In 2017, the authors published an article to assess the financial consequences for the Italian National Health Service, over a 5-year period, of the adoption of a simplification strategy to atazanavir (ATV) + ritonavir (r) + lamivudine (3TC) dual therapy of HIV-positive patients receiving ATV plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) starting from data of the Atlas-M trial at 48 weeks.1
Consequently to the publication of the clinical results of the Atlas-M trial at 96 weeks, we updated the model implemented for the analysis, considering the most recent evidence.2
The model was adapted considering the transitions among antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) observed in the trial, as reported in Figure 1, for years 1 and 2, and maintaining for years 3, 4, and 5 the same differential effectiveness (percentage of patients without virologic failure) observed between 48 and 96 weeks. In detail, the percentage of virologic failures considered in year 1 were 4.51% for ATV+r+2 NRTI and 0.76% for ATV+r+3TC; and in each following year were 8.66% for ATV+r+2 NRTI and 3.05% for ATV+r+3TC.
Figure 1.
Structure of the budget impact model.
Note: aOther ART 1: 100% TDF/FTC/c/EVG. bOther ART 2: 28.6% TDF/FTC+RAL; 14.3% ABC/3TC/DTG; 14.3% TDF/FTC/c/EVG; 14.3% 3TC/DTG; 14.3% ABC/3TC/NVP; 14.3% ABC/3TC/DRV+r. cOther ART 3: 25% TDF/FTC/RPV; 25% ABC/3TC/DRV+r; 50% DRV+r.
Abbreviations: 3TC, lamivudine; ABC, abacavir; ART, antiretroviral therapy; ATV, atazanavir; c, cobicistat; DRV, darunavir; DTG, dolutegravir; EVG, elvitegravir; FTC, emtricitabine; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NVP, nevirapine; r, ritonavir; RAL, Raltegravir; RPV, rilpivirine; TDF, tenofovir.
The costs considered (referred to year 2016) are direct medical costs related to ART, adverse events management, and follow-up, in terms of drugs, hospitalizations, laboratory tests, and outpatient activities. The same criteria to identify the target population (comprising 1,892 patients, with 33 incident cases each year) and the same hypotheses on the number of patients eligible to ART simplification per year of the previous analysis were considered. Therefore, a base case scenario was implemented in which the simplification strategy is not applied, along with three scenarios in which the number of patients assigned each year to ATV+r+3TC simplification were half of the eligible patients (scenario 1), one third of the eligible patients (scenario 2), and one fifth of the eligible patients (scenario 3).
The updated analysis confirmed the order of magnitude of the results of the analysis that considered the Atlas-M trial results at 48 weeks, as reported in Table 1.
Table 1.
Results of the budget impact analysis
| Scenario | Annual cost (million €)
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Total | |
| Base case | 16.1 | 16.3 | 16.4 | 16.5 | 16.6 | 82.0 |
| Scenario 1 | 12.6 | 11.2 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 55.6 |
| Difference between scenario 1 and base case (% impact) | −3.6 (−22.1%) | −5.1 (−31.5%) | −5.7 (−35.0%) | −5.9 (−35.9%) | −5.9 (−35.9%) | −26.3 (−32.1%) |
| Scenario 2 | 13.8 | 12.5 | 11.8 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 60.8 |
| Difference between scenario 2 and base case (% impact) | −2.4 (−14.7%) | −3.8 (−23.3%) | −4.6 (−28.0%) | −5.0 (−30.6%) | −5.3 (−32.0%) | −21.1 (−25.8%) |
| Scenario 3 | 14.7 | 13.9 | 13.4 | 13.0 | 12.7 | 67.7 |
| Difference between scenario 3 and base case (% impact) | −1.4 (−8.8%) | −2.4 (−14.8%) | −3.1 (−18.6%) | −3.5 (−21.3%) | −3.8 (−23.2%) | −14.2 (−17.4%) |
The likely 5-year impact on the budget of the Italian National Health Service of the simplification strategy considered for the target population is between −26.3 million € (−32.1%) in scenario 1 and −14.2 million € (−17.4%) in scenario 3. The adoption of the simplification strategy in all the scenarios considered would lead to a yearly increase of the minor costs observed compared with the base case scenario, from −3.6 million € in year 1 to −5.9 million € in year 5 in scenario 1; from −2.4 million € in year 1 to −5.3 million € in year 5 in scenario 2; and from −1.4 million € in year 1 to −3.8 million € in year 5 in scenario 3.
Therefore, the updated analysis confirmed the results of the previous analysis, showing that the simplification strategy from ATV+r+2NRTI to ATV+r+3TC is associated with a decrease in the direct medical costs in the Italian context for the treatment of the target population without impact on the clinical effectiveness of ART.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the Atlas-M Study Group for their contribution in sharing the clinical Atlas-M data. The analysis was supported by an unconditional grant from Bristol Myers Squibb.
Footnotes
Disclosure
UR declares speaker fees (Janssen Cilag, Abbvie, Gilead). MF received speakers’ honoraria and support for travel to meetings from Bristol Myers Squibb, Gilead, Merck Sharp & Dohme, ViiV Healthcare, and Janssen-Cilag. SDG declares speakers’ honoraria and support for travel to meetings from Bristol Myers Squibb, Gilead, Merck Sharp & Dohme, ViiV Healthcare, and Janssen-Cilag. CN is employed by Bristol Myers Squibb S.r.l. DC declares advisory board fees (Merck Sharp & Dohme, Abbvie). The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.
References
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