Abstract
Src-associated in mitosis of 68 kDa (Sam68), also known as KHDRBS1 (KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated 1), is a member of the signal transduction and activation of RNA family. Previous studies have demonstrated that the aberrant expression of Sam68 is associated with the progression and prognosis of a variety of cancers, but little is known about its expression and role in chordomas, which are rare and aggressive bone neoplasms. In this study, we analyzed 40 tumor tissues and 20 distant normal tissues obtained from 40 patients with sacral chordoma using immunohistochemistry, and observed the expression of Sam68 was significantly upregulated in sacral chordomas compared with normal tissues (P=0.001). A positive correlation between the expression of Sam68 and the cell proliferation index Ki-67 was determined using Spearman’s rank correlation test (γ =0.599, P<0.001). In addition, high expression of Sam68 was significantly associated with surrounding muscle invasion (P<0.001). Moreover, Kaplan–Meier curves showed that patients with overexpressed Sam68 had shorter local recurrence-free survival time (P<0.001). Lastly, multivariate analysis indicated that Sam68 is an independent prognostic factor for the local recurrence-free survival of sacral chordomas (hazard ratio =5.929, 95% CI: 1.092–32.188, P=0.039). Our findings suggest the use of Sam68 as a predictor for the recurrence of sacral chordomas.
Keywords: sacral chordoma, Sam68, recurrence, prognostic factor
Introduction
Chordomas are rare malignant bone neoplasms that are thought to arise from embryonic remnants of the notochord, with an annual incidence of ~1/1,000,000 all over the world.1–3 Chordomas are characterized by severe aggressiveness and a high rate of local recurrence.4–6 The overall 5- and 10-year survival rates following surgical resection are 45%–77% and 28%–50%, respectively.3,7–9 Most patients ultimately die of exhaustion from repeated surgeries and fatal destruction of local tissues. Also, 50%–60% chordomas occur at the sacrum and often reach a large size due to their indolent symptoms and slow growth.5,10 Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment due to the poor sensitivity of chordomas to chemotherapy and radiotherapy;11–14 however, patients have a high risk of local recurrence even after surgical excision with wide resection margins.14–15 Therefore, the development of therapeutic strategies is highly needed for patients affected by chordoma.
Src-associated in mitosis of 68 kDa (Sam68), also known as KHDRBS1 (KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated 1), is a member of the signal transduction and activation of RNA family, which has been demonstrated to transform cells to an oncogenic state.16,17 Using its RNA-binding property, Sam68 regulates a variety of cellular processes, including RNA splicing, RNA stability, RNA nuclear export and neuronal activity.18–28 Sam68 was also identified as a signaling molecule in multiple signaling pathways, such as NF-κB activation and apoptosis signaling by the tumor necrosis factor receptor.29,30 Moreover, several cancer-relevant proteins including Bcl-x, cyclin D1b and CD44 are targets of Sam68.31–34 High expression of Sam68 is associated with poor prognosis of various malignancies, and its depletion by siRNA induces cell cycle arrest and restrains cell proliferation.35–39 Sam68 also plays a tumor-suppressive role in certain cancers; for example, high expression of Sam68 leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts.40 Thus, the effects of Sam68 on different cancers are double sided. However, the expression and role of Sam68 in chordomas are not well understood.
In this study, we investigated the expression of Sam68 in sacral chordomas compared with normal tissues using immunohistochemistry, and evaluated the association between Sam68 expression and the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of patients with sacral chordoma.
Materials and methods
Patients and tissue samples
In this study, we enrolled 40 patients (23 males and 17 females) who were diagnosed with sacral chordoma and received surgical treatment in the Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (Changsha, China) between January 2005 and October 2015. The mean age of patients was 55.1 years (range, 29–74 years). They were not treated by tumor-specific therapy including radiotherapy and chemotherapy before surgery. Clinicopathologic data including age and gender of the patients; tumor location, size, grade and stage; tumor invasion of the surrounding muscles; and the type of surgical resection were obtained from patients’ medical records, retrospectively. Tumor grade and stage were evaluated based on the Enneking staging system for the surgical staging of malignant bone and soft tissue tumors.41,42 Resected specimens were assessed either as Enneking appropriate or Enneking inappropriate by anatomic pathologists, according to the Enneking principles.43 Tumor invasion of the surrounding muscles was determined using preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and histologic examination of tissues.44 In addition to the tumor tissues, we also obtained 20 distant normal tissues at least 3 cm from the resection margins as a control. The tissues were fixed into 10% buffered formalin immediately after surgery and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin blocks were subsequently cut into 4 µm thick slices for immunohistochemical staining. Tumor diagnosis was confirmed by two experienced pathologists through histologic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient for this study.
Follow-up
After the primary surgery, patients were followed up every 3 months during the first 2 years, every 6 months in the next 3 years and annually thereafter, and they received clinical and radiographic examinations each time until October 2016. Tumor recurrence was diagnosed by analyzing clinical manifestation and imaging results. The interval between the primary surgery and the first incidence of local tumor recurrence or death from any cause was defined as the local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) or the overall survival (OS), respectively.
Immunohistochemistry
Tissue slices were dewaxed in xylene and rehydrated by passage through a series of ethanol solutions; subsequently, the tissues were immersed in 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 6.0) and heated in a microwave oven at 121°C for 15 min to retrieve antigen activity. Potential endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched in 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min. After rinsing with PBS, tissue sections were blocked with 10% normal goat serum at room temperature for 10 min. Subsequently, they were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies, anti-Sam68 (1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) or anti-Ki-67 (1:100; Abcam, Cambridge, UK). The negative controls were not incubated with primary antibodies. The next day, tissue sections were rinsed with PBS three times, followed by 30 min incubation at 37°C with polymerized horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (Boster, Wuhan, China). Antibody binding was visualized using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine solution. The sections were finally counterstained with hematoxylin and were mounted for observation.
Immunohistochemical evaluation
Two experienced and independent pathologists who were blinded to the patients’ clinicopathologic data evaluated and scored the immunostained sections using a semi-quantitative assessment reported previously.45 In each section, five high-power fields were randomly chosen and at least 300 cells per field were counted. Cells with immunostained brown nucleus were considered positive for Sam68 or Ki-67 expression. The immunoreactivity score for Sam68 expression was calculated by multiplying the staining intensity, established as 0 (no staining), 1 (weak staining), 2 (moderate staining) or 3 (strong staining), by the percentage of positive tumor cells, established as 0 (<1%), 1 (1%–10%), 2 (11%–50%) or 3 (>50%), resulting in scores ranging from 0 to 9; the level of Sam68 expression was divided into low (0–3) and high (4–9) for survival analysis.46 As described previously,45 Ki-67 index was defined as the percentage of Ki-67–positive cells and categorized as a low (<10%) or high (≥10%) index.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS 19.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). The χ2 or Fisher’s exact test was used appropriately to examine either the difference in Sam68 expression between the tumor and normal tissues or the association between Sam68 expression and patients’ clinicopathologic characteristics. Spearman’s rank correlation test was used to assess the correlation between Sam68 expression and Ki-67 index. The association between each parameter and LRFS or OS was analyzed by log-rank test and shown by Kaplan–Meier curves. Multivariate analysis was subsequently performed by Cox’s proportional hazard model to identify the independent prognostic factors. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Upregulation of Sam68 expression and its positive correlation with Ki-67 index in sacral chordomas
We first compared the expression of Sam68 in 40 sacral chordoma tissues and 20 distant normal tissues using immunohistochemistry. As shown in Figure 1, Sam68 is prominently expressed in the nucleus of positive cells. A high level of Sam68 (Figure 1C) was scored in 60% (24/40) of tumor tissues and 15% (3/20) of normal tissues, whereas 40% (16/40) of tumor tissues and 85% (17/20) of normal tissues expressed a low level of Sam68 (Figure 1A), respectively. Sam68 expression was significantly upregulated in sacral chordomas compared with normal tissues (P=0.001; Table 1). Additionally, we examined the expression of Ki-67, a widely used cell proliferation index in sacral chordoma tissues. There were 16 tumor tissues with a low Ki-67 index (Figure 1B) and 24 tumor tissues with a high Ki-67 index (Figure 1D). No positive cells were observed in negative control (Figure 1E). It was found that tumor tissues with a high Ki-67 index had significantly higher level of Sam68 (P<0.001; Table 2). Moreover, a positive correlation between Sam68 expression and Ki-67 index (γ =0.599, P<0.001; Figure 1F) was demonstrated using Spearman’s rank correlation test.
Figure 1.
Representative expression of Sam68 and Ki-67 and their correlation in sacral chordomas.
Notes: (A) Low expression of Sam68; (B) low expression of Ki-67; (C) high expression of Sam68; (D) high expression of Ki-67; (E) negative control. All magnification, ×400. (F) Positive correlation between Sam68 expression and Ki-67 index in sacral chordomas using Spearman’s rank correlation test.
Table 1.
Expression of Sam68 in sacral chordomas compared with distant normal tissues
| Tissue samples | Total | Sam68 expression
|
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High (%) | Low (%) | |||
| Sacral chordomas | 40 | 24 (60) | 16 (40) | 0.001 |
| Distant normal tissues | 20 | 3 (15) | 17 (85) | |
Table 2.
Association between Sam68 expression and the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with sacral chordoma
| Variables | Total | Sam68 expression
|
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Low | |||
| Age (years) | 0.505 | |||
| <50 | 15 | 10 | 5 | |
| ≥50 | 25 | 14 | 11 | |
| Gender | 0.601 | |||
| Male | 23 | 13 | 10 | |
| Female | 17 | 11 | 6 | |
| Tumor location | 0.292 | |||
| Above S3 | 24 | 16 | 8 | |
| S3 and below | 16 | 8 | 8 | |
| Tumor size (cm) | 0.343 | |||
| <5 | 14 | 7 | 7 | |
| ≥5 | 26 | 17 | 9 | |
| Tumor grade | 0.581 | |||
| High | 27 | 17 | 10 | |
| Low | 13 | 7 | 6 | |
| Tumor stage | 0.129* | |||
| IA | 9 | 3 | 6 | |
| IB | 4 | 4 | 0 | |
| IIA | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
| IIB | 20 | 12 | 8 | |
| III | 3 | 3 | 0 | |
| Surrounding muscle invasion | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 25 | 21 | 4 | |
| No | 15 | 3 | 12 | |
| Type of resection | 0.006 | |||
| EI | 18 | 15 | 3 | |
| EA | 22 | 9 | 13 | |
| Ki-67 index | <0.001 | |||
| High | 24 | 21 | 3 | |
| Low | 16 | 3 | 13 | |
Note:
Using the Fisher’s exact test.
Abbreviations: EA, Enneking appropriate; EI, Enneking inappropriate.
Association between Sam68 expression and the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with sacral chordoma
The association between Sam68 expression and the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with sacral chordoma was assessed by the χ2 or the Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. In addition to Ki-67 index, Sam68 expression was significantly associated with surrounding muscle invasion (P<0.001; Table 2) and the type of tumor resection (P=0.006; Table 2). No statistically significant association was observed between Sam68 expression and other clinicopathologic characteristics (Table 2).
Association between Sam68 expression and the prognosis of patients with sacral chordoma
During the period of follow-up, 27 (67.5%) patients had local tumor recurrence and 16 (40%) patients died, with a median LRFS of 18 months (range, 5–45 months) and a median OS of 47 months (range, 12–141 months). Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrated that a high level of either Sam68 (P<0.001; Figure 2A and Table 3) or Ki-67 (P=0.016; Figure 2B and Table 3) was significantly associated with shorter LRFS time. Additionally, patients with low Sam68/Ki-67 coexpression had an increased LRFS time (P<0.001; Figure 2C), whereas those with high Sam68/Ki-67 coexpression had a reduced LRFS time (P=0.002; Figure 2D). Shorter LRFS time was also observed in patients with higher tumor stage (P<0.001; Table 3 and Figure 2E), surrounding muscle invasion (P<0.001; Table 3 and Figure 2F) and Enneking inappropriate resection (P<0.001; Table 3 and Figure 2G). Moreover, worse OS was related to higher tumor stage (P<0.001; Figure 3A and Table 4), surrounding muscle invasion (P=0.032; Figure 3B and Table 4) and Enneking inappropriate resection (P=0.015; Figure 3C and Table 4), whereas there was no association between Sam68 expression and OS (P=0.228; Table 4). Finally, the factors associated with the LRFS or OS were included in the multivariate analysis using Cox’s proportional hazard model. The results indicated that Sam68 expression (hazard ratio [HR] =5.929, 95% CI: 1.092–32.188, P=0.039; Table 3), tumor stage (HR =2.272, 95% CI: 1.384–3.729, P=0.001; Table 3), surrounding muscle invasion (HR =13.128, 95% CI: 2.793–61.698, P=0.001; Table 3) and the type of tumor resection (HR =6.678, 95% CI: 2.052–21.736, P=0.002; Table 3) were the independent prognostic factors for the LRFS, whereas tumor stage (HR =1.677, 95% CI: 1.002–2.806, P=0.049; Table 4) was the only independent prognostic factor for the OS.
Figure 2.
Kaplan–Meier curves of the local recurrence-free survival of patients with sacral chordoma.
Notes: (A) Stratified by Sam68 expression; (B) stratified by Ki-67 index; (C) stratified by Sam68/Ki-67 coexpression (low/low and others); (D) stratified by Sam68/Ki-67 coexpression (high/high and others); (E) stratified by tumor stage; (F) stratified by surrounding muscle invasion; (G) stratified by the type of tumor resection.
Abbreviations: EA, Enneking appropriate; EI, Enneking inappropriate.
Table 3.
Kaplan–Meier analysis and multivariate Cox’s proportional hazard analysis of the prognostic factors for the local recurrence-free survival of patients with sacral chordoma
| Variables | Categories | Kaplan–Meier analysis
|
Multivariate analysis
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P-value | P-value | HR (95% CI) | ||
| Age (years) | <50/≥50 | 0.671 | ||
| Gender | Male/female | 0.587 | ||
| Tumor location | Above S3/S3 and below | 0.091 | ||
| Tumor size (cm) | <5/≥5 | 0.124 | ||
| Tumor grade | High/low | 0.595 | ||
| Tumor stage | IA/IB/IIA/IIB/III | <0.001 | 0.001 | 2.272 (1.384–3.729) |
| Surrounding muscle invasion | Yes/no | <0.001 | 0.001 | 13.128 (2.793–61.698) |
| Type of resection | EI/EA | <0.001 | 0.002 | 6.678 (2.052–21.736) |
| Ki-67 index | High/low | 0.016 | 0.552 | 0.658 (0.166–2.613) |
| Sam68 expression | High/low | <0.001 | 0.039 | 5.929 (1.092–32.188) |
| Sam68/Ki-67 coexpression | Low/low | <0.001* | ||
| High/high | 0.002* | |||
| High/low and low/high | ||||
Note:
Not included in the multivariate analysis because the variables depend on the expression of Sam68 and Ki-67.
Abbreviations: EA, Enneking appropriate; EI, Enneking inappropriate; HR, hazard ratio.
Figure 3.
Kaplan–Meier curves of the overall survival of patients with sacral chordoma.
Notes: (A) Stratified by tumor stage; (B) stratified by surrounding muscle invasion; (C) stratified by the type of tumor resection.
Abbreviations: EA, Enneking appropriate; EI, Enneking inappropriate.
Table 4.
Kaplan–Meier analysis and multivariate Cox’s proportional hazard analysis of the prognostic factors for the overall survival of patients with sacral chordoma
| Variables | Categories | Kaplan–Meier analysis
|
Multivariate analysis
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P-value | P-value | HR (95% CI) | ||
| Age (years) | <50/≥50 | 0.362 | ||
| Gender | Male/female | 0.319 | ||
| Tumor location | Above S3/S3 and below | 0.075 | ||
| Tumor size (cm) | <5/≥5 | 0.065 | ||
| Tumor grade | High/low | 0.468 | ||
| Tumor stage | IA/IB/IIA/IIB/III | <0.001 | 0.049 | 1.677 (1.002–2.806) |
| Surrounding muscle invasion | Yes/no | 0.032 | 0.089 | 6.272 (0.755–52.075) |
| Type of resection | EI/EA | 0.015 | 0.175 | 2.254 (0.697–7.291) |
| Ki-67 index | High/low | 0.628 | ||
| Sam68 expression | High/low | 0.228 | ||
| Sam68/Ki-67 coexpression | Low/low | 0.250 | ||
| High/high | 0.547 | |||
| High/low and low/high | ||||
Abbreviations: EA, Enneking appropriate; EI, Enneking inappropriate; HR, hazard ratio.
Discussion
Chordomas are slow-growing malignancies with a strong invasive ability and a high rate of local recurrence.47 Obtaining wide resection margins is a key factor determining tumor recurrence and long-term prognosis; however, it is often technically difficult because of the proximity of the lesion to vital neurovascular structures and tumor invasion into the surrounding tissues.48 In order to achieve an improvement of tumor therapy, a lot of researchers have tried to identify novel biomarkers predicting the prognosis of patients. In this study, we demonstrated that Sam68 expression was significantly upregulated and positively correlated with the expression of cell proliferating index Ki-67 in sacral chordomas. Additionally, high expression of Sam68 was significantly associated with tumor invasion into the surrounding muscles and poor LRFS of patients with sacral chordoma. Moreover, Sam68 was statistically identified as an independent prognostic factor for the LRFS. Our data suggest the use of Sam68 as a predictor for tumor recurrence.
Sam68 has been identified as an RNA-binding protein and an adaptor recruiting other signaling molecules.29 Previous studies have demonstrated the significance of Sam68 in carcinogenesis; some of them support the promoting effect of Sam68 on tumor development,36,37 whereas others have shown the tumor suppressive function of Sam68.40 In this study, we observed an upregulation of Sam68 expression in sacral chordoma compared with normal tissues and found a positive correlation between the expression of Sam68 and cell proliferation index Ki-67, indicating that Sam68 probably promotes the growth of chordomas. The potential effect of Sam68 on the proliferation of chordoma cells is supported by the association between upregulation of Sam68 expression and cell proliferation in various cancers such as human prostate cancer and breast cancer.35,37 Additionally, Sam68 was observed to be prominently located in the nucleus of sacral chordoma cells, which is consistent with the results of several reports demonstrating that Sam68 is a nuclear protein involved in gene transcription, alternative splicing and nuclear export.27,32,34,49 However, cytoplasmic Sam68 also plays a significant role in the progression of certain human cancers.37,50 The inconsistent localization of Sam68 is probably due to its different roles in multiple signaling pathways that affect the development of tumors. Thus, the significance of the nuclear localization of Sam68 in chordoma cells should be further explored.
The association between Sam68 expression and the clinical data of tumor patients has been widely investigated previously. For example, high expression of Sam68 is associated with higher tumor stage and poorer recurrence-free survival of patients with bladder cancer;51 Sam68 is also involved in the progression of neuroblastoma and has a predictive significance for the prognosis of patients with neuroblastoma.46 In this study, we demonstrated a significant association between high Sam68 expression and surrounding muscle invasion of sacral chordomas and shorter LRFS of patients with sacral chordoma. Moreover, the results of multivariate analysis indicated that Sam68 can be used as an independent prognostic biomarker for the recurrence of sacral chordomas. Promoting the proliferation of residual chordoma cells after surgical resection may be one of the mechanisms of how Sam68 modulates the recurrence of sacral chordomas, whereas more detailed evidence needs to be further explored. Based on our results, we propose that surgeons should be more careful in choosing surgical strategies and try to achieve wide enough resection margins during tumor excision when high expression of Sam68 is determined using immunohistochemical analysis in patients with sacral chordoma who receive preoperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy; even if wide resection margin is achieved, patients with high levels of Sam68 should be warned of a relatively high risk of local tumor recurrence after the primary surgery and be followed up cautiously at short-term intervals for timely and effective treatment. It is worth mentioning that we did not observe an association between Sam68 expression and tumor size, grade or stage, which could be due to a small sample size, relatively low statistical power or the influence of other risk factors. Although patients with sacral chordoma who had high Sam68 levels did not show reduced OS in our study, more evidence is needed to rule out a relationship between Sam68 expression and the OS.
In summary, we demonstrated that high expression of Sam68 in sacral chordomas is significantly associated with worse clinical outcomes. Our findings suggest that Sam68 can be used as a predictor for the recurrence of sacral chordomas.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (No 2016zzts149).
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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