Table 2. Associations of pre-gestational diabetes and adverse pregnancy outcomes stratified by type of diabetes.
| Outcomes | No. of datasets | T1DM | No. of datasets | T2DM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | P(Z) | P(Q) | OR (95%CI) | P(Z) | P(Q) | |||
| Preterm delivery (< 37 weeks) | 15 | 4.36 (3.72-5.12) | <10-5 | <10-5 | 10 | 2.96 (2.13-4.10) | <10-5 | <10-4 |
| Macrosomia (> 4 kg) | 5 | 2.10 (1.61-2.74) | <10-5 | 0.001 | 4 | 1.33 (0.82-2.17) | 0.25 | 0.01 |
| LGA (> 90th percentile) | 8 | 4.61 (2.83-7.53) | <10-5 | <10-5 | 7 | 2.32 (1.48-3.64) | <10-4 | <10-4 |
| SGA (< 10th percentile) | 7 | 0.68 (0.56-0.83) | <10-4 | 0.47 | 7 | 1.34 (0.98-1.82) | 0.07 | 0.28 |
| Perinatal mortality | 14 | 3.80 (3.14-4.60) | <10-5 | 0.004 | 5 | 3.63 (2.84-4.65) | <10-5 | 0.36 |
| Neonatal death | 8 | 2.73 (2.13-3.49) | <10-5 | 0.44 | 3 | 3.57 (1.87-6.80) | <10-4 | 0.37 |
| Stillbirth | 12 | 3.97 (3.44-4.58) | <10-5 | 0.70 | 4 | 3.65 (1.59-8.42) | 0.002 | 0.14 |
| PIH | 7 | 2.68 (1.85-3.89) | <10-5 | <10-5 | 6 | 1.66 (1.04-2.66) | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Pre-eclampsia | 10 | 4.19 (3.08-5.71) | <10-5 | <10-5 | 6 | 1.86 (0.99-3.51) | 0.06 | <10-4 |
| Caesarean section | 17 | 3.97 (3.31-4.77) | <10-5 | <10-5 | 8 | 2.40 (1.79-3.21) | <10-5 | <10-4 |
| Shoulder dystocia | 4 | 4.49 (2.16-9.30) | <10-5 | 0.001 | 4 | 2.01 (1.21-3.34) | 0.007 | 0.46 |
| NICU admission | 4 | 3.95 (1.70-9.18) | 0.001 | <10-4 | 3 | 5.29 (1.13-24.66) | 0.03 | <10-4 |
| 5-minutes Apgar score < 7 | 5 | 2.55 (2.17-3.00) | <10-5 | 0.55 | 2 | 1.18 (0.49-2.85) | 0.72 | 0.46 |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | 5 | 33.53 (15.54-72.32) | <10-5 | <10-5 | 4 | 7.73 (3.82-15.65) | <10-5 | 0.27 |
| Respiratory distress | 4 | 2.50 (1.86-3.37) | <10-5 | 0.22 | 2 | 1.25 (0.59-2.63) | 0.56 | 0.04 |
| Jaundice | 3 | 3.13 (0.84-11.69) | 0.09 | 0.001 | 3 | 2.53 (1.46-4.38) | 0.001 | 0.29 |