequencing, subtype of bft gene was bft1 in all the positive samples. Further studies are needed to focus in other subtypes of this gene. Other studies found bft-1 to be the predominant subtype [35, 36]. Further studies are needed to focus in other subtypes of this gene.
Since ETBF strains are associated with diarrheal diseases, their presence in UC samples with diarrhea symptoms was examined. Our data demonstrated that ETBF was detected significantly and more frequently in the samples of UC patients with diarrhea symptoms than in others without diarrhea and in control patients. So we may consider ETBF as one of the factor associated with diarrhea in UC patients. Several studies implicated that B. fragilis which harbored bft gene are more present in patients with diarrhea and IBD compared to control patients with no diarrhea [16, 20]. A recent study in Iran has considered ETBF as one of the causative agents of diarrhea in children less than 5 years old [37].
Also real time PCR showed less 16S rRNA gene in the UC samples compared with nIBD samples although this difference was not statistically significant. These data suggest that probably the strains that harbor bft gene, not B. fragilis by itself, could contribute to UC in this study. Some studies presented that Bacteroides can be exist more in IBD patients than normal controls in FISH and conventional culture methods that were commonly from European patients. But some investigations showed lower levels of Bacteroides in IBD patients compared to the controls that the samples were mostly obtained from Asian patients [38, 39]. This finding proposed Bacteroides levels may be attributed not only to the types of detection method but also to patient demographics and ethnic groups. Additionally, we didn’t analysis other species of Bacteroides and other virulence factor of it, so maybe in our population need to study them.
Based on the present data, polysaccharide A (PSA) from the capsule of B. fragilis will be a good potential target to be taken into consideration in the future study.
Conclusions
In conclusion, considering the real time results for bft1 gene, the high incidence of ETBF in mucosal biopsies of UC patients was statistically significant. Also our results suggest that ETBF through secretion of its pro-inflammatory toxin (BFT), is capable of initiation or development of diarrhea symptoms in the susceptible UC host. In order to further investigate the influence of ETBF in UC development, other environmental risk factors in the population should be determined. Data of this study show a decrease in the numbers of B. fragilis in the colonic mucosa of UC patients compared to control group, suggesting the potential involvement of other virulence factors in B. fragilis which has to be taken into consideration for further clarification of the issue.. Increasing the sample size and studying different population would be necessary to confirm this association. Based on the importance of IBD in the development of CRC, these data may pave the way for better understanding of the mechanism of UC in the corresponding population and help to find a proper tool in order to prevent the further development of bacteria.
Authors’ contributions
SZ is first author who carried out all laboratory experiment, collected data and drafted the manuscript. MZ and HA are the gastroenterologists who did colonoscopy and provided the specimens from all cases. SH and AS participated in the collection of the specimen. SB and BN participated in statistical analysis. LAS participated in the design of the study and advised in all parts of the study. MF has supervised all parts of the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge the staff of the colonoscopy unit at the Taleghani Hospital and Behboud clinic. The authors would like to thank all the patients involved in the study.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
Information regarding this study is provided in the manuscript.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethical approval
In this study samples were collected following to the approval by Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Ethics Approval Code: 93-04-30-27682.
Funding
This work was supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Project No. 27682).
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abbreviations
- IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
- CD
Crohn’s disease
- UC
ulcerative colitis
- ETBF
enterotoxigenic B. fragilis
- CRC
colorectal cancer
- QRT-PCR
quantitative real time PCR
Contributor Information
Samin Zamani, Email: samin.zamanii@gmail.com.
Sonia Hesam Shariati, Email: S.hesamshariati@gmail.com.
Mohammad Reza Zali, Email: nnzali@yahoo.com.
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Saied Bokaie, Email: sbokaie@ut.ac.ir.
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Data Availability Statement
Information regarding this study is provided in the manuscript.