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International Journal of Medical Sciences logoLink to International Journal of Medical Sciences
. 2017 Aug 18;14(10):1002–1007. doi: 10.7150/ijms.20809

IL-36γ inhibits differentiation and induces inflammation of keratinocyte via Wnt signaling pathway in psoriasis

Wenming Wang 1, Xiaoling Yu 1, Chao Wu 1, Hongzhong Jin 1,✉
PMCID: PMC5599924  PMID: 28924372

Abstract

Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by abnormal keratinocyte inflammation and differentiation that has a major impact on patients' quality of life. IL-36γ, a member of IL-36 cytokine family, is highly expressed in psoriasis and plays an important role in inflammation response and differentiation. However, the function of IL-36γ in differentiation and inflammation of keratinocyte in psoriasis has not been clearly identified. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of IL-36γ on differentiation and inflammation in HaCaT cells. HaCaT cells were divided into three groups: (1) Control group; (2) IL-36γ (100 ng/mL) group; (3) IL-36γ (100 ng/mL) + IWP-2 (1μM) group. Real time PCR was used to detect gene expression; the inflammation cytokines were examined by ELISA. We showed that treatment of HaCaT cells with IL-36γ significantly upregulated the expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1, and ki-67. IL-36γ also promoted the production of the inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6, suppressed the expression of filaggrin, involucrin, keratin 1 and keratin 5. Meanwhile, we demonstrated the role of IWP-2, an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway, in IL-36γ-treated HaCaT cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that IL-36γ inhibits differentiation and induces inflammation of keratinocyte via Wnt signaling pathway in psoriasis, this indicated that downregulation of IL-36γ may be a potential therapeutic option in psoriasis.

Keywords: Psoriasis, IL-36γ, Wnt signaling pathway, differentiation, inflammation

Introduction

Psoriasis is a common, chronic skin disease, affecting approximately 2%-3% of the population1. The disease is usually characterised with raised, well-demarcated, erythematous plaques with adherent silvery scales2. The scales are a result of hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes and infiltration of inflammatory cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells in the dermis and neutrophils, with some T cells in the epidermis3,4. The inflammatory infiltrate indicates that cytokines plays an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and interesting therapeutic targets could be identified, such as drugs targeting TNF-α, IL-17, IL-22, IL-23 and GM-CSF1,5. However, the exact mechanisms regulating these abnormal differentiation and immunological dysfunction remain largely unknown.

The cytokines of IL-1 family is a set of structurally related molecules that are pro-inflammatory mediators6. IL-1 family now consists of 11 cytokines and 9 cell surface receptors, many of which are overexpressed in both non-lesional and lesional psoriasis skin compared with healthy control skin7. The IL-36 family, formerly known as IL-1F cytokines, comprises the agonistic cytokines IL-36α (also called IL-1F6), IL-36β (also called IL-1F8), and IL-36γ (also called IL-1F9), as well as the antagonistic cytokine IL-36Ra (also called IL-1F5), which is related to the IL-1 family8.

The IL-36s are primarily expressed by keratinocytes in a restricted manner. IL-36 expression in keratinocytes can be enhanced by IL-1α, TNF-α, and IL-179,10. Furthermore, IL-36 was able to induce its own expression and various pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as augmented IL-17-mediated production of antibacterial peptides. In addition, IL-36 cytokines also have synergistic effects on the induction of antimicrobial peptides by IL-17A or TNFα. These all indicate that other pro-inflammatory cytokines and IL-36 can reinforce each other and cause similar responses in keratinocytes11. Especially, IL-36γ appears to have a central amplifying position in pro-inflammatory pathways at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Increased levels of IL-36 cytokines were observed in lesions of human psoriatic skin and confirmed in mouse models of psoriasis-like diseases. IL-36γ is highly expressed and specific for psoriatic inflammation but only weakly expressed in other inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, lichen planus and eczematous diseases9,11. These features highlight IL-36γ may be a valuable future biomarker in psoriasis patients, however, the exact mechanisms responsible for the effect of IL-36γ on keratinocyte are still unclear.

The Wnt signaling pathway plays a vital role in a variety of biological activities, such as cell proliferation, cell-fate determination, and differentiation during adult homeostasis12. Previous studies have demonstrated membranous β-catenin expression was significantly decreased in the control group in comparison to the lesions of active psoriasis. Nuclear β-catenin expression was significantly increased in lesions of psoriasis in comparison to the control cases13. These suggest that β-catenin may play an important role in keratinocyte differentiation.

However, the biological role of IL-36γ in psoriasis pathogenesis, especially in keratinocyte inflammatory and differentiation, and the relationship between IL-36γ and Wnt signaling pathway is not clearly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-36γ on the inflammatory and differentiation in HaCaT cells. We also evaluated the mechanism by which IL-36γ exerts its effect on differentiation and inflammatory processes.

Materials and Methods

Cell culture and Reagents

HaCaT cell line purchased from China Infrastructure of Cell Line Resources (Beijing, China) was maintained in MEM/EBSS (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA) with 10 % FBS (VACCA Biologics, Green Bay, WI, USA) and 1 % penicillin/streptomycin (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA). Cells were cultured at 37˚C in a humid incubator with 5% CO2. HaCaT cells in logarithmic phase were treated with 100 ng/ml recombinant human IL-36γ (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), as follow Wnt signaling pathway pharmacological inhibitor IWP-2 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) 1 μM for 30 min.

Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR Analysis

For quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses (qRT-PCR), total RNA was isolated from HaCaT cells by Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. RNA purity and quantity were measured on a Nanodrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and 500 ng of total RNA was reverse-transcribed with the Goscript™ Reverse Transcription system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Real-time PCR was performed in Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) using FastStart Universal SYBR Green (Roche, Pleasanton, CA, USA). Calculations were performed using the 2-ΔΔCt relative quantification method. Primers are listed in Table 1.

Table 1.

Sequences of primers used for PCR analysis

Gene Forward Reverse
Involucrin TCCTCCAGTCAATACCCATCAG CAGCAGTCATGTGCTTTTCCT
Filaggrin TGAAGCCTATGACACCACTGA TCCCCTACGCTTTCTTGTCCT
Keratin 1 GGCAGTTCCAGCGTGAAGTTTGTT TTCTCCGGTAAGGCTGGGACAAAT
Keratin 5 CAGAGCCACCTTCTGCGTCCTG GCTGAAGCTACGACTGCCCCC
cyclin D1 AACTACCTGGACCGCTTCCT CCACTTGAGCTTGTTCACCA
Ki-67 TGACAAGCCCACGACTGATGAGAA CTTTGCCTGCTGATGGTGTTCGTT
β-catenin AAAATGGCAGTGCGTTTAG TTTGAAGGCAGTCTGTCGTA
GAPDH CGGAGTCAACGGATTTGGTCGTAT AGCCTTCTCCATGGTGGTGAAGAC
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ELISA Assay

Conditioned media collected from treated cells and untreated cells were centrifuged to remove cell debris, and the supernatants were collected. The IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations in the supernatants were measured using ELISA kits (NeoBioScience Technology Company, Shenzhen, China). The optical density was measured with Thermo Scientific Varioskan Flash (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 450nm wavelength. The protein concentration was determined by comparing the relative absorbance of the samples with the standards.

Statistical Analysis

Data are represented as a mean ± SEM. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Differences between experimental groups were assessed using the two-tailed unpaired Student's t test. P < 0.05 was considered as statistical significance.

Results

IL-36γ exposure-induced gene expression inhibited by IWP-2 pretreatment

To determine the IL-36γ exposure-mediated upregulation of gene expression and the inhibitory effects of IWP-2, the cyclinD1 and ki-67 mRNA expression was detected at 24 h and 48 h after treatment. The cyclinD1 and ki-67 mRNA expression in the IL-36γ group increased significantly as compared to the Control group and decreased significantly by IWP-2 pretreatment at 24 h and 48 h (Fig.1A-D).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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IWP-2 inhibits IL-36γ-induced expression of cyclinD1 and ki-67 in HaCaT cells. HaCaT cells were incubated with IL-36γ (100 ng/mL) for 24 h and 48 h in the presence or absence of IWP-2 (1 μM). IL-36γ exposure induced cyclinD1 and ki-67 upregulation. Treatment with IWP-2 significantly blunted IL-36γ induced cyclinD1 and ki-67 upregulation at mRNA level. ∗P < 0.05 vs. Control group; #P < 0.05 vs. IL-36γ group.

IL-36γ exposure-induced differentiation markers downregulation inhibited by IWP-2 pretreatment

To determine the IL-36γ exposure-mediated downregulation of differentiation markers and the inhibitory effects of IWP-2, the filaggrin, involucrin, keratin 1 and keratin 5 mRNA expression was evaluated at 24 h and 48 h after treatment. The filaggrin mRNA expression in the IL-36γ group decreased significantly as compared to the Control group and increased significantly by IWP-2 pretreatment at 48 h (Fig.2A and B). The involucrin, keratin 1 and keratin 5 mRNA expression in the IL-36γ group decreased significantly as compared to the Control group and increased significantly by IWP-2 pretreatment at 24 h and 48 h (Fig.2C-H).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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IWP-2 inhibits IL-36γ-induced downregulation of differentiation markers in HaCaT cells. Filaggrin, involucrin, keratin 1 and keratin 5 mRNA levels in HaCaT cells were assessed by real-time PCR. HaCaT cells were incubated with IL-36γ (100 ng/mL) for 24 h and 48 h in the presence or absence of IWP-2 (1 μM). ∗P < 0.05 vs. Control group; #P < 0.05 vs. IL-36γ group.

IL-36γ exposure-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines upregulation inhibited by IWP-2 pretreatment

To explore the effects of IL-36γ on pro-inflammatory cytokines in HaCaT cells, ELISA analyses was used to detect the expression of IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6. We found that the IFN-γ and IL-1β expression was significantly increased after IL-36γ exposure and decreased significantly by IWP-2 pretreatment when compared with the Control group at 48 h(Fig.3A-D); the IL-6 expression was significantly increased after IL-36γ exposure and decreased significantly by IWP-2 pretreatment when compared with the Control group at 24h and 48 h(Fig.3E-F).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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IWP-2 inhibits IL-36γ-induced upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in HaCaT cells. IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6 levels of conditioned media were assessed by ELISA. Conditioned media were collected from HaCaT cells incubated with IL-36γ (100 ng/mL) for 24 h and 48 h in the presence or absence of IWP-2 (1 μM). ∗P < 0.05 vs. Control group; #P < 0.05 vs. IL-36γ group.

Wnt signaling pathway participated in the biological role of IL-36γ in HaCaT cells

Expression levels of β-catenin in HaCaT cells were investigated using real time PCR.

Exposure to IL-36γ for 24 h and 48 h resulted in increase of β-catenin. Treatment with Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor IWP-2 blunted the increase expression of β-catenin (Fig.4).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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IWP-2 inhibits IL-36γ-induced expression of β-catenin in HaCaT cells. HaCaT cells were incubated with IL-36γ (100 ng/mL) for 24 h and 48 h in the presence or absence of IWP-2 (1 μM). IL-36γ exposure induced β-catenin upregulation. Treatment with IWP-2 significantly blunted IL-36γ induced β-catenin upregulation at mRNA level. ∗P < 0.05 vs. Control group; #P < 0.05 vs. IL-36γ group.

Discussion

The present study shows that IL-36γ exposure induced β-catenin upregulation, differential inhibition, and pro-inflammation cytokines secretion. Nevertheless, the Wnt signaling pathway pharmacological inhibitor IWP-2 administration could suppress the β-catenin expression, improve differentiation of keratinocyte and inhibit pro-inflammation cytokines secretion. To our knowledge, this is the first report displaying the inhibitory effect of IWP-2 in HaCaT cells after IL-36γ exposure.

In recent years, major issues in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of psoriasis remain unresolved, including the autoimmune cause of the inflammatory process, the relevance of cutaneous versus systemic factors, and the role of genetic and environmental influences on the pathogenesis of the disease14. Previous studies have demonstrated that expression of IL-36γ is upregulated in colonic epithelial cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 15,16, whereas in the lung, IL-36γ expression is strongly induced in various models of asthma can be produced by bronchial epithelium exposed to viral infection, smoke or inflammatory cytokines17,18. In the present study, we also found that a single exposure to IL-36γ impaired the normal function of HaCaT keratinocyte, suggesting that IL-36γ may play a role in the development of psoriasis skin lesion.

The epidermis is a self-renewing tissue, which functions to protect the interior of the body. Regular keratinocyte differentiation is crucial for the formation of an intact epidermal barrier. Epidermal barrier dysfunction and aberrant keratinocyte differentiation are involved in the pathophysiology of several skin diseases, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, basal and squamous skin cancer19. Psoriasis is histologically characterized by increased thickness of the epidermis- acanthosis, expansion of the cornified layer- hyperkeratosis, retention of nuclei in the cornified layer- parakeratosis20. Besides their inflammatory aspects, full-blown psoriatic lesions show the distinctive signs of altered epidermal differentiation. The entire keratinization process in psoriasis is not completed because that generally accelerated keratinization is interrupted by premature cell death21. Previous studies have reported that the aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes that underlies the clinical appearance of psoriatic lesions. The early differentiation markers, such as small proline-rich proteins (SPRR), cystatin A and transglutaminase 1, are more conspicuously expressed in psoriasis, while the late differentiation markers, such as profilaggrin and loricrin, are down-regulated 21,22. Investigations have confirmed that the abnormal differentiation of keratinocyte leads to the impairment of the skin barrier function. In our study, we found that treated HaCaT cells with IL-36γ can inhibit the differentiation of keratinocyte, lead to the downregulation of filaggrin, involucrin, keratin 1 and keratin 5 at mRNA levels. In addition, IWP-2 can block the effects of IL-36γ on HaCaT cells. These results suggest a major role for IL-36γ in abnormal differentiation of keratinocyte.

Skin inflammation that seen in psoriasis results from the multipartite interactions of, at least, KC, T cells, antigen presenting cells (APC), fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The hypothesis that a cytokine network in psoriasis proposed a central role of pro-inflammatory cytokines has been validated by the clinical success of anti-TNF and anti-IL-17A therapy in the treatment of psoriasis23. In psoriasis, the keratinocyte actively participates in a multicellular, multimolecular network coordinated by cytokines. Psoriatic keratinocytes are a rich source of antimicrobial peptides, including LL-37, β-defensins, and S100A7 (psoriasin), which show the effects of chemotaxis and shape immune-cell function24,25. They can response to dendritic cell and T-cell-derived cytokines, including interferons, TNF, interleukin-17, and so on. In turn, keratinocytes will produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, TNF-α and so on)1,11,26. Many of the inflammatory mediators induced by IL-36 have been demonstrated to be over-expressed in psoriatic skin lesions and their continued action appears important in maintaining the lesional phenotype suggesting that IL-36 may contribute to the chemokine environment of inflamed skin27. Previous studies have suggested that increased expression of IL-36γ cytokines in in human psoriatic lesional skin as well as psoriasis-like mouse skin lesions9. However, there is little knowledge about the function of IL-36γ in the inflammatory response of keratinocytes in psoriasis. In our study, we found that treated HaCaT cells with IL-36γ can mimic the inflammatory process in psoriasis and found that IWP-2 suppressed the production of the inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ, implying a pro-inflammatory role of IL-36γ in HaCaT cells.

Wnt signaling pathway has an important role in embryonic development and homeostatic self-renewal in adult tissues, besides it exerts both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory functions depending on the conditions and regulated through different mechanisms12. The β-catenin is the key regulatory factor in the Wnt signaling pathway activation. Previous studies have suggested that IL-22 promote bony proliferation in the paws of this experimental mouse model of spondyloarthropathy via Wnt signaling pathway 28,29. In another report, the authors revealed that the β-catenin expression in synovium sample from patients with RA was significantly higher than that of trauma samples30. In a study focus on the role of β-catenin in the inhibition of epithelization and wound healing, did not find any nuclear β-catenin in normal epidermis. Decreased membrane staining and increased cytoplasm/nuclear β-catenin staining in the lesions of patients with active psoriasis have been reported13. The downregulation of membranous β-catenin in lesional psoriatic skin might be used as phenotypic marker of hyperprolifration of keratinocytes in psoriasis13,31. Thus, to improve the related mechanisms that involved in IL-36γ-regulated differentiation and inflammation, the Wnt signaling pathway is explored in the present study, we found that Wnt signaling pathway is a crucial pathway in IL-36γ-regulated differentiation and inflammation of HaCaT cells, suggesting that IL-36γ may play a critical role in suppressing the differentiation and encouraging inflammatory response by association with Wnt signaling pathway. However, additional studies are necessary to understand more clearly the role of IL-36γ in keratinocyte of psoriasis.

Our investigation has several limitations. First, as an inhibitor of Wnt production, IWP-2 may not special for canonical Wnt pathway or non-canonical Wnt pathway. Therefore, canonical Wnt pathway or non-canonical Wnt pathway, which is more important cannot be determined from this study. Second, we did not investigate the protein expression and cellular distribution of β-catenin. Further research on this issue is needed.

Overall, the present study showed that in HaCaT cells, IL-36γ can suppress the differentiation and promote the inflammatory response by the Wnt signaling pathway. These findings suggest that IL-36γ may represent potential targets for the treatment of psoriasis.

Acknowledgments

The present study was supported by grants from Capital Health Development Research Fund of China (2016-2-4018).

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