Table 2.
Hazard Ratio (HR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated with total vitamin C intake for participants over 40 years old in the SUN cohort (follow-up 1999–2016).
| Main Analyses § | Tertiles of Vitamin C Intake | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (N = 4474) | Q2 (N = 4474) | Q3 (N = 4473) | |
| Incident CVD (person-years at risk) | 61 (50,792) | 38 (48,765) | 35 (47,415) |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.52 (0.35–0.78) | 0.44 (0.29–0.67) |
| Sex- and age-adjusted | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.59 (0.39–0.89) | 0.56 (0.37–0.86) |
| Multivariable adjusted model 1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.59 (0.39–0.90) | 0.60 (0.39–0.93) |
| T2 + T3 vs. T1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.60 (0.42–0.85) | |
| Multivariable adjusted model 2 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.58 (0.38–0.88) | 0.58 (0.37–0.90) |
| T2 + T3 vs. T1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.58 (0.41–0.83) | |
| Multivariable adjusted model 3 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.58 (0.38–0.88) | 0.58 (0.37–0.90) |
| T2 + T3 vs. T1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.58 (0.41–0.83) | |
| Multivariable adjusted model 4 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.60 (0.40–0.91) | 0.62 (0.40–0.97) |
| T2 + T3 vs. T1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.61 (0.43–0.88) | |
§ Age strata as underlying time variable in all the models; N = 13,421; Ref: reference category. Multivariable adjusted model 1: Additionally adjusted for sex, body mass index (continuous), total energy intake (continuous), physical activity (continuous), television watching (continuous), smoking (never, current or former), family history of stroke, and treatment with aspirin. Multivariable adjusted model 2: Additionally adjusted for the number of cardiovascular-related diseases at baseline, prevalent cancer, prevalent hypertension, prevalent diabetes, prevalent hypercholesterolemia and prevalent hypertrygliceridemia. Multivariable adjusted model 3: Additionally adjusted for dietary fiber (fiber from foods other than fruits and vegetables) (continuous). Multivariable adjusted model 4: Additionally adjusted for the MDS without fruit and vegetable intake related items (low, medium, or high).