Table 3. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of overall survival and progression-free survival in patients with supratentorial primary brain tumors.

Factor	Progression-free survival
	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Age (years)	1.029	0.985-1.076	0.195	—	—	—
Sex (male: female)	3.019	1.192-7.645	0.020*	2.951	1.161-7.496	0.023*
Body weight (kg)	1.011	0.965-1.059	0.647	—	—	—
Tumor size (cm)	1.123	0.868-1.453	0.378	—	—	—
Serum biomarkers
Lactate (mmol/L)	1.619	1.079-2.428	0.020*	1.658	1.078-2.548	0.021*
LDH (mU/mL)	1.009	0.999-1.019	0.067	—	—	—
NGAL (ng/mL)	2.062	0.993-4.279	0.052	—	—	—
GFAP (mg/L)	1.260	0.460-3.447	0.653	—	—	—
NSE (ng/mL)	0.998	0.989-1.008	0.740	—	—	—
S100β (pg/mL)	1.001	0.997-1.004	0.733	—	—	—
Factor	Overall survival
	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Age (years)	1.041	0.973-1.114	0.247	—	—	—
Sex (male: female)	4.349	1.037-18.247	0.045*	3.785	0.903-15.859	0.069
Body weight (kg)	0.994	0.925-1.070	0.881	—	—	—
Tumor size (cm)	1.214	0.835-1.763	0.310	—	—	—
Serum biomarkers
Lactate (mmol/L)	2.046	1.078-3.886	0.029*	2.049	1.006-4.175	0.048*
LDH (mU/mL)	1.013	0.998-1.028	0.084	—	—	—
NGAL (ng/mL)	2.987	1.067-8.363	0.037*	—	—	—
GFAP (mg/L)	0.983	0.169-5.704	0.985	—	—	—
NSE (ng/mL)	0.936	0.867-1.069	0.478	—	—	—
S100β (pg/mL)	0.997	0.987-1.006	0.490	—	—	—

Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; NSE, neuron-specific enolase.

*p < 0.05.