Abstract
Background
The Chácobo are a Panoan speaking tribe of about 1000 members (300+ adults) in Beni, Bolivia. Originally nomadic, the Chácabo were relocated to their current main location in the 1960s. Researchers have visited the Chácabo since 1911. A first more detailed anthropological report exists from the late 1960s, and ecological–ethnobotanical studies were conducted in the 1980s and 1990s. The presented work represents a complete ethnobotanical inventory of the entire adult Chácobo population, with interviews and plant collection conducted directly by Chácobo counterparts.
Methods
Based on previous reports and our preliminary studies, we hypothesized that twenty-first century Chácobo plant use centered on income generation, and that traditional plant use related to household utensils, medicine and traditional crop varieties had almost disappeared. To test this hypothesis, we started the “Chácobo Ethnobotany Project,” training 10 indigenous Chácobo participants in ethnobotanical interview and plant collection techniques, in order to more fully document Chácobo knowledge and avoid the influence of foreign interviewers.
Results
Our study found 331 useful plant species in 241genera of 95 plant families, with leaves, roots and bark being the most commonly used plant parts The comprehensive documentation that these methods enabled completely nullified our initial hypothesis of knowledge loss. Traditional crop varieties are still widely grown and traditional knowledge is alive. Moreover, it is being actively recuperated in certain domains by the younger generation. Most Chácobo know, and can name, traditional utensils and tools, although only the older generation has still the skills to manufacture them. While many Chácobo still know the names and uses of medicinal species, the younger generation is however often unsure how to identify them.
Conclusions
In this paper we illustrate the complexity of perspectives on knowledge at different ages, and the persistence of knowledge over almost a century. We found that traditional knowledge was only partially affected by the processes of exposure to a market economy, and that different knowledge domains experienced different trends as a result of these changes. Overall knowledge was widely distributed, and we did not observe a directional knowledge loss.
We stress the importance to not directly conclude processes of knowledge loss, cultural erosion or acculturation when comparing the knowledge of different age groups.
Keywords: Traditional knowledge, Knowledge loss, Conservation, Indices
Background
The Chácobo tribe, living in Northeastern Bolivia, were first visited by the European traveler Erland Nordenskjöld in 1911 [1], followed by an anthropologist only in 1956, who published the last account of Chácobo life before the tribe came under the influence of American Evangelist missionaries [2]. The Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) worked with Chácobo communities from 1953 to 1980, and produced the first account of Chácobo linguistics [3], and an unpublished work on Chácobo customs, with a strong focus on evangelist development [4]. This account is in interesting juxtaposition to the writings of German anthropologist Kelm [5], who visited the Chácobo in 1970, in the middle of SIL rule. The SIL finally was replaced in 1980 by the Swiss Protestant mission. Missionary rule led to a profound change of lifestyle, and a permanent process of acculturation [6]. From 1983 to 84, Brian Boom (New York Botanical Garden) led the first ethnobotanical study of Chácobo, documenting their knowledge after almost 30 years of cultural change [7]. Boom did however base his work on the plants collected from a single 1 ha forest plot. In 1995 the Institut Franjáis d’Etudes Andines financed a re–survey of Boom’s plot, but the results were never released to the public, and a planned publication [8] existed in a single volume in the Institute’s main library in Lima. Muñoz et al. [9] published a study on anti–malarial plants used by the Chácobo. Given the availability of previous studies, the Chácobo are an outstanding possibility to study traditional knowledge over time.
Traditional knowledge (TK) has been recognized for its importance for the protection of ecosystem services and biodiversity [10, 11]. However, researchers and policymakers have equally expressed concern about its possible loss as societies modernize. A growing number of studies have reported changes and losses in TK (e.g. medical TK [12–15], nutritional TK [16], and agricultural TK [17–19]. The hypothesis that TK systems are able to adapt to external changes and internal pressures has discussed for some time (e.g., [20]). Traditional.
Knowledge is an important part of the adaptive capacity of many rural and indigenous communities that have been conserving biodiversity while enhancing livelihoods and adapting to disturbance and change [21, 22]. Few studies have however examined whether and how loss or alteration of TK in fact occurs [17, 23–25]. Consequently, our understanding of the resilience of TK systems and their ability to evolve and adapt is highly limited. The assumption of loss of TK, when younger people know less, is one of the common errors in ethnobotany [26]. This problem can be remedied when analyzing the effects of age and age cohorts separately [27, 28]. Not all TK domains might however be shared between generations, and as such there can be domains that would be more vulnerable to TK loss, and domains in which new knowledge is generated as an adaptation to environmental change [29].
Traditional knowledge is also seen as an important component in improving the management of natural resources [10, 20, 30] and practices relating to the protection of ecosystems and species [11]. Factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, birthplace, and level of education have been identified as important on an individual level [31–34]. Family size, integration into the market economy (e.g. sale of animals and agricultural products), or amount of material goods at family level (e.g., possessions of farm animals, tools, and transport) have been linked to the household levels [35, 36]. Access to commercial centers, and to health, education, electricity or water, as well as land tenure systems and settlement history have shown a greater relevance at the community level [37–39]. In the absence of a unifying theory or common research methods, it is however difficult to clearly recognize whether or not these patterns exist at broader scales [40]. Several studies have used literature metadata to analyze large–scale usage patterns of plants [41–43]. In many cases, however, comparisons are difficult to make, given the diversity of the objectives and methods employed.
Based on previous reports mentioned, and our own preliminary studies [44], we hypothesized that twenty-first century Chácobo plant use centered on income generation through collection of forest products and agricultural production, and that traditional plant use related to household artifacts and medicine, as well as traditional crop varieties, had almost disappeared. We also hypothesized that the “missionary generation” – the first age group growing up under restrictive evangelist rule, would report less TK than other age groups. Because access to markets and services has been reported as a major cause for TK loss [28], we also hypothesized that in villages most distant from the main market center (Riberalta), knowledge about the use of plants, and the number of useful species would be more homogeneously distributed through the generations [25], and expected that this TK distribution show different patterns when analyzing the different domains of knowledge about the use of plants [29].
To test our hypotheses, we started the “Chácobo Ethnobotany Project,” training 10 indigenous Chácobo participants in ethnobotanical interview and plant collection techniques, to comprehensively document contemporary Chácobo TK and avoid the limiting influence of foreign interviewers.
Methods
The study area –– The Chácobo and Pacahuara
The Chácobo belong to the Panoan linguistic group, which includes about twelve tribes (Chácobo, Pacahuara, Matis, Matses, Yaminahua, Ese Eja and others). At the end of the 1890s, the Chácobo lived as semi–nomadic hunters and cassava and maize cultivators, probably in two groups, one with six families and one with four, in north Bolivia, between Lake Roguagnado and the river Mamore, south of their current territory. During the rubber boom in the early 1900s, they were forced by more aggressive tribes to move north, where rubber tappers, who also brought disease and epidemics to the tribe, threatened them. While other tribes were enslaved to work in rubber stations, the Chácobo managed to avoid most of the outside influences. Their first permanent contact with the outside world occurred only in 1953 with members of the the Tribes Missions, and in 1954 the Bolivian government established an agency about 15 km from the current location of Puerto Limones. The missionary linguist Gilbert Prost arrived in 1955 under the auspices of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). According to [4] there were four Chácobo groups living between the Benicito and Yata rivers at that time, numbering about 200 people [7]. Prost and his wife continued to live among the Chácobo until 1980. In addition to translating the New Testament into Chácobo, they made some observations on cultural and linguistic practices [3, 4]. In 1964, Prost managed to buy a territory in the north of the Chácobo’s ancestral lands, forming the community of Alto Ivón, and most of the remaining population moved there. In 1965, the Bolivian government finally assigned 43,000 ha of land to the Chácobo, although this area was less than 10% of their original territory. The influence of the SIL caused profound cultural change among the Chácobo, including the reported abandonment of traditional costume and dances in 1969 [4].
The official indigenous organization of the Chácobo (Central Indígena de la Región Amazónica de Bolivia (CIRABO) estimates a current population of the Chácobo community of about 1000 people (350+ adults), with Alto Ivón as the largest settlement. The current territory of the tribe according to CIRABO encompasses 450,000 ha, and is roughly equivalent to the original extent of the tribe’s ancestral lands (Fig. 1). The elevation of the territory is about 200 m, and much of the vegetation can be classified as humid tropical Amazon rainforest. However, the territory encompasses also large tracts of periodically inundated savannas, dominated by Mauritiella armata, and large, drier, savanna areas with forest islands. The average annual temperature is 26.8 °C, with an average annual rainfall of 1560 mm. A distinct dry season lasts from June to November [7]. Today the Chácobo are governed by two indigenous organizations: The Capitanía Mayor Chácobo, closely linked to the evangelists, and the Chácobo– Pacahuara Association, recognized by the Central Indígena de la Región Amazónica de Bolivia (CIRABO), and supported by the Central de Pueblos Indigenas del Beni (CPIB) and the Confederacion de Pueblos Indigenas de Bolivia (CIDOB).
Fig. 1.
Chácobo territory 2013
Ethnobotanical and botanical collection
Our project explored the current traditional knowledge (TK) on plant use of the Chácobo and Pacahuara in Beni, Bolivia and had three goals: 1) to discover and document current traditional plant knowledge through interviews and surveys, 2) to inventory the current flora of the region, and 3) to repatriate the acquired knowledge as well as previous data to the community.
After obtaining consent from CIRABO, and before starting fieldwork, we conducted a community meeting in May 2013, involving representatives of all 27 villages in the Chácobo Territory, in order to obtain prior informed consent from all communities. This session included the repatriation of the results of previous studies [45–47]. In addition, during the project all available material on Chácobo plant use was translated to Spanish and repatriated [48]. The Chácobo community itself choose 12 local counterparts to be trained as ethnobotanical interviewers and plant collectors. In September 2013 we conducted a two–week workshop on ethnobiological methods and plant collection, training the 12 selected counterparts, 10 of which finally acted as interveiwers. Training was conducted directly in the field in the central village of Alto Ivón, and involved theoretical exercises (overview on methodology of interviews, collection and herbarium techniques), as well as extensive practical exercises (structuring and testing of questionnaires, test interviews among the participants, field interviews with local community members, plant collection in the field, preparation of herbarium specimens, plant and artifact collection in the local community, data–basing, and initial data analysis).
From November 2013 to May 2015, Chácobo interviewers collected ethnobotanical information from 301 Chácobo participants (150 women, 151 men, representing almost the entire adult Chácobo population), and over 1500 plant samples were collected. Prior to starting the interviews, every interviewer obtained prior oral informed consent from each participant. Chácobo participants were divided into five age classes (18–30 years old: 58 men, 52 women; 31–40 years old: 31 men, 36 women; 41–50 years old: 35 men, 36 women; 51–60 years old: 15 men, 7 women; and >60 years old: 12 men, 19 women). Because the study attempted to interview the whole adult Chácobo population, there was originally no emphasis on achieving a balanced age or gender distribution. All interviews were conducted at the homes of the participants by asking participants to freelist their plant knowledge following [49]. All plant uses were categorized following [49]. All interviews were preferably conducted in Chácobo. In a few cases where participants were not fully fluent in Chácobo, interviewers used Spanish as common language. The plant material was collected under permission from the Ministry of Environment and Water of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, and was identified and deposited at the National Herbarium of Bolivia (LPB) under the collection numbers of the Chácobo collectors. Nomenclature follows www.TROPICOS.org. Use descriptions were coded after the fact into subcategories and, for some analyses, into six major categories: fodder, fuel, medical, cultural, construction, tool, and food.
All work was carried out following the International Society for Ethnobiology Code of Ethics [50], and under the framework provided by the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Chácobo community retains the copyright of the traditional knowledge of all informants. Any commercial use of any of the information requires prior consensus with informants and communities, and an agreement on the distribution of benefits.
Data analysis
The total number of unique species reported and unique uses reported for each use category were compared across communities, genders, and age groups (16–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, and 61–82) for 292 informants (dropping for this analysis 8 informants for whom age was not indicated).
To gain a more nuanced look at how these qualities affected not only the number of reports but which species or uses were reported, we ordered informants using non–metric multi–dimensional scaling on distance matrices for plants and uses, and tested how well vectors (age) and factors (gender, ethnicity, community) fit the location of informants in the ordination, using the R package vegan [51]. We used similar methods with plant family fit onto an ordination from distance matrices of plant–use combinations to test whether plant family explains the uses to which plants are put.
We used Indicator Value [52], as implemented in the R package labdsv [53] to combine occurrence frequency and mean abundance of species and uses to elucidate species and uses that had higher fidelity to and/or relative abundance in certain age groups or genders. For this analysis, the P value is the probability of finding an equally high indicator value in random permutations. Species with significantly high indicator values had higher fidelity and relative abundance in certain age groups / genders (were ‘indicators’). We further compared age and gender groups by informant consensus factor (ICF) for each use category, calculated as the number of use reports minus the number of taxa over the number of use reports minus one: (Nur − Nt)/(Nur − 1). We also measured consensus on species uses by quantifying what proportion of each species’ mentions fall within a specific use category.
Plant species and plant family importance was ranked by four metrics: Community and Informant Cultural Importance (CIcom/CIinf) — the sum within species across all plant–uses of the number of informants (for CIinf) or communities (for CIcom) reporting a plant–use over the number of informants/communities reporting the plant; Diversity of Uses (Du) — the Shannon Index of uses [51]; and Use Value (UV), the number of reports of a species over total number of informants asked in a region [54].
To test whether greater knowledge of Chácobo language was associated with a more similar set of knowledge and / or a larger knowledge set of plants and uses, we used the ordination based on uses to examine whether interviewees who reported more Chácobo names tended to report a more similar set of uses, and used linear regression to test whether the number of Chácobo names reported was significantly greater for those who reported more species or more uses.
Results
The availability of previous field data gives the unique opportunity to study the long–term change in knowledge of an indigenous group in the age of globalization. Our study found 331 useful plant species in 241genera of 95 plant families, with leaves, roots and bark being the most commonly used plant parts (Table 1).
Table 1.
Plant species used by the Chácobo
| FAMILY / SCIENTIFIC NAME | USES | VERNACULAR NAMES (Ch-Chácobo, Sp-Spanish) | Coll # |
| Amaranthaceae | |||
| Chenopodium ambrosioides L. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Appendicitis, Leaf; Diarrhea, Leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Chest pain, Leaf); Respiratory system (Bronchitis, Leaf) | Caré (Ch) | GOS 44, JSM 13, ORC 5 |
| Amaryllidaceae | |||
| Allium cepa L. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Root); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Tuberculosis, Root); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Root) | Cebolla (Sp) | |
| Allium sativum L. | MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Root); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Chest pain, Root); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Root); Reproductive system and sex health (Menstrual pain, Root); Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites, Root) | Ajo (Sp) | |
| Anacardiaceae | |||
| Anacardium occidentale L. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Dental health (Toothache, Seeds); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark, fruit, leaf and young leaf; Stomach ache, Leaf); Endocrine system (Diabetes, Bark; Liver pain, Leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark, fruit, leaf and young leaf); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Puchichi, Leaf); Urinary system (Kidney infection, Bark) | Cayú (Sp) | BCM 1, GOS 14 |
| Astronium sp. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Mërabi (Ch) | MOV 38 |
| Mangifera indica L. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Labour tools (Shovel, Trunk) | Manga (Sp) | |
| Spondias venosa C. Martius ex Colla | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Cedrillo (Sp) | CH1 |
| Spondias venulosa C. Martius ex Colla | MEDVET: Musculo-skeletal system (Fractures, Bark) | Conserbilla de cuchi (Sp) | CH2 |
| Tapirira guianensis Aubl. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; House post- Jibamë, Trunk); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark, Stomach ache, Bark); Endocrine system (Gallbladder, Bark); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark; Skin fungus, Bark) | Chaxo nihi / Tarari / Xaba cano (Ch) | JSM 8, MSM 5, RBU 17827 |
| Annonaceae | |||
| Annona hypoglauca Mart. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Musculo-skeletal system (Blows, Bark; Bone pain, Bark; Rheumatism, Bark); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Bark) | Roho nësëbi / Rononopa (Ch); Bejuco (Sp) | GOS 23 |
| Annona montana Macfad. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Tëto / Tëto chopishi (Ch); Biribá de monte (Sp) | MOV 20 |
| Annona sp. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Jënë Biribá (Ch) | CH3 |
| Cymbopetalum brasiliense (Vell.) Benth. ex Baill. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit and seeds); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Leishmaniasis, Root); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Wounds and cuts, Root); Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites, Root) | Bëromo (Ch); Mauro (Sp) | CH4 |
| Duguetia quitarensis Benth. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Ahuabaca (Ch) | CH5 |
| Guatteria discolor R. E. Fries | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; To tie house, Bark) | Xahuisi (Ch); Piraquina negra (Sp) | CH6 |
| Guatteria hyposericea Diels | CONST: Houses (Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Bark); Thatch (To tie roof, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Ahuabaca (Ch); Pavo (Sp) | CH7 |
| Xylopia ligustrifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Dunal | CONST: Houses (Tie - Xahui, Bark; Tirante corto - Cano Bësëcamë, Trunk; To tie house, Bark); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); Thatch (To tie roof, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Xahuisi (Ch) | MSM 14, SCO 2 |
| Xylopia peruviana R.E. Fr. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Hedge - Panë, Trunk; House post- Jibamë, Trunk, Jihuixaca, Trunk, Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Nasëcamëti , Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Solera - Chitao, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Bark; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante corto - Cano Bësëcamë, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk; To tie fence, Bark; To tie house, Bark); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); Thatch (Techo - Xëhuahacacató, Bark; To tie roof, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit and root); MEDVET: Musculo-skeletal system (Bone pain, Seeds); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Haemorrhage, Leaf); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Chichabëcasa, Bark; Basket - Chichama, Bark; Basket - Nishicacano, Bark; Basket - Purupachi, Bark; Hammock - Nishi, Bark); Hunting & fishing tools (Arrow - Paca, Trunk); Rope (Rope - Rispichi, Bark) | Tëtëmëtsisi / Xahui (Ch); Piraquina / Pancho (Sp) | MOV 37 |
| Xylopia polyantha R.E. Fr. | CONST: Houses (Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Tirante corto - Cano Bësëcamë, Trunk); Thatch (To tie roof, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Xahuiria (Ch) | CH8 |
| Xylopia sp. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Jihuixaca, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Bark; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante corto - Cano Bësëcamë, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Capëtërëbó (Ch) | ORC 7 |
| Apiaceae | |||
| Daucus carota L. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Root); MEDVET: Sensory system (Inflammation of eyes, Root) | Zanahoria (Sp) | |
| Apocynaceae | |||
| Aspidosperma excelsum Benth. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Tiorcorihua (Ch) | SCO 37 |
| Aspidosperma megalocarpon Müll. Arg. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Endocrine system (Gallbladder, Bark); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark and root); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Bark and seeds); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Chichama, Bark; Pestle of Tacu, Trunk; Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk); Labour tools (Axe - Maquë poroma, Trunk; Planting stick - Xësati, Trunk) | Poroma Jihui / Cháchama (Ch); Gabetillo (Sp) | CH9 |
| Geissospermum reticulatum (Jacq.) K. Schum. | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark) | Jihui Moca (Ch) | GOS 22, SCO 20 |
| Hancornia speciosa Gomes | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Endocrine system (Liver, Bark) | Xabá motoha (Ch); Magaba (Sp) | GOS 16, RBU 17833 |
| Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce ex Müll. Arg.) Woodson | MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Trunk); Digestive system (Appendicitis, Bark, and exhudate; Diarrhea); Endocrine system (Gallbladder, Exudate; Pancreas, Exudate); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Body pain, Bark and exhudate; Chest pain, Bark; Headache, Bark); Infections and infestations (Anthelmintic, Bark; Boro, Exudate; Malaria and fever, Exudate); Musculo-skeletal system (Blows, Exudate; Fractures, Bark; Hernia, Exudate; Rheumatism, Leaf) | Jihui bëpiya (Ch); Sucuba (Sp) | DOA 2, 52, ESR 19, GOS 8, 56, MOV 14 |
| Tabernaemontana linkii A. DC. | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark, leaf and root) | Bahua Quëxti (Ch) | MOV 54, RBU 17863 |
| Woytkowskia spermatochorda Woodson | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Seeds; Ornament - Mënëxëtí, Seeds; Ornament - Shinoxëta, Seeds); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Quisi / Chishinicato (Ch) | CH10 |
| Araceae | |||
| Anthurium sp. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Appendicitis, Trunk) | Buca Pëhi (Ch) | JSM 52 |
| Philodendron bipinnatifidum SCOtt | CONST: Houses (Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Chichama, Trunk) | Guembé (Sp) | CH11 |
| Philodendron quinquelobum K. Krause | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk) | Oi Nihi (Ch) | CH12 |
| Xanthosoma sagittifolium L. Scott | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Root) | Xëca (Ch); Huaylusa (Sp) | CH13 |
| Xanthosoma striolatum Mart. ex Scott | HUMFOOD: Beberages (Beberage - Chicha, Root); Food (Edible, Root); MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Trunk) | Mataca (Ch); Huaylusa / Huaylusa amarilla (Sp) | CH14 |
| Araliaceae | |||
| Schefflera morototoni (Aubl.) Maguire, Steyerm. & Frodin | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Root and trunk); MEDVET: Dental health (Toothache, Bark and exhudate); Sensory system (Earache, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Wounds and cuts, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Pestle of Tacu, Trunk) | Manihua Jihui / Nahuabëxë (Ch); Guitarrero / Batahua (Sp) | JSM 38, MOV 52 |
| Arecaceae | |||
| Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Bow - Canatí, Trunk) | Totaí (Ch); Totaí (Sp) | |
| Allagoptera leucocalyx (Drude) Kuntze | MEDVET: Digestive system (Ulcers, Root) | Xahuë jina (Ch); Palmera de la sabana (Sp) | MOV 7 |
| Astrocaryum aculeatum G. Mey. | ANIMFOOD: Fodder (Edible, Fruit and seeds); CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; House post- Jibamë, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf and trunk); CULT: Personal adornment (Ear piercing, Spine; Ornament - Amënoxëta, Spine; Ornament - Anillo, Fruit; Ornament - Rësëti, Spine; To drill seeds, Spine); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Palm heart; Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Chest pain, Seeds); Infections and infestations (To get nigua, Spine); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Seeds; Cough, Seeds); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Bano, Leaf; Basket - Chichabëcasa, Young leaf; Basket - Chichama, Young leaf; Basket - Nishicacano, Young leaf; Basket - Purupachi, Young leaf; Fan - Huëquëti, Young leaf; Hammock - Nishi, Young leaf; Knife, Trunk; Man basket, Young leaf; Mat, Leaf); Hunting & fishing tools (Arrow - Bicobi, Trunk; Arrow - Notsi, Trunk; Arrow - Quërëquë, Trunk; Arrow - Quëspini, Trunk; Arrow - Tahua Quëspini, Trunk; Arrow - Tiopi, Trunk; Arrow, Trunk; Bow - Canatí, Trunk); Labour tools (Axe - Maquë poroma, Trunk; Machete handle, Trunk); Rope (Rope - Rispichi, Young leaf) | Huana / Panimá (Sp) | DOA 40, RBU 17850, ESR 13 |
| Astrocaryum ulei Burret | CONST: Houses (Hedge - Panë, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Chichama, Young leaf; Fan - Huëquëti, Young leaf) | Pani (Ch); Chonta loro / Chonta Tara (Sp) | CH12 |
| Attalea butyracea (Mutis ex L.f.) Wess. Boer | CONST: Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk); Labour tools (Axe - Maquë poroma, Trunk; Machete handle, Trunk; Planting stick - Xësati, Trunk) | Palla (Sp) | CH13 |
| Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Leaf; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Young leaf; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Leaf; To tie house, Young leaf); Thatch (Huaracha roof, Leaf; Ridgepole - Xobomapatí, Leaf; Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf; To tie roof, Young leaf); CULT: Recreational (Toys, Trunk); FUEL: Other fuel (Ceramics - Chomo, Leaf); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Palm heart and fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Bano, Leaf; Basket - Chichama, Young leaf; Basket - Nishicacano, Young leaf; Basket - Purupachi, Young leaf; Basket - Yamachi, Young leaf; Fan - Huëquëti, Young leaf; Knife, Trunk; Mat, Leaf; Pestle of Batan - Chapi, Leaf); Hunting & fishing tools (Arrow - Quëspini, Trunk; Arrow - Tahua Quëspini, Trunk); Labour tools (Axe - Maquë poroma, Trunk; Machete handle, Trunk; Shovel, Trunk); Rope (Rope - Rispichi, Young leaf) | Xëbi choqui (Ch); Motacusillo (Sp) | CH14 |
| Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Young leaf; Tie - Xahui, Young leaf; To tie house, Young leaf); Thatch (Huaracha roof, Leaf; Ridgepole - Xobomapatí, Leaf; Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf; To tie roof, Young leaf); CULT: Clothes & accessories (Dress - Moro, Young leaf); Ritual (Fragile children, Root); FUEL: Other fuel (Ceramics - Chomo, Leaf); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Blood and Cardio-vascular system (Anemia, Root); Dental health (Toothache, Seeds); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Fruit); Infections and infestations (Amoebas, Root; Anthelmintic, Root); Metabolic system and nutrition (Vitamin, Root); Sensory system (Earache, Seeds); Urinary system (Kidneys, Root); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Asalle, Young leaf; Basket - Bano, Leaf; Basket - Chichabëcasa, Young leaf; Basket - Chichama, Young leaf; Basket - Nishicacano, Young leaf; Basket - Purupachi, Young leaf; Basket - Yamachi, Young leaf; Batán - Xaxo, Trunk; Fan - Huëquëti, Young leaf; Knife, Trunk; Mat, Leaf); Hunting & fishing tools (Arrow - Quëspini, Trunk; Fishing bait, Seeds); Labour tools (Axe - Maquë poroma, Trunk; Machete handle, Trunk; Planting stick - Xësati, Trunk); Rope (Rope - Rispichi, Young leaf) | Xëbine (Ch); Motacú (Sp) | CH15 |
| Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Leaf); Thatch (Ridgepole - Xobomapatí, Leaf; Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Leishmaniasis, Seeds); Musculo-skeletal system (Bone pain, Seeds); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Puchichi, Seeds) | Xëbinihua / Xëni (Ch); Cusi (Sp) | CH16 |
| Bactris acanthocarpa Mart. | CONST: Thatch (Huaracha roof, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Canahuanima (Ch) | CH17 |
| Bactris gasipaes Kunth. | CULT: Cosmetic (Hair oil, Fruit); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Chichama, Young leaf; Bow to clean cotton, Trunk; Hammock - Nishi, Young leaf; Knife, Trunk; Needle, Spine; Spinning wheel - Ihui bëro, Trunk; Spinning wheel - Ihui, Trunk; Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk); Hunting & fishing tools (Arrow - Bicobi, Trunk; Arrow - Notsi, Trunk; Arrow - Paca, Trunk; Arrow - Pio, Trunk; Arrow - Quërëquë, Trunk; Arrow - Quëspini, Trunk; Arrow - Tahua Quëspini, Trunk; Arrow - Tiopi, Trunk; Arrow - Xeña, Trunk; Arrow, Trunk; Bow - Canatí, Trunk); Labour tools (Rake, Leaf; Shovel, Trunk) | Huanima (Ch); Chima (Sp) | DOA46 |
| Bactris gasipaes var. chichagui (H. Karst.) A.J. Hend. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Sensory system (Inflammation of eyes, Palm heart); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Chichabëcasa, Young leaf; Basket - Chichama, Young leaf; Hunting & fishing tools; Bow - Canatí, Trunk); Labour tools (Axe - Maquë poroma, Trunk) | Huanima / Huanima Chitahë / Huanimahua (Ch); Chonta / Chontilla / Pupuña (Sp) | MOV 16, NPZ 8825 |
| Chelyocarpus chuco (Mart.) H.E. Moore | CONST: Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Young leaf); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Chichama, Young leaf; Fan - Huëquëti, Young leaf; Knife, Petiole); Labour tools (Axe - Maquë poroma, Young leaf; Machete handle, Young leaf) | Hoja Redonda (Sp) | CH18 |
| Cocos nucifera L. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Haemorrhage, Seeds) | Coco (Sp) | Ch19 |
| Euterpe oleracea Mart. | CONST: Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Bano, Leaf) | Pananë (Ch); Asaí / Palmito (Sp) | CH20 |
| Euterpe precatoria Mart. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Hedge - Panë, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk; Food); Thatch (Huaracha roof, Leaf; Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf); CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Fruit; Ornament - Shinoxëta, Seeds); Ritual (Fragile children, Root); FUEL: Other fuel (Ceramics - Chomo, Leaf); HUMFOOD: Beberages (Beberage - Milk, Fruit); Food (Edible, Palm heart, fruit and young leaf); MEDVET: Blood and Cardio-vascular system (Anemia, Root); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Weakness, Root); Infections and infestations (Amoebas, Root); Insect and athropod bites (Buna bite, Young leaf); Metabolic system and nutrition (Vitamin, Root); Not specified at all (Not specified, Root); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Leaf); Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites, Fruit, palm heart, root and trunk); Urinary system (Kidneys, Root); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Bano, Leaf; Basket - Chichama, Young leaf; Basket - Nishicacano, Leaf; Basket - Purupachi, Young leaf; Basket - Yamachi, Leaf; Batán - Xaxo, Trunk; Fan - Huëquëti, Young leaf; Hammock - Nishi, Young leaf; Knife, Trunk; Pestle of Batan - Chapi, Leaf); Hunting & fishing tools (Bow - Canatí, Trunk); Labour tools (Axe - Maquë poroma, Trunk; Hoe, Trunk; Machete handle, Trunk; Planting stick - Xësati, Trunk; Shovel, Trunk); Rope (Rope - Rispichi, Young leaf) | Jënë / Pananë (Ch); Asaí / Palmito (Sp) | ESR 9 |
| Geonoma deversa (Poit.) Kunth | CONST: Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf) | Jatata (Sp) | CH21 |
| Geonoma juruana Dammer | CONST: Houses (Hedge - Panë, Trunk); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Panë (Ch) | CH22 |
| Geonoma macrostachys Mart. | CONST: Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Weapons, Trunk) | Shinibi (Ch) | JSM 24, MOV 27 |
| Mauritia flexuosa L. f. | CONST: Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Chichama, Young leaf; Sieve - Toahi, Young leaf); Labour tools (Axe - Maquë poroma, Trunk; Machete handle, Trunk) | Palma Real (Sp) | CH22 |
| Oenocarpus balickii F. Kahn | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Xoquëitsama (Ch); Majillo del Tucán (Sp) | RBU 17835 |
| Oenocarpus bataua Mart. | CONST: Houses (Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); Thatch (Ridgepole - Xobomapatí, Leaf; Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf); CULT: Cosmetic (Hair oil, Fruit); Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Seeds; Ornament - Mënëxëtí, Seeds; Ornament - Shinoxëta, Seeds); HUMFOOD: Beberages (Beberage - Chicha, Fruit; Beberage - Milk, Fruit); Food (Edible - Larvae, Trunk - Larvae; Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Endocrine system (Gallbladder, Trunk - Larvae); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Chest pain, Trunk - Larvae); Infections and infestations (Leishmaniasis, Fruit); Respiratory system (Bronchitis, Trunk - Larvae); Sensory system (Earache, Fruit and trunk larvae); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Puchichi, Fruit); Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Bano, Leaf; Basket - Chichama, Young leaf; Basket - Purupachi, Young leaf) | Itsama (Ch); Majo (Sp) | CH23 |
| Oenocarpus mapora H. Karst | CONST: Houses (Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Beberages (Beberage - Milk, Fruit); Food (Edible - Larvae, Trunk; Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites, Trunk - Larvae); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Bano, Leaf; Basket - Purupachi, Young leaf; Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk); Hunting & fishing tools (Arrow - Quëspini, Trunk; Bow - Canatí, Trunk) | Quëbo itsama (Ch); Majillo (Sp) | CH24 |
| Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl. | CONST: Houses (Ceiling roof, Trunk; Frame house, Trunk; Hedge - Panë, Trunk; Jaxca Jaxca, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Young leaf; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk); Other constructions (Chapapa, Trunk; Chicken coop, Trunk; Huaracha, Trunk; Shelves, Trunk; Store corn, Trunk); Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf; Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Purupachi, Young leaf; Cassava grater, Root; Table, Trunk); Hunting & fishing tools (Bow - Canatí, Trunk) | Onipa (Ch); Pachuba (Sp) | DOA 34 |
| Aristolochiaceae | |||
| Aristolochia sp. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Appendicitis, Bark; Diarrhea, Trunk; Stomach ache, Bark); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Bark); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Bark; Vomit, Bark) | Maca Huatiapi (Ch) | SCO 32 |
| Asteraceae | |||
| Vernonia sp. | MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Inflammation, Trunk) | Cola de caballo (Sp) | DOA 45 |
| Wulffia baccata (L.) Kuntze. | MEDVET: Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Leaf) | Bahua Rëxa (Ch) | DOA 29 |
| Bignoniaceae | |||
| Arrabidaea brachypoda Bureau | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Shinoxëta, Seeds); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark; Stomach ache, Bark); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Bark; Vomit, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Nishicacano, Trunk) | Corama / Nishi Raoxo (Ch); Paquío (Sp) | ESR 1, GOS 7, JSM 16, RBU 17866 |
| Arrabidaea platyphylla DC. | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Boro, Root; Malaria and fever, Root) | Bahua Quëxti (Ch) | CH25 |
| Arrabidaea sp. | MEDVET: Sensory system (Inflammation of eyes, Root) | Yoquira (Ch) | CH26 |
| Ceratophytum tetragonolobum (Jacq.) Sprague & Sandwith | MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Body pain, Leaf; Body pain, Trunk; Headache, Leaf; Vomit, Whole plant ); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Trunk); Musculo-skeletal system (Rheumatism, Leaf) | Boá Nishi / Boá / Bua (Ch); Ajo del monte / Bejuco (Sp) | MOA 4, MOV 65 |
| Clytostoma sp. | CONST: Houses (Tie - Xahui, Bark; To tie house, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Chichama, Bark; Basket - Nishicacano, Bark) | Shino joxotaë / Shino yáquishi (Ch) | CH26 |
| Crescentia cujete L. | UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Container, Fruit) | Tutuma (Sp) | |
| Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk; Firewood, Trunk); Other fuel (Ceramics - Paítí, Bark); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Scabies, Leaf); Musculo-skeletal system (Ankle pain; Hip pain ); Not specified at all; Respiratory system (Cold and flu); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha; Wounds and cuts, Leaf) | Pitsopi (Ch) | DOA 20, GOS 35, MOV 49 |
| Jacaranda obtusifolia Bonpl. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); Other fuel (Ceramics - Tiesto - Pitëxti, Bark); MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark) | Pitsopi (Ch) | DOA 53, GOS 59 |
| Mussatia hyacinthina (Standl.) Sandw. | CONST: Houses (Tie - Xahui, Bark); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark; Stomach ache, Bark and leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Bark ); Musculo-skeletal system (Bone pain, Bark); Urinary system (Kidneys, Bark) | Xoquë Rapotó (Ch); Chamairo / Chamairo negro (Sp) | CH27 |
| Pyrostegia dichotoma Miers ex K. Schum. | MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Whole plant) | Nana Nihi (Ch) | CH28 |
| Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) Nicholson | CONST: Houses (House post- Jibamë, Trunk) | Tajibo amarillo (Sp) | CH29 |
| Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; House post- Jibamë, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk); Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Trunk); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Scabies); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Blisters ); Urinary system (Kidneys); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Gavel to make dress, Trunk; Pestle of Tacu, Trunk) | Nishó (Ch); Tajibo negro (Sp) | GOS 4 |
| Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; House post- Jibamë, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Trunk); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Batán - Xaxo, Trunk; Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk) | Tajibo (Sp) | CH30 |
| Tabebuia sp. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Solera - Chitao, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Bark; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Endocrine system (Gallbladder, Root, seeds and trunk; Liver pain, Bark, root and seeds); Sensory system (Inflammation of eyes, Bark, leaf, and root; Conjunctivitis, Root; Earache, Root) | Toromuca (Ch); Yuquilla (Sp) | MSM 6, 9 |
| Bixaceae | |||
| Bixa orellana L. | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Seeds; Ornament - Xapo, Seeds); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Seeds); MEDVET: Blood and Cardio-vascular system (Heartache); Cultural diseases and disorders (Evil eye, Trunk); Digestive system (Stomach ache, Young leaf); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Young leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Leaf; Inflammation ); Infections and infestations (Leishmaniasis, Young leaf; Malaria and fever, Exudate and leaf); Respiratory system (Cold and flu); Sensory system (Inflammation of eyes, Exudate and seeds); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Haemorrhage, Root and young leaf; Puchichi, Young leaf); Urinary system (Kidneys) | Maxë (Ch); Urucú (Sp) | GOS 13 |
| Boraginaceae | |||
| Cordia alliodora (Ruiz. & Pav.) Oken. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk) | Pabo (Ch) | JSM 7, 44 |
| Cordia ucayaliensis (I.M. Johnst.) I.M. Johnst. | CONST: Houses (To tie house, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Pabo (Ch) | MOV 33, SCO 36 |
| Bromeliaceae | |||
| Ananas comosum (L.) Merr. | CULT: Ritual (Fragile children, Leaf); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Fruit) | Piña (Sp) | |
| Indet. sp. 1 | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Seeds) | Xabá cacatao / Xabá Camano (Ch) | MOV 4 |
| Burseraceae | |||
| Protium aracouchini (Aubl.) Marchand | MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Difficulty speaking, Leaf) | Toshi xeta (Ch) | DOA 10 |
| Protium sagotianum Marchand | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Bëisiti Corihua (Ch); Isigo (Sp) | CH31 |
| Cannabaceae | |||
| Celtis schippii Standl. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Cátsisi (Ch) | CH32 |
| Trema micrantha (L.) Blume | ANIMFOOD: Fodder (Edible, Fruit); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Merabí (Ch) | JSM 61 |
| Capparaceae | |||
| Capparis coimbrana Cornejo & Iltis | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Endocrine system (Gallbladder, Bark); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark) | Maca (Ch) | GOS 1, MOV 24 |
| Caricaceae | |||
| Carica papaya L. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Dental health (Toothache, Root); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Exudate); Infections and infestations (Amoebas, Leaf and seeds; Anthelmintic, Leaf and seeds); Insect and athropod bites (Insectbite, Seeds); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Exudate ); Sensory system (Earache, Exudate); Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites, Root) | Mapayo (Ch); Papaya (Sp) | GCM 10 |
| Jacaratia digitata (Poepp. & Endl.) Solms | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Dental health (Toothache, Root); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Body pain, Trunk; Headache, Leaf); Musculo-skeletal system (Bone pain, Trunk); Not specified at all (Not specified, Fruit); Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites, Root) | Cana bohi / Huaquibí / Mapayo bërë (Ch); Papaya del monte / papaya macho (Sp) | GOS 31 |
| Caryocaraceae | |||
| Caryocar dentatum Gleason | ANIMFOOD: Fodder (Edible, Fruit); CULT: Clothes & accessories (Wash dress, Bark); Personal adornment (Ornament - Mënëxëtí, Bark); MEDVET: Not specified at all (Not specified) | Jënë carama (Ch) | DOA 57, GOS 54 |
| Celastraceae | |||
| Salacia elliptica (Mart. ex Schult.) G. Don. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Leaf); Urinary system (Kidneys, Root) | Nëxo quërimati (Ch); Huapamú (Sp) | DOA 47, GOS 42, MOA 3 |
| Salacia gigantea Loes | CONST: Houses (Tie - Xahui, Bark); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Ahuax Xtëpoco (Ch) | CH33 |
| Tontelea ovalifolia subsp. richardii (Peyr.) Görts & Mennega | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Endocrine system (Liver pain, Fruit) | Quërë matí (Ch); Guapomó (Sp) | CH34 |
| Chrysobalanaceae | |||
| Hirtella gracilipes (Hook. f.) Prance | MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark) | Xaba chana (Ch) | MSM 4, RBU 17832 |
| Hirtella pilosissima Mart. & Zucc. | CONST: Houses (House post- Jibamë, Trunk); CULT: Clothes & accessories (Dress - Moro, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Musculo-skeletal system (Fractures, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Gavel to make dress, Trunk; Pestle of Tacu, Trunk; Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk); Labour tools (Machete handle, Trunk; Planting stick - Xësati, Trunk; Spade handle, Trunk) | Chanahua / Moro choxtí (Ch); Coloradillo / Cuchi (Sp) | CH34 |
| Licania intrapetiolaris Spruce ex. Hook f. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Hedge - Panë, Trunk; House post- Jibamë, Trunk; Jihuixaca, Trunk; Manipoatí, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Sabrillo, Trunk; Solera - Chitao, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); Other fuel (Ceramics - Chomo, Bark; Ceramics - Comëno, Bark; Ceramics - Paítí, Bark); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Chest pain, Seeds); Insect and athropod bites (Insectbite, Bark); Musculo-skeletal system (Bone pain, Seeds); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Pestle of Tacu, Trunk) | Shishaxë (Ch); Cacharí (Sp) | CH35 |
| Licania octandra subsp. pallida (Hook. f.) Prance | CONST: Houses (Hedge - Panë, Trunk; Xano, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); Other fuel (Ceramics - Chomo, Bark; Ceramics - Comëno, Bark; Ceramics - Paítí, Bark; Ceramics - Tiesto - Pitëxti, Bark); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Chichabëcasa, Bark; Basket - Chichama, Bark; Batán - Xaxo, Trunk) | Mëhi (Ch); Caripe (Sp) | MSM 10 |
| Clusiaceae | |||
| Garcinia madruno (Kunth) Hammel | ANIMFOOD: Fodder (Edible, Fruit); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); Food aditives (Additive coca chewing, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark; Stomach ache, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Puchichi, Young leaf) | Shiquishi / Tahuatë (Ch); Achachairú (Sp) | DOA 12, JSM 33 |
| Tovomita sp. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Áhuara Macha (Ch) | MOV 28 |
| Indet. sp. 1 | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Hedge - Panë, Trunk; House post- Jibamë, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Solera - Chitao, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Bark; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk) | Bacurí (Ch); Motoa (Sp) | CH36 |
| Cochleospermaceae | |||
| Cochlospermum orinocense (H.B.K.) Steudel | CONST: Houses (Tie - Xahui, Bark) | Algodoncillo (Sp) | CH37 |
| Combretaceae | |||
| Terminalia amazonica (Gmel.) Exell | MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Wounds and cuts, Bark and leaf) | Verdolago (Sp) | CH38 |
| Connaraceae | |||
| Connarus ruber (Poepp. & Endl.) Planch. | CULT: Recreational (Toys, Fruit and leaf) | Pitso tapa (Ch) | GCM 6, MSM 15 |
| Convolvulaceae | |||
| Ipomoea batas Lam. | HUMFOOD: Beberages (Beberage - Chicha, Root); Food (Edible, Root); MEDVET: Digestive system (Appendicitis, Leaf; Stomach ache, Flower); Endocrine system (Gallbladder, Seeds); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (For bathing sick chlidren, Whole plant; Headache, Root); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Leaf); Respiratory system (Bronchitis, Leaf and root; Cold and flu, Leaf and root) | Cari (Ch); Camote (Sp) | |
| Costaceae | |||
| Costus scaber Ruiz. & Pav. | MEDVET: Blood and Cardio-vascular system (Heartache, Trunk); Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Root); Dental health (Toothache, Root and seeds); Digestive system (Appendicitis, Whole plant; Diarrhea, Fruit, root, trunk and young leaf ; Stomach ache, Trunk); Endocrine system (Gallbladder, Trunk and whole plant; Gallbladder, Whole plant and root); Pancreas, Trunk); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Root; Vomit, Fruit, leaf, root, seeds, trunk and whole plant); Infections and infestations (Hepatitis, Whole plant); Musculo-skeletal system (Swelling, Trunk); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns, Leaf); Urinary system (Kidney infection, Trunk; Kidney pain, Leaf and trunk; Kidneys, Leaf and trunk; Yellow urine, Trunk) | Bushishi (Ch); Cahuasha / Caña / Caña agria (Sp) | DOA 48, GOS 45, MOA 6, SCO 29, JSM 56 |
| Crassulaceae | |||
| Bryophyllum sp. | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Leishmaniasis, Leaf); Musculo-skeletal system (Blows, Leaf; Swelling, Leaf); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Puchichi, Leaf) | Bai Ati (Ch); Fortuna (Sp) | CH39 |
| Cucurbitaceae | |||
| Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Container, Fruit) | Sania (Ch); Sandía (Sp) | |
| Cucumis sativus L. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Pepino (Sp) | |
| Cucurbita moschata Duchesne | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Zapallo (Sp) | |
| Cucurbita sp. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Seeds); MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Leaf; Skin fungus, Leaf); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Container, Fruit) | Mate / Mate bejuco (Sp) | |
| Indet. sp. 1 | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Huaramë (Ch); Joco (Sp) | CH40 |
| Cyperaceae | |||
| Cyperus sp. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Appendicitis, Whole plant; Diarrhea, Root and trunk; Stomach ache, Trunk); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Root); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Inflammation, Leaf; Vomit, Root, seeds and trunk); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Root) | Tsanona (Ch); Cahuasha (Sp) | GOS 41 |
| Diplasia karatifolia Rich. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Constipation, Trunk); Pregnancy, birth and puerperial (Birth, Root) | Cortadera (Sp) | ESR 16 |
| Dennstaedtiaceae | |||
| Pteridium sp. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Stomach ache, Root); Endocrine system (Gallbladder, Root) | Jasini huitahuo (Ch) | MOV 53 |
| Dichapetalaceae | |||
| Dichapetalum spruceanum Baill. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Nishi cobo (Ch) | MOV 43 |
| Dilleniaceae | |||
| Curatella americana L. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea); Endocrine system (Liver); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Chest pain, Bark); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark); Respiratory system (Cough, Bark) | Xaba tapahua (Ch) | JSM 9, RBU 17846, GCM 3 |
| Doliocarpus sp. | CONST: Houses (Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Bark; To tie house, Bark); Thatch (To tie roof, Bark); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark) | Quëbo xamahua (Ch) | CH41 |
| Dioscoreaceae | |||
| Dioscorea latifolia Benth. | HUMFOOD: Beberages (Beberage - Chicha, Root); Food (Edible - Chive, Root; Edible, Root) | Chaxo Poa (Ch); Bachi (Sp) | CH42 |
| Erythroxylaceae | |||
| Erythroxylum coca Lam. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Leaf); Digestive system (Stomach ache, Leaf); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Leaf); UTEN&TOOL: Labour tools (Awl, Trunk) | Huara huara (Ch); Coca (Sp) | DOA 8, JSM 28 |
| Euphorbiaceae | |||
| Alchornea sp. | CONST: Houses (House post- Jibamë, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante corto - Cano Bësëcamë, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); CULT: Ritual (Fragile children, Leaf); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark) | Manahuita (Ch); Cama (Sp) | CH43 |
| Cleidion sp. | ANIMFOOD: Fodder (Edible, Fruit); CONST: Houses (Hedge - Panë, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Huacaxapo (Ch) | MOV 45, MSM 13 |
| Croton lechleri Müll. Arg. | MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Puchichi, Exudate; Wounds and cuts) | Sangre de Grado (Sp) | CH44 |
| Croton matourensis Aublet | CONST: Houses (Hedge - Panë, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Batán - Xaxo, Trunk; Cramps, Seeds; Pestle of Batan - Chapi, Trunk; Pestle of Tacu, Trunk; Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk) | Aliso (Sp) | CH45 |
| Croton trinitatis Millsp. | MEDVET: Veterinary (Distemper) | Taxa Bahueti (Ch); Malvilla (Sp) | DOA 1 |
| Croton sp. | MEDVET: Endocrine system (Gallbladder); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Leaf); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Leaf); Musculo-skeletal system (Haematoma, Whole plant); Not specified at all (Insomnia in chlidren); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Whole plant); Sensory system (Inflammation of eyes, Leaf); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Broom, Whole plant) | Matsëti (Ch); Malva (Sp) | MOV 64 |
| Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg. | CULT: Clothes & accessories (Rubber shoes, Exudate); Personal adornment (Ornament - Shinoxëta, Seeds); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); Other fuel (Ceramics - Comëno, Bark); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Boro, Exudate; Malaria and fever, Leaf); Musculo-skeletal system (Bone pain, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Facila blemishes, Bark); SALE: Sale (Siringa, Exudate) | Carama (Ch); Caucho / Siringa (Sp) | CH45 |
| Jatropha curcas L. | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Leaf) | Piñon (Sp) | CH46 |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia L. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Leaf); Insect and athropod bites (Centipede bite, Bark and leaf); Musculo-skeletal system (Bone pain, Seeds; Cramps, Seeds; Fractures, Seeds; Rheumatism, Seeds); Reproductive system and sex health (Contraceptive, Seeds); Respiratory system (Cramps, Seeds and seeds); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Wounds and cuts, Seeds); Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites, Bark and leaf); Urinary system (Kidneys, Bark, leaf and seeds) | Raë (Ch); Copaiba / Piñón morado (Sp) | DOA 43, GCM 9, GOS 51 |
| Mabea fistulifera Mart. | ANIMFOOD: Fodder (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Anthelmintic, Exudate; Boro, Exudate); Insect and athropod bites (Insectbite, Exudate); UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Barbasco - Axa, Fruit) | Piri (Ch); Leche leche (Sp) | DOA 5, JSM 35 |
| Manihot esculenta Crantz | HUMFOOD: Beberages (Beberage - Chicha, Root); Food (Edible - Chive, Root; Edible, Root); MEDVET: Dental health (Toothache, Seeds); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Leaf); Musculo-skeletal system (Swelling, Root); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Puchichi, Root; Wounds and cuts, Root); Urinary system (Kidney pain, Root; Kidneys, Root ) | Atsa / Atsa Chëquë / Atsa Hosho / Atsa Nasisi / Atsa Noa / Atsa Pohi Quinihua / Atsa Raoxo / Atsa Shini / Atsa Tocha / Kanaki / Raox tëtoya / Rono Atsa / Shoshapo / Xëto itsa / Xoya atsa (Ch); Rama blanca / Rama morada / Yuca / Yuca de rama choca o café / Yuca piraquina (Sp) | |
| Omphalea diandra L. | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Chimo, Bark) | Chimo / Jianati (Ch); Bejuco (Sp) | |
| Ricinus comunis L. | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Seeds); MEDVET: Musculo-skeletal system (Bone pain, Leaf; Fractures, Leaf); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Leaf) | Rarë (Ch); Macororo / Matapalo (Sp) | ESR 22, MOA 2 |
| Fabaceae | |||
| Acacia loretensis J.F. Macbr. | CONST: Houses (House post- Jibamë, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Bark; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); Other fuel (Ceramics - Chomo, Bark); MEDVET: Respiratory system (Cough, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark; Empeine, Bark) | Caxcono / Capë Caxcono / Isnëpa (Ch); Cari cari (Sp) | BCM 11, DOA 23 |
| Acacia sp. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Bark); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Stomach ache, Bark); Endocrine system (Diabetes, Bark; Gallbladder, Bark); Reproductive system and sex health (Vaginal douche, Bark); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Bark and root); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Haemorrhage, Bark; Wounds and cuts, Bark ) | Sipamë (Ch); Tipa (Sp) | GOS 53 |
| Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Sm. | CONST: Houses (Tie - Xahui, Bark); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Bark and leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Bark); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Facila blemishes ); Veterinary (Distemper, Bark ); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Batán - Xaxo, Trunk; Pestle of Tacu, Trunk; Spoon, Trunk; Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk); Transportation (Canoe, Trunk) | Quixono (Ch); Tumi / Roble (Sp) | CH47 |
| Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F. Macbr. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Hedge - Panë, Trunk; House post- Jibamë, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Xano, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); Other fuel (Ceramics - Paítí, Bark); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark fruit and root); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Leaf); Sensory system (Inflammation of eyes, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Haemorrhage, Seeds; Wounds and cuts, Bark and fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Batán - Xaxo, Trunk; Pestle of Batan - Chapi, Root; Pestle of Batan - Chapi, Trunk; Pestle of Tacu, Trunk; Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk); Labour tools (Planting stick - Xësati, Trunk) | Mani / Mani tapono (Ch); Almendrillo / Amarillo (Sp) | CH48 |
| Bauhinia guianensis Aubl. | MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Root); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Trunk); Endocrine system (Diabetes, Leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark and seeds); Infections and infestations (Amoebas, Trunk; Leishmaniasis, Trunk); Musculo-skeletal system (Hip pain, Trunk); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Trunk); Sensory system (Eyes, Trunk); Urinary system (Kidneys, Trunk) | Nishi isanuma / Nishi para (Ch); Bejuco blana / Pataigue (Sp) | GOS 40, MOV 44, RBU 17855, SCO 17 |
| Bauhinia sp. | CULT: Ritual (To make hunting dogs, Leaf); MEDVET: Endocrine system (Diabetes, Trunk) | Camanó pahoqui (Ch) | GOS 52 |
| Bauhinia straussiana Harms | CULT: Clothes & accessories (Dress - Moro, Bark); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Insect and athropod bites (Buna bite, Exudate); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns, Exudate) | Chirimoya (Sp) | GOS 27 |
| Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench | CULT: Ritual (Crying children, Leaf); MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Bark and leaf) | Oxa nihi (Ch); Dormilón (Sp) | DOA 55, GOS 58 |
| Deguelia amazonica Killip | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Leishmaniasis, Trunk); UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Barbasco - CapëItsa, Root and trunk) | Capë Itsa (Ch); Barbasco (Sp) | CH49 |
| Derris amazonica Killip | UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Barbasco - Axa, Trunk and root) | Axaria (Ch) | CH50 |
| Derris floribunda (Benth.) Ducke | UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Barbasco - Axa, Bark, leaf and root) | Axa (Ch); Barbasco / Bejuco blanco (Sp) | CH51 |
| Dipteryx alata Vogel | MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark) | Nihi pëpëcho (Ch) | GOS 32 |
| Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk); CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Seeds) | Boë (Ch); Yatorana (Sp) | SCO 1 |
| Hymenaea courbaril L. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Solera - Chitao, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); Other fuel (Ceramics - Comëno, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Body pain, Bark); Infections and infestations (Amoebas, Bark; Malaria and fever, Bark); Musculo-skeletal system (Hip pain, Bark; Rheumatism, Bark); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Bark and seeds); Veterinary (Distemper, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Batán - Xaxo, Trunk; Mattress, Bark; Pestle of Tacu, Trunk; Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk) | Corama / Cura pisi (Ch); Paquío (Sp) | MOV 25 |
| Inga edulis Mart. | CONST: Houses (Xano, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Arrow, Trunk) | Xënanë (Ch); Pacai (Sp) | DOA 51, JSM 1 |
| Inga fagifolia G. Don. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Ahuapi Xënanë (Ch); Pacai del Monte (Sp) | CH52 |
| Inga marginata Willd. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Not specified at all (Not specified, Leaf) | Shipi Xënanë (Ch); Pacai (Sp) | GOS 38 |
| Inga sp. 1 | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Roho xënanë (Ch); Pacai (Sp) | CH53 |
| Inga sp. 2 | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Anthelmintic, Fruit) | Xënanë (Ch) | GOS 36 |
| Inga sp. 3 | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Comoni (Ch); Pacai (Sp) | CH54 |
| Inga sp. 4 | CONST: Houses (Tie - Xahui, Bark); Thatch (To tie roof, Bark) | Chërë Xahui (Ch) | CH55 |
| Inga sp. 5 | CONST: Houses (Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Solera - Chitao, Trunk) | Chira Xahui (Ch) | CH56 |
| Inga sp. 6 | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Huayhuatia Xënanë (Ch); Pacai (Sp) | CH57 |
| Inga sp. 7 | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Rayo xënanë (Ch) | CH58 |
| Machaerium acutifolium Vogel | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Root) | Jihui rashia (Ch) | GOS 37 |
| Ormosia nobilis Tul. | ANIMFOOD: Fodder (Edible, Fruit); CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Shinoxëta, Seeds); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark); Reproductive system and sex health (Menstrual pain, Bark and seeds); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Haemorrhage, Seeds; Puchichi, Bark) | Tëhuëti / Xëta tarati / Xëta tënëti (Ch); Sirari (Sp) | CH59 |
| Poeppigia procera C. Presl. | CONST: Houses (House post- Jibamë, Trunk); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Matsa Quití (Ch) | CH60 |
| Pithocellobium corymbosum (Rich.) Benth. | CONST: Houses (House post- Jibamë, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Wounds and cuts); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Batán - Xaxo, Trunk; Pestle of Batan - Chapi, Trunk; Pestle of Tacu, Trunk; Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk) | Maní (Sp) | CH61 |
| Platymiscium stipulare Benth. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Leaf); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Acne, Leaf) | Boë xëni (Ch) | GOS 17 |
| Samanea tubulosa (Benth.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes | MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Bark) | GOS 39 | |
| Sclerolobium radlkoferi Rusby | MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark) | Huasi Canó (Ch) | CH62 |
| Senna herzogii (Harms) H.S. Irwin & Barneby | CONST: Houses (To tie house, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Bark) | Pabo (Ch) | JSM 59 |
| Senna occidentalis (L.) Link. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Fruit) | Túsa (Ch) | MOV 1 |
| Stryphnodendron guianense (Aubl.) Benth. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Ihui pisi (Ch); Carachupa (Sp) | MOV 48, SCO 34 |
| Sweetia fruticosa Spreng. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; House post- Jibamë, Trunk) | Canamashía (Ch) | CH53 |
| Tamarindus indica L. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Stomach ache, Seeds) | Tamarindo (Sp) | CH54 |
| Vataireopsis speciosa Ducke | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Ihui pisi (Ch) | CH55 |
| Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Seeds) | Birijori (Ch); Frejol (Sp) | CH56 |
| Zornia latifolia Sm. | CULT: Ritual (Crying children) | Hoxa Nihi (Ch); Mujer Yoxa (Sp) | CH57 |
| Indet. sp. 1 | CULT: Ritual (Good luck, Leaf) | Tëtëmabaspá (Ch) | CH58 |
| Flacourtiaceae | |||
| Indet. sp. 1 | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Jihuixaca, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Solera - Chitao, Trunk; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk; Xano, Trunk); Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Batán - Xaxo, Trunk) | Xaxo atí (Ch); Canelon (Sp) | CH59 |
| Gesneriaceae | |||
| Codonanthe calcarata (Miq.) Hanst. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Trunk) | Chixopa (Ch) | CH60 |
| Heliconiaceae | |||
| Heliconia hirsuta L.f. | UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Pestle of Tacu, Trunk) | Tsacahuico (Ch) | RBU 17852, SCO 11 |
| Heliconia sp. | CONST: Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Trunk) | Tsacahuico (Ch) | CH61 |
| Hernandiaceae | |||
| Sparattanthelium amazonum Mart. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Stomach ache, Trunk) | Nishi Tsanóna (Ch) | CH62 |
| Hippocrateaceae | |||
| Cheiloclinum cognatum (Miers.) A.C. Smith | MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark and root); Musculo-skeletal system (Bone pain, Bark; Rheumatism, Bark); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Bark) | Chuchuasa (Sp) | CH63 |
| Hypericaceae | |||
| Vismia glaziovii Ruhland | CONST: Houses (Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk) | Bisatamanë (Ch) | CH64 |
| Vismia macrophylla Kunth | CONST: Houses (Chira Xahui, Trunk; Frame house, Bark; House post- Jibamë, Trunk; Jënë Jabati, Trunk; Jihuixaca, Trunk; Manipoatí, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Nasëcamëti , Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Solera - Chitao, Trunk; Tëtëmatsisi, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Bark; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante corto - Cano Bësëcamë, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk; To tie house, Bark); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); Thatch (To tie roof, Bark); CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Seeds; Ornament - Shinoxëta, Seeds); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Malaria and fever, Leaf; Stomach ache, Leaf); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Leaf and seeds); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark and leaf); Not specified at all (Cancer, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Basket - Nishicacano, Trunk and exhudate; Haemorrhage, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Chichabëcasa, Bark; Basket - Coquita, Bark; Basket - Nishicacano, Bark; Basket - Nishicacano, Trunk; Man basket, Bark; Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk); Labour tools (Hoe, Trunk) | Bisatamanë / Sipó / Sirari / Sisi (Ch); Palo Santo (Sp) | GS 48 |
| Vismia pozuzoensis Engl. | CONST: Houses (Jihuixaca, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk) | Bisatamanë / Jihui bapia (Ch); Leche leche / Piraquina (Sp) | DOA 17, 59, MSM 16, SCO 13 |
| Lamiaceae | |||
| Clerodendrum tessmannii Moldenke | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark, fruit and leaf; Stomach ache, Leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark, fruit and leaf); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Leaf); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Puchichi, Leaf); Urinary system (Kidney infection, Bark) | Guayagua (Ch); Guayaba (Sp) | BCM 9 |
| Vitex triflora Vahl | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); MEDVET: Sensory system (Earache, Trunk) | Chaxo paoquí / Chaxo romë (Ch) | DOA 25, JSM 27 |
| Vitex sp. | MEDVET: Veterinary (Distemper, Bark) | Iene carama (Ch) | MOV 62 |
| Lauraceae | |||
| Nectandra sp. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Xanë Yobini (Ch) | MOV 40 |
| Ocotea diospyrifolia aff. (Meisn.) Mez | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark) | Nahuëshí (Ch) | CH65 |
| Persea americana Mill. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Leaf); Infections and infestations (Leishmaniasis, Young leaf); Musculo-skeletal system (Hip pain, Leaf); Urinary system (Kidney pain, Leaf, root and seeds; Kidneys, Fruit, leaf, seeds and trunk) | Xane yubini cuota (Ch); Palta (Sp) | JSM 29 |
| Lecythidaceae | |||
| Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. | CONST: Houses (Hedge - Panë, Trunk; Jihuixaca, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Solera - Chitao, Trunk; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); CULT: Dyes (Dye, Seeds); Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Seeds); HUMFOOD: Beberages (Beberage - Milk, Seeds); Food (Edible, Seeds); Oils (Oil, Seeds); MEDVET: Digestive system (Appendicitis, Seeds; Diarrhea, Seeds; Stomach ache, Seeds); Pregnancy, birth and puerperial (Haemorrhage after childbirth, Seeds); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Seeds; Haemorrhage, Bark, leaf and seeds; Wounds and cuts, Seeds); Urinary system (Gallstones, Seeds); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Batán - Xaxo, Trunk) | Tapa / Tapa ristí / Tsixo (Ch); Almendro (Sp) | SCO 16 |
| Eschweilera albiflora L. | CONST: Houses (To tie house, Bark); Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Trunk; To tie roof, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); MEDVET: Musculo-skeletal system (Fractures, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Chichama, Bark; Hammock - Nishi, Bark) | Maquë Tashi (Ch); Bitiumbo de bajio / Bitumbo / Campanilla / Cuchi / Piraquina (Sp) | MOV 58 |
| Eschweilera sp. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Tapa (Ch); Almendro (Sp) | MOV 51 |
| Gustavia hexapetala (Aubl.) Sm. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Hedge - Panë, Trunk; House post- Jibamë, Trunk; Jihuixaca, Trunk; Manipoatí, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Sabrillo, Trunk; Solera - Chitao, Trunk; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Sensory system (Inflammation of eyes, Root); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Batán - Xaxo, Trunk; Pestle of Batan - Chapi, Trunk; Pestle of Tacu, Trunk; Spinning wheel - Ihui, Bark; Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk); Labour tools (Hammer, Trunk; Planting stick - Xësati, Trunk) | Yunishi (Ch); Itauba (Sp) | CH66 |
| Lecythis serrata S.A. Mori | CULT: Ritual (Santeria, Seeds); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Seeds); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Haemorrhage, Seeds) | Tapa (Ch); Almendro (Sp) | MSM 7 |
| Lecythis sp.1 | HUMFOOD: Beberages (Beberage - Milk, Fruit); Food (Edible, Fruit); Oils (Oil, Fruit); MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Haemorrhage, Fruit) | Almendro (Sp) | ESR 18 |
| Lecythis sp.2 | MEDVET: Not specified at all (Not specified, Fruit); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Puchichi, Fruit) | Tapa (Ch) | GOS 34 |
| Loganiaceae | |||
| Strychnos sp. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Leaf); Urinary system (Kidneys, Leaf) | Huani Kuhuësa (Ch) | GOS 28 |
| Loranthaceae | |||
| Phthirusa pyrifolia (Kunth) Eichler | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Endocrine system (Liver, Bark and leaf); Musculo-skeletal system (Fractures, Bark and leaf) | Nishi moishi (Ch); Suelda con suelda (Sp) | DOA 41, 58, GOS 60, JSM 31 |
| Lythraceae | |||
| Physocalymma scaberrimum Pohl | UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Batán - Xaxo, Trunk) | Chaquillo (Sp) | JSM 46, RBU 17851 |
| Malpighiaceae | |||
| Bunchosia glandulifera (Jacq.) Kunth | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Mermelada (Sp) | ESR 21 |
| Byrsonima crispa A. Juss. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Xëchi (Ch) | CH67 |
| Heteropterys coriacea A. Juss. | CONST: Houses (Hedge - Panë, Trunk; House post- Jibamë, Trunk); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk) | Xaba yunishi (Ch) | JSM 2, RBU 17808 |
| Mascagnia macrophylla Rusby | UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Bow to clean cotton, Trunk) | Ascana (Ch) | CH68 |
| Malvaceae | |||
| Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Bark; Hedge - Panë, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Bark; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk; To tie fence, Bark); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); Thatch (To tie roof, Bark); CULT: Clothes & accessories (Dress - Moro, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); Other fuel (Ceramics - Chomo, Bark); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Bark); Sensory system (Earache, Young leaf); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Bano, Bark; Basket - Cacachuquëxnia, Bark; Basket - Chichama, Bark; Basket - Nishicacano, Bark; Basket - Purupachi, Bark; Basket - Yamachi, Bark; Hammock - Nishi, Bark); Hunting & fishing tools (Bow - Canatí, Trunk); Rope (Rope - Rispichi, Bark) | Bitumbo (Sp) | DOA 44, GOS 25, JSM 60, RBU 17867 |
| Eriotheca sp. | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Pestle of Tacu, Trunk; Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk) | Iso nareja (Ch) | DOA 18 |
| Gossypium barbadense L. | CONST: Houses (Tie - Xahui, Bark); CULT: Clothes & accessories (Dress - Moro, Seeds); Personal adornment (Ornament - Amënoxëta, Seeds; Ornament - Baxëxëtí, Seeds; Ornament - Chaha, Seeds; Ornament - Chinoxëta , Seeds; Ornament - Chua, Seeds; Ornament - Matsamití, Seeds; Ornament - Maxëití, Seeds; Ornament - Mënëxëtí, Seeds; Ornament - Rësëti, Seeds; Ornament - Shinoxëta, Seeds; Ornament - Tsirispi, Seeds; Ornament - Xapo, Seeds); Recreational (Toys, Seeds); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Seeds); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Trunk); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Body pain, Trunk; Headache, Leaf and leaf; Vomit, Leaf); Musculo-skeletal system (Bone pain, Leaf); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Leaf); Sensory system (Earache, Flower, leaf and seeds); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Leaf; Haemorrhage, Leaf; Puchichi, Leaf); Urinary system (Kidney pain, Leaf); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Nishicacano, Bark; Hammock - Nishi, Seeds); Hunting & fishing tools (Arrow, Seeds; Fishing lines, Seeds); Labour tools (Planting stick - Xësati, Trunk); Rope (Rope - Rispichi, Seeds; Rope, Seeds) | Algodón (Sp) | GCM 8, GOS 11, MOV 21, ORC 6 |
| Lueheopsis schultesii Cuatrec. | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Huaxmënëhua, Seeds) | Huaxmënëhua (Ch) | CH69 |
| Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb. | CONST: Houses (Hedge - Panë, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Bark; To tie house, Bark); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); Thatch (To tie roof, Bark); CULT: Recreational (Toys, Trunk; Zampoña - Bistó, Bark); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Chest pain, Seeds); Infections and infestations (Scabies); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark; Skin fungus, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Cacachuquëxnia, Bark; Basket - Chichama, Bark; Basket - Nishicacano, Bark; Hammock - Nishi, Bark; Table, Trunk); Rope (Rope - Rispichi, Bark) | Balsa (Sp) | ESR 23, JSM 17 |
| Pseudobombax septenatum (Jacq.) Dugand | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Leaf); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Leaf) | DOA 36, JSM 57 | |
| Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Copoazú (Sp) | CH70 |
| Theobroma speciosum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum. | ANIMFOOD: Fodder (Edible, Fruit); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Seeds); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Leaf); Not specified at all (Not specified, Fruit); Sensory system (Earache, Flower) | Chocolate / Chocolatillo (Sp) | ESR 10, DOA 16, 39, GOS 21, JSM 5, 30, SCO 30 |
| Marantaceae | |||
| Calathea sp. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); UTEN&TOOL: Wrappers (Wrappers, Leaf) | Manicoro (Ch); Japaina (Sp) | MOV 41 |
| Melastomataceae | |||
| Bellucia acutata Pilg. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Guayabilla (Sp) | BCM 5, ESR 15, MOV 6 |
| Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever); Respiratory system (Cold and flu) | Blanquillo (Ch) | JSM 3, MOV 17, RBU 17818 |
| Miconia argyrophylla DC. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | MSM 2 | |
| Miconia nervosa (Sm.) Triana | ANIMFOOD: Fodder (Edible, Fruit); CONST: Houses (Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk) | DOA 26 | |
| Miconia tiliifolia Naudin | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Nigua (Ch) | ESR 2, RBU 17819, 17838 |
| Miconia sp. | MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Puchichi, Fruit) | Pao (Ch) | DOS 60 |
| Mouriri guianensis Aubl. | CULT: Ritual (Good luck, Leaf and whole plant); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Flower); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Puchichi); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Pestle of Tacu, Trunk); Hunting & fishing tools (Arrow - Bicobi, Trunk; Arrow, Trunk; Bow - Canatí, Trunk); Labour tools (Planting stick - Xësati, Trunk) | Llave (Sp) | DOA 37 |
| Meliaceae | |||
| Cedrela fissilis Vell. | CONST: Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Mënëxëtí, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Leaf); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark; Stomach ache, Bark); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Bark); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Chair - Taburete, Trunk; Pestle of Tacu, Trunk; Spoon, Trunk; Table, Trunk); Other utensils (Boxes, Trunk) | Cedro (Sp) | CH71 |
| Menispermaceae | |||
| Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwich | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | ESR 7 | |
| Moraceae | |||
| Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Not specified at all (Not specified, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk) | Apta (Ch) | DOA 4, MOV 2 |
| Brosimum guianense (Aubl.) Huber | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | CH72 | |
| Brosimum utile subsp. ovatifolium (Ducke) C.C. Berg | CONST: Other constructions (Huaracha, Bark); CULT: Clothes & accessories (Dress - Pío, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Raití, Bark); Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk (Hunting & fishing tools) | Pío (Ch); Bibosi (Sp) | CH73 |
| Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaudich. ex Benth. | ANIMFOOD: Fodder (Edible, Fruit); CONST: Houses (Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk) | Nibosa (Ch) | CH74 |
| Ficus gomelleira Kunth & C.D. Bouché | CULT: Clothes & accessories (Dress - Isaca pohi, Bark; Dress - Moro, Bark); Recreational (Comëno, Bark); MEDVET: Musculo-skeletal system (Fractures, Bark; Fractures, Exudate); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Wounds and cuts, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Pestle of Tacu, Trunk; Raití, Bark); Rope (Rope - Rispichi, Bark) | Matapalo (Sp) | CH75 |
| Ficus gomelleria Kunth & C.D. Bouché | CULT: Clothes & accessories (Dress - Xóa, Bark) | Xoá (Ch); Bibosi blanco (Sp) | CH76 |
| Ficus mathewsii (Miq.) Miq. | CULT: Clothes & accessories (Dress - Isaca pohi, Bark); MEDVET: Insect and athropod bites (Buna bite, Bark); CONST: Houses (To tie house, Bark); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); CULT: Clothes & accessories (Dress - Moro, Bark; Dress - Mororia, Bark); Personal adornment (Ornament - Amënoxëta, Seeds; Ornament - Rësëti; Ornament - Shinoxëta, Bark; Ornament - Xapo, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); MEDVET: Dental health (Toothache, Exudate); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark); Musculo-skeletal system (Fractures, Bark and exhudate); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Wounds and cuts, Trunk); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Yamachi, Bark; Batán - Xaxo, Trunk; Chair - Taburete, Trunk; Hammock - Nishi, Bark); Hunting & fishing tools (Bow - Canatí, Bark); Rope (Rope - Rispichi, Bark; Rope, Bark) | GOS 50, MOA 7 | |
| Ficus sphenophylla Standl. | CULT: Clothes & accessories (Dress - Isaca pohi, Bark); MEDVET: Insect and athropod bites (Buna bite, Exudate); CONST: Other constructions (Huaracha, Bark); CULT: Clothes & accessories (Dress - Moro, Bark); Personal adornment (Ornament - Xapo, Bark); MEDVET: Musculo-skeletal system (Fractures, Exudate) | Isaca Pohi (Ch); Bibosi (Sp) | CH77 |
| Ficus trigona L.f. | CONST: Other constructions (Huaracha, Bark); CULT: Clothes & accessories (Dress - Moro, Bark); Personal adornment (Ornament - Xapo, Bark); MEDVET: Musculo-skeletal system (Fractures, Exudate) | Moro (Ch); Bibosi (Sp) | JSM 51 |
| Ficus sp. | CONST: Houses (To tie house, Bark); Other constructions (Huaracha, Trunk); CULT: Clothes & accessories (Dress - Moro, Bark; Dress - Mororia, Bark); Personal adornment (Ornament - Amënoxëta, Seeds; Ornament - Rësëti; Ornament - Shinoxëta, Bark; Ornament - Xapo, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); MEDVET: Dental health (Toothache, Exudate); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark); Musculo-skeletal system (Fractures, Bark and exhudate); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Wounds and cuts, Trunk); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Yamachi, Bark; Batán - Xaxo, Trunk; Chair - Taburete, Trunk; Hammock - Nishi, Bark); Hunting & fishing tools (Bow - Canatí, Bark); Rope (Rope - Rispichi, Bark; Rope, Bark) | Mororía (Ch); Bibosi (Sp) | CH78 |
| Helicostylis tomentosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Rusby | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Insect and athropod bites (Buna bite, Exudate; Insectbite, Exudate); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Wounds and cuts, Exudate) | Nui (Sp) | DOA 15, MOV 42, SCO 26 |
| Perebea angustifolia (Poepp. & Endl.) C. C. Berg | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | CH79 | |
| Perebea mollis (Poepp. & Endl.) Huber | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Insect and athropod bites (Buna bite, Bark) | Patai Perro (Ch); Patamichi (Sp) | SCO 27, DOA 33 |
| Pseudolmedia macrophylla Trécul | CONST: Houses (To tie house, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Maca Nui (Ch); Nui (Sp) | |
| Pseudolmedia sp. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Roble de Pajo (Sp) | MOV 63, SCO 40 |
| Sorocea guilleminiana Gaudich | CONST: Houses (Tie - Xahui, Bark; To tie house, Bark); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | ||
| Sorocea muriculata Miq. | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Fruit); Ritual (Marriage ceremony; Symbology, Trunk) | DOA 56, GOS 55 | |
| Musaceae | |||
| Musa x paradisiaca L. | HUMFOOD: Beberages (Beberage - Chicha, Fruit; Beberage , Fruit); Food (Edible - Chipilo, Fruit; Edible - Chive, Fruit; Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Dental health (Blisters mouth, Fruit; Toothache, Root); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Exudate); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns, Fruit; Empeine, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Bano, Leaf) | Bochi / Carapë / Carapë Mëxti / Carapëi / Carapëna / Carapëria / Jënë Jabati / Macho / Mëxti / Naraja Carapë / Pia / Sano / Shica Carapë / Tëtëca / Tëtoyá / Tumichuqua (Ch); Banana / Guineo / Guineo Beromo / Guineo isleño / Guineo mataborracho / Guineo morado / Guineo motacusillo / Guineo seda / Plátano / Plátano Bellaco / Plátano chama / Plátano largo / Plátano Motacusillo / Seda / Seda berda / Seda morado (Sp) | |
| Myristicaceae | |||
| Iryanthera juruensis Warb. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Dental health (Thrush, Exudate); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Exudate) | Bita / Sangre de Toro (Sp) | CH80 |
| Iryanthera sp. | CONST: Houses (Tie - Xahui, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Insect and athropod bites (Insectbite) | Bach rao (Ch) | CH81 |
| Virola flexuosa A.C. Sm. | MEDVET: Musculo-skeletal system (Fractures, Bark and leaf) | Suelda con suelda (Sp) | JSM 32 |
| Virola sebifera Aubl. | CULT: Cosmetic (Hair oil, Exudate) | Toro (Ch) | CH82 |
| Myrtaceae | |||
| Eugenia sp. 1 | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | RBU 17824 | |
| Eugenia sp. 2 | MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha) | Mëtëquë (Ch) | JSM 12 |
| Myrcia mollis (Kunth) DC. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | BCM 8 | |
| Myrcia regnelliana O. Berg | MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark and fruit; Wounds and cuts, Bark and root) | CH83 | |
| Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg | MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Chest pain, Bark); Musculo-skeletal system (Cramps, Bark, Rheumatism, Bark) | Hoja del monte (Ch) | CH84 |
| Psidium guajava L. | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark) | Bahua quëxti (Ch) | BCM 10, ORC 1 |
| Ochnaceae | |||
| Ouratea angulata Tiegh. | MEDVET: Musculo-skeletal system (Rheumatism, Bark) | Chuchuhuaso monte alto (Sp) | ESR 8 |
| Ouratea sp. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Xaba pëpëcho (Ch) | JSM 10 |
| Olacaceae | |||
| Minquartia guianensis Aubl. | CONST: Houses (House post- Jibamë, Trunk); MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Hand blisters, Bark) | Cacharí (Ch) | GOS 9 |
| Oxalidaceae | |||
| Agonandra b rasiliensis Miers ex Benth. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Aceituna (Sp) | CH85 |
| Averrhoa carambola L. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Carambola (Sp) | |
| Passifloraceae | |||
| Passiflora coccinea Aubl. | UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Barbasco - Iscoró, Trunk) | CH86 | |
| Passiflora miniata Aubl. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Pachio fuerte (Sp) | MOV 10, SCO 21 |
| Passiflora tripartita (Juss.) Poir. | UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Nishicacano, Trunk) | Tumbo (Sp) | CH87 |
| Piperaceae | |||
| Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth | MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Chest pain, Fruit) | CH88 | |
| Piper bartlingianum (Miq.) C. DC. | MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Root); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Bano) | JSM 34, MSM 8 | |
| Piper hispidum Sw. | MEDVET: Dental health (Toothache, Root); Not specified at all (Operations, Trunk); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns, Leaf; Caracha, Leaf, root, trunk and whole plant; Wounds and cuts, Leaf and trunk) | SCO 10, GOS 12 | |
| Piper nigrispicum Sw. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Stomach ache, Bark); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Trunk); Sensory system (Inflammation of eyes) | Nishipara / Yunquilla (Ch) | CH89 |
| Piper peltatum Sw. | MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Leaf); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Bark and leaf); Sensory system (Earache, Root) | Boca de Hombre (Sp) | GOS 43, MOV 60 |
| Piper piscatorum Sw. | MEDVET: Dental health (Toothache, Exudate, root and trunk); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Trunk); Musculo-skeletal system (Bone pain, Root); Not specified at all (Not specified, Root); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Leaf) | Nucaperi (Ch) | DOA 7 |
| Piper sp. | MEDVET: Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Whole plant); Urinary system (Kidney pain, Whole plant) | Matico (Sp) | MOA 9 |
| Poaceae | |||
| Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf | MEDVET: Digestive system (Stomach ache, Leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Leaf); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Leaf and root); Pregnancy, birth and puerperial (Accelerator for birth, Root; Birth, Leaf; Haemorrhage after childbirth, Leaf); Reproductive system and sex health (Menstrual pain, Leaf); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Leaf); Sensory system (Inflammation of eyes, Leaf); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Haemorrhage, Leaf) | Cedrón (Sp) | |
| Guadua sp. 1 | UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Chair - Taburete, Trunk) | DOA 22 | |
| Guadua sp. 2 | CULT: Recreational (Zampoña - Bistó, Trunk); MEDVET: Pregnancy, birth and puerperial (To cut umbilical cord, Trunk); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Knife, Trunk) | MOV 57 | |
| Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) P. Beauv. | CONST: Houses (Hedge - Panë, Trunk); CULT: Clothes & accessories (Comb, Trunk); Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Seeds; Ornament - Rësëti, Trunk); Recreational (Zampoña - Bistó, Trunk); MEDVET: Musculo-skeletal system (Fractures); Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites, Trunk); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Mat, Leaf); Hunting & fishing tools (Arrow - Bicobi, Trunk; Arrow - Notsi, Trunk; Arrow - Pio, Trunk; Arrow - Quërëquë, Trunk; Arrow - Quëspini, Trunk; Arrow - Tahua Quëspini, Trunk; Arrow - Tiopi, Trunk; Arrow, Fruit; Bow - Canatí, Trunk; Weapons, Trunk) | Tacuara (Ch); Chuchío / Paja corona (Sp) | CH90 |
| Gynerium sp. | UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Knife, Trunk) | MOV 30 | |
| Lasiacis ligulata Hitchc. & Chase. | CULT: Recreational (Zampoña - Bistó, Trunk); MEDVET: Dental health (Blisters mouth, Fruit) | Tacuarilla (Ch) | CH91 |
| Olyra micrantha Kunth | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Matsamití, Trunk; Ornament - Rësëti, Trunk); Recreational (Zampoña - Bistó, Trunk); FUEL: Other fuel (Ceramics - Comëno, Trunk); UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Arrow - Bicobi, Trunk; Arrow - Notsi, Trunk; Arrow - Quërëquë, Trunk; Arrow - Quëspini, Trunk; Arrow - Tahua Quëspini, Trunk; Arrow - Tiopi, Trunk) | Tacuarilla (Ch) | CH92 |
| Oryza sativa L. | CULT: Recreational (Zampoña - Bistó, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Seeds) | Arroz (Sp) | |
| Pharus latifolius L. | UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Barbasco - Axa, Trunk) | Jënë arosa (Ch); Barbasco (Sp) | CH92 |
| Saccharum officinarum L. | CONST: Houses (House post- Jibamë, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Beberages (Beberage , Trunk); Food (Edible, Trunk); MEDVET: Urinary system (Kidneys, Trunk) | Shita chëque / Shita sihoyá / Shitaria / Shitatë (Ch); Caña (Sp) | |
| Streptogyna americana C.E. Hubb | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk); MEDVET: Endocrine system (Liver pain, Root); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Root); Urinary system (Kidney infection, Root; Kidneys, Root); Veterinary (Distemper, Root) | Huasimapoa (Ch); Sujo (Sp) | CH93 |
| Zea mays L. | ANIMFOOD: Fodder (Edible, Seeds); HUMFOOD: Beberages (Beberage - Chicha, Seeds; Beberage - Wiñapo, Seeds); Food (Edible - Chive, Seeds; Edible - Flour, Seeds; Edible - Tamales, Seeds; Edible, Seeds) | Cahuayo Xëqui / Canashibati / Chítoco / Itëma / Jimi Xëqui / Xëqui / Xëqui bëtëmë / xëqui joxo / Xëquiria / Xino xëqui (Ch); Maíz / máiz amarillo / Maíz blanco / Maíz colorado / Maíz corto / Maíz cubano / Maíz negro (Sp) | |
| Polygalaceae | |||
| Bredemeyera myrtifolia Spruce ex A.W. Benn. | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Shinoxëta, Trunk) | Bahuino Nihi (Ch) | BCM 4, ESR 3 |
| Polygonaceae | |||
| Triplaris americana L. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark and leaf; Stomach ache, Seeds); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Chest pain; Headache, Seeds; Vomit, Leaf); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark and leaf); Musculo-skeletal system (Fractures, Bark); Respiratory system (Cough) | Janina (Ch); Palo Diablo (Sp) | GOS 47, JSM 58, MOA 5, MOV 59, ORC 2 |
| Polypodiaceae | |||
| Phlebodium decumanum (Willd.) J. Sm. | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Leishmaniasis, Bark); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Root); Urinary system (Kidneys, Bark, leaf and root) | Roho jina (Ch); Cola de manechi (Sp) | DOA 9, ORC 4 |
| Proteaceae | |||
| Roupala sp. | MEDVET: Sensory system (Earache, Leaf) | Mahi No Nihi (Ch) | CH94 |
| Pteridaceae | |||
| Adiantum latifolium Lam. | CONST: Houses (Tie - Xahui, Bark; To tie house, Trunk); Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Trunk; To tie roof, Trunk); CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Mënëxëtí, Trunk; Ornament - Shinoxëta); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Nishicacano, Trunk) | Mitaisa (Ch); Bejuco (Sp) | MOV 67 |
| Adiantum lucidum (Cav.) Sw. | CONST: Houses (To tie house, Trunk); MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Exudate) | Mitsisi (Ch) | CH95 |
| Adiantum obliquum Willd. | MEDVET: Not specified at all (Not specified); UTEN&TOOL: Rope (Rope - Rispichi, Trunk) | Mitsisi (Ch) | CH96 |
| Adiantum petiolatum Desv. | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Scabies); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin infection) | Mitsisi (Ch) | CH97 |
| Pteris sp. | MEDVET: Urinary system (Kidney infection, Trunk) | Bushishi (Ch); Shico (Sp) | DOA 50 |
| Rosaceae | |||
| Prunus amplifolia Pilger | CONST: Houses (Hedge - Panë, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Bow - Canatí, Trunk); Labour tools (Planting stick - Xësati, Trunk; Shovel, Trunk) | Jihui (Ch) | CH98 |
| Rubiaceae | |||
| Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A. Rich. ex DC. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Fruit and leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit) | Tosa (Ch); Guayabilla / Tutumilla (Sp) | ESR 12, MOV 1, 15 |
| Amaioua guianensis Aubl. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); UTEN&TOOL: Labour tools (Axe - Maquë poroma, Trunk; Machete handle, Trunk; Planting stick - Xësati, Trunk) | Cai Osho (Ch) | DOA 32 |
| Capirona decorticans Spruce | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Scabies, Bark); Insect and athropod bites (Buna bite, Bark; Insectbite, Bark); Not specified at all (Cepta, Bark); Reproductive system and sex health (Contraceptive, Bark); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Bark and flower); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns, Bark; Caracha, Bark; Haemorrhage, Bark; Wounds and cuts, Bark); Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Pestle of Tacu, Trunk); Labour tools (Planting stick - Xësati, Trunk; Shovel, Trunk) | Batahua (Ch); Guayabochi (Sp) | DOA 28, ESR 14, JSM 22, MOV 36, RBU 17823, SCO 39 |
| Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) K. Schum. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark, leaf and root; Stomach ache, Bark); Endocrine system (Gallbladder, Bark); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark); Reproductive system and sex health (Abortive, Leaf) | Jihui Moca (Ch) | CH99 |
| Genipa americana L. | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Seeds); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Nanë (Ch); Bii (Sp) | JSM 6 |
| Geophila cordifolia Miq. | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Amoebas, Leaf; Anthelmintic, Leaf) | Mai yochi (Ch) | DOA 35 |
| Ladenbergia oblongifolia (Mutis) L. Anderes | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Muela (Sp) | CH100 |
| Palicourea rigida Kunth | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Trunk) | Áhuara Macha (Ch) | MOV 13 |
| Psychotria deflexa DC. | CONST: Houses (To tie house, Bark) | Yotabi (Ch) | CH101 |
| Psychotria iodotricha Müll. Arg. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Bimi Chëxë (Ch) | CH102 |
| Psychotria lupulina Benth. | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Boro, Bark) | Ahuara Nihi (Ch) | CH103 |
| Psychotria prunifolia (Kunth) Steyerm. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark) | Bimi Chëxë (Ch) | CH104 |
| Psychotria sp. 1 | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Fruit) | Bimi Chëxë (Ch) | JSM 25 |
| Psychotria sp. 2 | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Root) | Bimi Chëxë (Ch) | DOA 14 |
| Randia armata cf. (Sw.) DC. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Pata de Gallina (Sp) | CH105 |
| Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) J.F. Gmel. | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Matsamití, Seeds); FUEL: Other fuel (Ceramics - Chomo, Trunk); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark; Stomach ache, Bark); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Bark); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Chest pain, Bark; Headache, Bark; Inflammation, Bark; Vomit, Bark); Musculo-skeletal system (Bone pain, Bark; Fractures, Bark; Hip pain, Bark); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Bark); Urinary system (Kidney infection, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Cacachuquëxnia, Trunk; Basket - Chichama, Bark; Basket - Nishicacano, Trunk; Basket - Purupachi, Bark; Basket - Yamachi, Trunk) | Cacatho (Ch); Uña de Gato (Sp) | ESR 6, 20, JSM 53, MOV 3, SCO 7 |
| Indet. sp. 1 | CONST: Houses (To tie house, Bark); Thatch (To tie roof, Bark) | ||
| Rutaceae | |||
| Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Dental health (Toothache, Seeds); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Root; Stomach ache, Fruit and root); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Fruit); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Chest pain, Fruit; Headache, Fruit; Vomit, Root); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark); Musculo-skeletal system (Bone pain, Bark, leaf and root); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Fruit and leaf); Sensory system (Inflammation of eyes, Seeds); Urinary system (Kidneys, Fruit) | Rimó (Ch); Limón (Sp) | |
| Citrus limetta Risso | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Root) | Lima (Sp) | |
| Citrus paradisi Macfad. | CONST: Houses (To tie house, Bark); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Fruit; Stomach ache, Bark and leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Root); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Root; Wounds and cuts, Root); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Chichama, Bark) | Taraja (Ch); Toronja (Sp) | |
| Citrus reticulata Blanco | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Stomach ache, Leaf) | Mandarina (Sp) | |
| Citrus x sinensis (L.) Osbeck | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark, fruit and leaf); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Leaf); Reproductive system and sex health (Abortive, Root); Urinary system (Kidneys, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Pestle of Batan - Chapi, Trunk; Pestle of Tacu, Trunk) | Naraja (Ch); Naranja (Sp) | |
| Metrodorea flavida K. Krause | CONST: Houses (House post- Jibamë, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Bark; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Pestle of Tacu, Trunk); Labour tools (Hammer, Trunk) | Paxa ini (Ch); Blanquillo / Palo Blanco / Palo Coca / Palo Coloradillo (Sp) | SCO 25 |
| Moniera trifolia L. | CULT: Ritual (Fragile children, Leaf); MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Leaf); Sensory system (Earache, Leaf) | Ororotso (Ch) | MSM 19 |
| Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Coroquisi (Ch) | JSM 45 |
| Salicaceae | |||
| Casearia arborea (Rich.) Urb. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Beberages (Beberage - Chicha, Seeds) | Jihui pohi (Ch) | SCO 41 |
| Casearia combaymensis Tul. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Ihui Pama / Yobiberoxoco / Chana Jisicato (Ch) | CH106 |
| Lunania parviflora Spruce ex Benth. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark; Stomach ache, Bark); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Bark); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark and fruit); Musculo-skeletal system (Rheumatism, Bark) | Nishi Tsanóna (Ch); Bejuco / Chacaka (Sp) | DOA 13 |
| Sapindaceae | |||
| Matayba scrobiculata (H.B.K.) Radkl. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Sama negra (Sp) | CH107 |
| Paullinia sp. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Barbasco - Axa, Trunk) | Shoshapo (Ch); Barbasco / Muela (Sp) | DOA 27 |
| Serjania lethalis A. St. Hill | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark; Stomach ache, Bark); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Barbasco - Axacoro, Trunk); Labour tools (Sandpaper, Leaf) | Axa Coro / Carahina Nihi (Ch); Barbasco (Sp) | CH108 |
| Serjania pyramidata Radkl. | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Fruit) | Capë Itsa (Ch) | CH109 |
| Serjania sp. | UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Barbasco - Axacoro, Trunk) | Axa Coro (Ch); Barbasco (Sp) | DOA 6, SCO 33 |
| Talisia acutifolia Radkl. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); UTEN&TOOL: Labour tools (Shovel, Trunk) | Pitón (Sp) | CH110 |
| Sapotaceae | |||
| Chrysophyllum sparsiflorum Klotzsch ex Miq. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Quishpi (Ch); Quispi (Sp) | CH111 |
| Micropholis guyanensis (A.DC.) Pierre | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Toro Quirihua (Ch) | MOV 61 |
| Micropholis guyanensis cf. (A.DC.) Pierre | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Coquino (Ch) | CH112 |
| Micropholis lanceolata (C. Martius & Eichler) Pierre | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Bimi Muishi (Ch) | CH113 |
| Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Quëo (Ch) | CH114 |
| Pouteria lucuma (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Quëo (Ch); Lucuma (Sp) | CH115 |
| Pouteria macrophylla (Lam.) Eyma | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Puchichi) | Yahë (Ch) | CH116 |
| Pouteria nemorosa Baehni | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Scabies); Insect and athropod bites (Insectbite); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Nishicacano, Bark) | Bata Jihui / Batabí (Ch); Coquino (Sp) | CH117 |
| Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radkl. | CONST: Houses (House post- Jibamë, Trunk; Xano, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Batán - Xaxo, Trunk); Transportation (Canoe, Trunk) | Xanë Yobini (Ch); Tajibo blanco / Almendrillo blanco (Sp) | MOV 12 |
| Simaroubaceae | |||
| Simarouba amara Aubl. | CONST: Houses (To tie house, Bark); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark; Stomach ache, Bark and fruit); Endocrine system (Gallbladder, Bark; Liver pain, Bark and leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark); Urinary system (Kidneys, Bark); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Bano, Bark) | Tarari (Ch); Palo Amargo (Sp) | GOS 6, GCM 2 |
| Siparunaceae | |||
| Siparuna guianensis Aubl. | CULT: Ritual (Fragile children, Bark); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Leaf); Insect and athropod bites (Buna bite, Bark; Insectbite, Bark); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Leaf); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha); Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Smoke to mosquito repelent) | Shisho Itsa / Xaba ghishu itsa / Xabá shishohitsa (Ch) | BCM 13, GCM 4, GOS 5, MOA 8, MSM 3, 11, SCO 8 |
| Siparuna krukovii A.C. Sm. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Smallpox, Bark); Insect and athropod bites (Buna bite, Bark; Insectbite, Bark) | Shisho Itsa / Xëto itsa (Ch) | DOA 19, MOV 32, RBU 17829 |
| Siparuna sp. | MEDVET: Urinary system (Kidneys, Root) | Xabá shishohitsa (Ch) | BCM 3 |
| Smilacaceae | |||
| Smilax flavicaulis Rusby | MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea) | Cayú (Sp) | RBU 17861 |
| Smilax poeppigii Kunth. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Young leaf) | Patiari jomoxa (Ch); Guayaba (Sp) | CH118 |
| Smilax sp. | MEDVET: Urinary system (Kidneys, Leaf, root and whole plant) | Yahuaxë (Ch) | JSM 18 |
| Solanaceae | |||
| Capsicum annuum L. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Puchichi, Leaf) | Aji / Aji dulce / Aji rojo (Sp) | |
| Cestrum strigillatum Ruiz & Pav. | MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark) | Yahua taho (Ch) | CH119 |
| Lycianthes glandulosa (Ruiz. & Pav.) Bitter | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Fruit; Ornament - Shinoxëta, Fruit); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Bimi Chëxë (Ch) | CH120 |
| Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Tomate (Sp) | |
| Nicotiana rustica L. | MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Leaf); Infections and infestations (Boro, Leaf); Reproductive system and sex health (Menstrual pain, Leaf); Sensory system (Earache, Leaf); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Leaf); Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites, Leaf) | Romë / Rumë (Ch); Tabaco (Sp) | |
| Solanum betaceum Cav. | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark) | RBU 17864 | |
| Solanum lorentzii Bitter | MEDVET: Dental health (Toothache, Root); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Leaf); Vomit, Whole plant (Infections and infestations); Anthelmintic, Bark (Respiratory system); Cold and flu, Bark (Cold and flu, Leaf); Sensory system (Earache, Leaf); Urinary system (Kidney infection, Leaf) | Jimi nihi / Nohini jihui / Nohini nihi (Ch); Uvita (Sp) | BCM 12, GOS 24, MOV 19 |
| Solanum mammosum L. | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Smallpox, Leaf); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark) | Popotoa (Ch); ManSilla (Sp) | |
| Solanum pensile Sendtn. | CULT: Ritual (Good luck in fishing) | Cashixopá (Ch) | CH120 |
| Solanum placitum C.V. Morton | MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina) | Yobini (Ch); Hoja hedionda (Sp) | CH121 |
| Solanum proteanthum Bohs | CONST: Houses (Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Trunk); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Trunk) | Shia (Ch) | CH122 |
| Solanum tuberosum L. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Root); MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Root and whole plant); Infections and infestations (Amoebas, Seeds) | Papa (Sp) | |
| Staphyleaceae | |||
| Turpinia occidentalis subsp. breviflora Croat | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Body pain, Root; Headache, Leaf; Pain, Root); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Haemorrhage) | Jihui Xoco / Strelitziaceae (Ch); Huallabilla de pampa / Papaya (Sp) | CH123 |
| Strelitziaceae | |||
| Phenakospermum guianensis Aubl. | CONST: Houses (Hedge - Panë, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Leaf; Xapocoti, Leaf); Thatch (Huaracha roof, Leaf; Ridgepole - Xobomapatí, Leaf; Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Leaf); CULT: Clothes & accessories (Skirt woman, Leaf); Personal adornment (Ornament - Matsamití, Leaf; Ornament - Maxëití, Leaf; Ornament - Mënëxëtí, Leaf); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Bark); Other fuel (Ceramics - Chomo, Bark); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Exudate; Stomach ache, Exudate); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Exudate); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Exudate); Infections and infestations (Infections, Exudate; Leishmaniasis, Exudate); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Exudate; Cough, Exudate); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns, Exudate; Caracha, Exudate; Skin fungus, Leaf; Wounds and cuts, Exudate); Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites, Exudate); Urinary system (Kidney pain, Exudate; Kidneys, Exudate); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Basket - Chichama, Bark; Basket - Nishicacano, Bark; Basket - Purupachi, Bark; Basket - Yamachi, Bark; Fan - Huëquëti, Leaf); Rope (Rope - Rispichi, Leaf); Wrappers; Wrappers, Leaf) | Mani Coro / Manihua (Ch); Patujú (Sp) | |
| Styracaceae | |||
| Styrax sp. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Ahua Tishi (Ch); Ahuai (Sp) | CH124 |
| Talinaceae | |||
| Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. | MEDVET: Endocrine system (Liver pain, Leaf); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Trunk); Musculo-skeletal system (Swelling, Trunk); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Leaf); Sensory system (Earache, Leaf) | Nohini (Ch) | GOS 18, MOV 23 |
| Tectariaceae | |||
| Triplophyllum protensum (Afzel. ex. Sw.) Holttum | MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Leaf) | Toria huitaxo (Ch); Piñón morado (Sp) | CH125 |
| Thelypteridaceae | |||
| Thelypteris abrupta (Desv.) Proctor | MEDVET: Sensory system (Earache, Leaf) | Xëqui jahëhua (Ch) | CH126 |
| Trigoniaceae | |||
| Trigonia killipii J.F. Macbr. | MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark) | Cashixopá (Ch) | CH127 |
| Ulmaceae | |||
| Ampelocera edentula Kuhlm. | CONST: Houses (Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Bark; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante corto - Cano Bësëcamë, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk) | Palo Yodo (Sp) | CH128 |
| Celtis iguanea (Jacq.) Sarg. | CONST: Thatch (Roof - Xëhuahacacató, Trunk) | Chichipa (Sp) | CH129 |
| Urticaceae | |||
| Cecropia ficifolia Warb. ex Snethl. | CONST: Houses (Hedge - Panë, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Bark); Thatch (To tie roof, Bark); CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Amënoxëta, Leaf; Ornament - Tsirispi, Bark); Recreational (Zampoña - Bistó, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark); Infections and infestations (Scabies); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Hammock - Nishi, Bark; Pestle of Tacu, Trunk); Hunting & fishing tools (Arrow - Bicobi, Bark; Arrow - Paca, Bark; Arrow - Quërëquë, Bark; Arrow - Tahua Quëspini, Bark; Arrow - Tiopi, Bark; Bow - Canatí, Bark); Labour tools (Planting stick - Xësati, Trunk); Rope (Rope - Rispichi, Bark) | Bocono / Tiopi (Ch); Ambaibo (Sp) | CH130 |
| Cecropia sciadophylla Mart. | MEDVET: Respiratory system (Cold and flu) | Bocobí (Ch); Hierba de loro (Sp) | CH131 |
| Cecropia strigosa Trécul | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Bocobí (Ch) | JSM 14 |
| Pourouma cecropiifolia Mart. | UTEN&TOOL: Labour tools (Planting stick - Xësati, Trunk) | Quëxqui xaquini (Ch) | CH132 |
| Pourouma guianensis Aubl. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Jihuixaca, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; To tie fence, Bark; To tie house, Bark); Thatch (To tie roof, Bark); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Xaquini (Ch); Piraquina (Sp) | DOA 21, SCO 23 |
| Pourouma minor Benoist | ANIMFOOD: Fodder (Edible, Fruit); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); UTEN&TOOL: Hunting & fishing tools (Bow - Canatí, Trunk); Labour tools (Sandpaper, Leaf) | Xaquini / Yahë (Ch) | DOA 31, MOV 34 |
| Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich ex Wedd. | MEDVET: Blood and Cardio-vascular system (Heartache, Bark, leaf and root); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever); Musculo-skeletal system (Rheumatism, Leaf); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Bark and leaf); Sensory system (Inflammation of eyes, Bark and leaf) | Nahua Shishahua / Pia nihi (Ch); Pega pega / Pica pica (Sp) | DOA 49, GOS 46, JSM 55, MOV 56 |
| Verbenaceae | |||
| Aloysia triphylla Royle | MEDVET: Digestive system (Stomach ache, Leaf) | Toronjil (Sp) | |
| Lantana cujabensis Schauer | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Leaf); Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark and leaf); Respiratory system (Cold and flu, Flower and leaf) | Bahua Rëxa (Ch); Hierba de loro (Sp) | JSM 19 |
| Lantana trifolia L. | MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark) | Urn (Ch) | CH133 |
| Lantana sp. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Stomach ache, Fruit and trunk); Endocrine system (Liver pain, Seeds); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Haemorrhage, Root) | Capëtërëbó (Ch); Biribá / Condura (Sp) | ESR 27 |
| Petrea sp. 1 | MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Bark and leaf; Stomach ache, Bark); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Bark) | Ponochí (Ch); Bejuco (Sp) | GOS 20, JSM 42 |
| Petrea sp. 2 | MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Trunk); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Vomit, Trunk) | Ponochí (Ch) | SCO 22 |
| Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl | CULT: Ritual (Crying children); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Leaf) | Camanó Nihi (Ch); Cola de rata (Sp) | ESR 24, GOS 2 |
| Vitex cymosa Bert. ex Spreng. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Tarumá (Sp) | CH134 |
| Violaceae | |||
| Leonia cymosa Mart. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Mai Rao (Ch) | CH135 |
| Rinorea guianensis (Melch.) Ducke | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Hepatitis, Trunk) | Mai Rao (Ch) | CH136 |
| Rinoreocarpus ulei (Melch.) Ducke | CONST: Houses (Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk); Other constructions (Floor - Machimbre, Trunk); CULT: Recreational (Toys, Seeds); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); MEDVET: Infections and infestations (Malaria and fever, Bark); Reproductive system and sex health (Abortive, Bark); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Acne); UTEN&TOOL: Domestic utensils (Furniture, Trunk; Tacú - Arusa timatí, Trunk) | Jihui Joxo / Shihuë / Tapa ristí / Xoquë xëquërë (Ch); Blanquillo / Cafesillo / Toco (Sp) | MOV 39, SCO 24 |
| Indet. sp. 1 | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk) | Bëpasti (Ch) | CH136 |
| Vitaceae | |||
| Cissus erosa Rich. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Hedge - Panë, Trunk; Jihuixaca, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; To tie house, Bark); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Diarrhea, Seeds) | Nai Nishi (Ch); Sirari (Sp) | CH137 |
| Cissus sicyoides L. | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites) | Carabó Coatí (Ch) | CH138 |
| Vochysiaceae | |||
| Qualea acuminata Spruce ex Warm. | CULT: Personal adornment (Ornament - Maxëití, Fruit) | Omaca Bëro (Ch) | CH139 |
| Qualea grandiflora Mart. | CONST: Houses (Frame house, Trunk; Jihuixaca, Trunk; To tie house, Bark); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Seeds); MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Acne, Seeds) | Almendro (Sp) | RBU 17849 |
| Qualea paraensis Ducke | CONST: Houses (Hedge - Panë, Trunk; Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Ridgepole - Maracatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Tie - Xahui, Bark; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk); FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit) | Jihui Sama / Jihui Xoco (Ch); Chocolate / Chocolatillo (Sp) | CH140 |
| Qualea sp. | MEDVET: Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Caracha, Bark; Caracha, Root; Puchichi, Bark; Skin infection, Bark) | Mëtëquë (Ch) | CH141 |
| Vochysia vismiifolia Spruce ex Warm. | CONST: Houses (Muchacho - Ninotí, Trunk; Pasa ratón - Xoya jabatí, Trunk; Roof beam - Canoxoco, Trunk; Tirante - Cano bëpotó, Trunk; Tirante largo - Cano pixquëna, Trunk); CULT: Other cultural (Crafts, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Digestive system (Stomach ache, Bark) | Canú / Jihui Coshi / Cano (Ch); Cedro (Sp) | CH142 |
| Zingiberaceae | |||
| Renealmia breviscapa Poepp. & Endl. | FUEL: Firewood (Firewood - Caro, Trunk); HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Flower); MEDVET: Insect and athropod bites (Insectbite, Exudate) | Manihua shiri (Ch) | RBU 17854 |
| Zingiber officinale Roscoe | HUMFOOD: Food (Edible, Fruit); MEDVET: Cultural diseases and disorders (Bad air and scare - Ratëaina, Root); Dental health (Toothache, Root and trunk); General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms (Headache, Trunk; Vomit, Whole plant); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Haemorrhage, Young leaf); Snakebites and Ray stings (Sankebites, Root) | Shibiri (Ch); Gengibre (Sp) | |
The larger Chácobo communities showed very similar patterns in the number of species used, with differences within communities usually greater than between, although Nueva Unión stood out in reporting more food species (Fig 2a). Likewise, all communities were similar in plant–uses (use descriptions for a species within each use category), although in this case Nueva Unión reported fewer use descriptions within the Utensils and tools and Cultural categories, while Motacuzal and Alto Ivón reported more medical uses (Fig. 2b). Within these categories, number of species and uses was fairly consistent across age groups, though we observed a trend for some categories of more species and uses known with increasing age. The age group between 51 and 60 years (i.e. the first age group growing up under missionary rule), showed a slightly lower knowledge, especially evident in the medical and cultural categories but also in food plants (Fig. 3). These metrics are also quite similar across gender, although across most categories the average number of species and uses reported by women was slightly higher (Fig. 4).
Fig. 2.
Number of species (a) and uses (b) reported per interview reported in each use category for each community (N: Motacuzal = 25, Yato Benicito = 51, Alto Ivón = 83, Las Limas = 45, Las Petas = 15, Nueva Unión = 20, Puerto Tujuré = 11. 40 interviews without a community indicated are not shown)
Fig. 3.
Number of uses (a) and species (b) reported per interview reported in each use category for each age group (N: 16–30 = 110, 31–40 = 65, 41–50 = 68, 51–60 = 25, 61–81 = 24)
Fig. 4.
Number of uses (a) and species (b) reported per interview in each use category for men (N = 154) and women (N = 138)
Who uses what and how?
Despite the similarities among communities in total species and uses reported, we found that informant community significantly influenced both which plants and which uses individual informants reported (Table 2 a&b). In contrast, and in accord with the results above, age and gender did not significantly influence either. Ethnicity of the participants influenced which plant species they used, but did not explain what they were used for. Given the very low r2 values, it is clear that much variety in uses was not explained by any demographic and environmental variables explored (Table 2 a&b). In the ordination, we can see this effect more clearly: although there was much overlap, the communities clearly structure which plants were reported. This difference was however much driven by the reports Nueva Unión (Fig. 5).
Table 2.
Who uses what, and how?
| r-squared | p-value | |
|---|---|---|
| A. In plant-space (plant species mentioned) ordination | ||
| age | −1.00 | 0.256 |
| gender | 0.00 | 0.878 |
| ethnicity | 0.04 | 0.015* |
| community | 0.30 | 0.001*** |
| B. In use-space (uses mentioned for specific species) ordination | ||
| age | −0.96 | 0.638 |
| gender | 0.01 | 0.174 |
| ethnicity | 0.04 | 0.092 |
| community | 0.27 | 0.001*** |
* = significant
*** = highly significant
Fig. 5.
Reports by community for plant species (a) and uses (b)
While age did not in itself explain the ordination well, we did find certain plants to be associated with age categories. In this we found no indicator plants or uses among the first three age groups (16–30, 31–40, 41–50), which suggests to some extent that plants and uses reported by these groups are less distinct than that of the second two age groups (51–60, >60). The 51–60 age group was associated with by Styrax sp., Iryanthera juruensis, Xylopia ligustrifolia, Hirtella pilosissima, Inga sp. 1, and Piper nigrispicum, while the >60 group was indicated by Gustavia hexapetala, Astrocaryum aculeatum, Phenakospermum guianensis, Attalea phalerata, Apuleia leiocarpa, Bixa orellana, Hancornia speciosa, Zingiber officinale, and Eriotheca sp. Likewise, the use subcategory Firewood was associated with the 51–60 age group while the medicinal use subcategories: Skin and subcutaneous tissue, Sensory system, Respiratory system and Musculo–skeletal system all were associated with the >60 age group.
Likewise, although gender did not fit to the overall ordinations, there was a large number of plants associated with female, and a much smaller one with male respondents (Table 3).
Table 3.
Indicator values of species by Gender
| species | gender | indicator value | probability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hirtella pilosissima | m | 0.11 | 0.01 |
| Schefflera morototoni | m | 0.09 | 0.02 |
| Xylopia sp. | m | 0.07 | 0.01 |
| Eschweilera albiflora | m | 0.04 | 0.05 |
| Attalea phalerata | f | 0.50 | 0.01 |
| Gossypium barbadense | f | 0.49 | 0.01 |
| Phenakospermum guianensis | f | 0.47 | 0.03 |
| Licania octandra subsp. pallida | f | 0.45 | 0.01 |
| Apeiba tibourbou | f | 0.44 | 0.01 |
| Capirona decorticans | f | 0.43 | 0.00 |
| Cecropia ficifolia | f | 0.41 | 0.00 |
| Musa x paradisiaca | f | 0.39 | 0.04 |
| Helicostylis tomentosa | f | 0.38 | 0.01 |
| Omphalea diandra | f | 0.35 | 0.01 |
| Uncaria guianensis | f | 0.35 | 0.04 |
| Bixa orellana | f | 0.35 | 0.00 |
| Manihot esculenta | f | 0.31 | 0.03 |
| Ficus sp. | f | 0.30 | 0.04 |
| Tabebuia sp. | f | 0.30 | 0.01 |
| Oryza sativa | f | 0.29 | 0.04 |
| Brosimum utile subsp. ovatifolium | f | 0.29 | 0.03 |
| Amburana cearensis | f | 0.28 | 0.03 |
| Pouteria ramiflora | f | 0.28 | 0.00 |
| Dioscorea latifolia | f | 0.23 | 0.02 |
| Piper piscatorum | f | 0.22 | 0.00 |
| Xanthosoma sagittifolium | f | 0.18 | 0.00 |
| Nicotiana rustica | f | 0.18 | 0.00 |
| Woytkowskia spermatochorda | f | 0.18 | 0.00 |
| Styrax sp. | f | 0.18 | 0.00 |
| Xanthosoma striolatum | f | 0.17 | 0.00 |
| Persea americana | f | 0.17 | 0.02 |
| Bryophyllum sp. | f | 0.15 | 0.00 |
| Chrysophyllum sparsiflorum | f | 0.14 | 0.00 |
| Erythroxylum coca | f | 0.13 | 0.00 |
| Micropholis guyanensis | f | 0.09 | 0.04 |
| Myrcia regnelliana | f | 0.08 | 0.00 |
| Qualea paraensis | f | 0.06 | 0.03 |
Interestingly, all indicator uses were exclusively associated with women (Table 4).
Table 4.
Indicator uses and gender association
| Use subcategory | gender | indicator value | probability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Domestic utensils | f | 0.53 | 0.01 |
| Personal adornment | f | 0.51 | 0.00 |
| Other fuel | f | 0.44 | 0.02 |
| Clothes & accessories | f | 0.43 | 0.01 |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue | f | 0.42 | 0.00 |
| Snakebites and Ray stings | f | 0.28 | 0.01 |
| Dental health | f | 0.27 | 0.02 |
| Cultural diseases and disorders | f | 0.25 | 0.00 |
| Insect and arthropod bites | f | 0.24 | 0.02 |
| Endocrine system | f | 0.24 | 0.04 |
Informant consensus factors (ICF)
Looking at specific use categories we found broadly similar trends across age categories and genders: tool, construction and food uses usually had the most use reports. We found a lower number of medicinal use reports, although the same number of respondents reported medicinal uses. Food uses consistently had less ICF than tool and construction uses, and medicinal uses even less. Cultural uses, while often reported by fewer informants and with fewer uses, show disproportionately high ICF (Table 5).
Table 5.
Who uses what, and how: informant consensus factor
| age | gender | Nur use reports | informants | species | mean ICF across use categories | ICF sd acrossuse categories |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16–30 | male | 3517 | 55 | 213 | 0.90 | 0.06 |
| 16–30 | female | 3571 | 44 | 188 | 0.92 | 0.04 |
| 31–40 | male | 1834 | 29 | 181 | 0.83 | 0.07 |
| 31–40 | female | 2529 | 31 | 176 | 0.89 | 0.06 |
| 41–50 | male | 2314 | 32 | 192 | 0.86 | 0.06 |
| 41–50 | female | 2317 | 31 | 180 | 0.88 | 0.06 |
| 51–60 | male | 1146 | 15 | 167 | 0.77 | 0.10 |
| 51–60 | female | 562 | 8 | 123 | 0.68 | 0.12 |
| 61–82 | male | 747 | 10 | 142 | 0.72 | 0.13 |
| 61–82 | female | 1150 | 14 | 147 | 0.80 | 0.09 |
Plant relative importance metrics did show a different picture underlining the problems of using diversity indices. The Cultural Importance Index yielded wildly different species sets for Community and Individuals, and both Use Value Index and Use–diversity Index again yielded different sets as species as most important (Table 6).
Table 6.
Plant importance metrics
| Top species by CIcom | CIcom | UV | CIinf | Du |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Euterpe precatoria | 4.78 | 1.37 | 1.89 | 1.97 |
| Gossypium barbadense | 3.86 | 2.54 | 1.98 | 1.26 |
| Attalea phalerata | 3.82 | 2.64 | 2.14 | 1.48 |
| Xylopia peruviana | 3.77 | 2.97 | 2.12 | 1.23 |
| Phenakospermum guianensis | 3.76 | 1.77 | 1.76 | 1.60 |
| Top species by UV | UV | CIcom | CIinf | Du |
| Vismia macrophylla | 4.20 | 2.73 | 1.55 | 0.59 |
| Xylopia peruviana | 2.97 | 3.77 | 2.12 | 1.23 |
| Attalea phalerata | 2.64 | 3.82 | 2.14 | 1.48 |
| Gossypium barbadense | 2.54 | 3.86 | 1.98 | 1.26 |
| Bactris gasipaes | 2.50 | 1.91 | 1.24 | 0.39 |
| Astrocaryum aculeatum | 2.28 | 2.96 | 1.44 | 1.02 |
| Attalea maripa | 1.96 | 3.33 | 1.87 | 1.46 |
| Gynerium sagittatum | 1.95 | 2.41 | 1.57 | 0.87 |
| Phenakospermum guianensis | 1.77 | 3.76 | 1.76 | 1.60 |
| Licania octandra subsp. pallida | 1.73 | 1.81 | 1.25 | 0.45 |
| Top species by Du | Du | CIcom | CIinf | UV |
| Cedrela fissilis | 2.10 | 3.17 | 1.24 | 0.16 |
| Citrus aurantiifolia | 2.05 | 2.40 | 1.06 | 0.13 |
| Croton sp. 1 | 2.02 | 1.57 | 1.10 | 0.04 |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia | 2.00 | 2.17 | 1.64 | 0.08 |
| Euterpe precatoria | 1.97 | 4.78 | 1.89 | 1.37 |
| Hymenaea courbaril | 1.82 | 3.00 | 1.17 | 0.32 |
| Top species by CIinf | CIinf | CIcom | UV | Du |
| Piper peltatum | 3.00 | 3.00 | 0.01 | 1.10 |
| Attalea phalerata | 2.14 | 3.82 | 2.64 | 1.48 |
| Xylopia peruviana | 2.12 | 3.77 | 2.97 | 1.23 |
Most important species in each index in bold
Because the Cultural Importance Index tends to prioritize species with few informants, we highlighted the species that had both high index values in general, and also a large number of reports to elucidate species that were of high importance in all indices. As result, Vismia macrophylla, Xylopia peruviana, Attalea phalerata, Gossypium barbadense, Attalea maripa and Phenakospermum guianensis were elucidated as the most important species in the daily life of the Chácobo community (Fig. 6). Overall, however, informant consensus was very high in across all age groups and across all use categories (Fig. 7). Arecaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae and Rubiaceae were found to be the most important plant families used across most indices, although Moraceae did yield a higher ranking in Use Value (Table 7).
Fig. 6.
Species sized by number of reports (Npr) plotted against four metrics of importance: Community Cultural Importance (a), Informant Cultural Importance (b), Use Value (c), and Diversity of Uses (d). The most important species (top right quadrant) are labelled with their names, and the six shared across all four metrics are numbered
Fig. 7.
Informant consensus factor (ICF) for each use category, among male and female respondants of each age group. Points are sized by the number of use reports (UR) per respondent
Table 7.
What is used? (plant relative importance metrics by family)
| Family | CIinf | CIcom | UV | Du |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arecaceae | 5.1 | 8.7 | 14.5 | 1.9 |
| Fabaceae | 3.4 | 6.9 | 5.0 | 2.0 |
| Malvaceae | 3.1 | 6.9 | 5.0 | 1.9 |
| Rubiaceae | 3.0 | 6.4 | 2.9 | 2.3 |
| Poaceae | 2.5 | 5.5 | 3.9 | 1.6 |
| Moraceae | 2.5 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 1.3 |
| Annonaceae | 2.3 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 1.4 |
| Chrysobalanaceae | 1.9 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 1.2 |
| Euphorbiaceae | 1.9 | 4.4 | 2.0 | 1.9 |
| Strelitziaceae | 1.8 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 1.6 |
| Apocynaceae | 1.7 | 3.4 | 1.2 | 1.9 |
| Talinaceae | 1.7 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 |
| Lecythidaceae | 1.6 | 3.8 | 1.6 | 1.3 |
| Urticaceae | 1.6 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 1.4 |
| Hypericaceae | 1.6 | 2.7 | 4.2 | 0.6 |
| Bignoniaceae | 1.5 | 3.4 | 1.2 | 1.8 |
| Caryocaraceae | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.1 |
| Sapotaceae | 1.4 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Simaroubaceae | 1.3 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 1.3 |
| Rutaceae | 1.3 | 3.2 | 1.1 | 1.7 |
| Anacardiaceae | 1.3 | 3.1 | 0.8 | 1.3 |
| Meliaceae | 1.2 | 3.2 | 0.2 | 2.1 |
| Costaceae | 1.2 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 1.5 |
| Lamiaceae | 1.2 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 1.3 |
| Aristolochiaceae | 1.2 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
| Verbenaceae | 1.2 | 2.3 | 0.4 | 1.6 |
| Piperaceae | 1.2 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 1.0 |
| Burseraceae | 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
| Melastomataceae | 1.2 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
| Myrtaceae | 1.2 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
| Solanaceae | 1.1 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 1.4 |
| Sapindaceae | 1.1 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
| Flacourtiaceae | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
| Cyperaceae | 1.1 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
| Crassulaceae | 1.1 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Zingiberaceae | 1.1 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.3 |
| Malpighiaceae | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.2 |
| Amaryllidaceae | 1.1 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 1.9 |
Most important species in each index in bold
Results also indicated that qualities of plants did to a certain extent explain which uses they were put to. A large number of plant families had specifically Medicinal uses, while other sets of plant families were specifically used for Food, Utensils and tools, and Construction. Not surprisingly, data also revealed that plant families with high importance in all indices calculated (Arecaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae and Rubiaceae) had uses in all categories (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8.
Assemblage of by plant family (r–squared = 0.39, p = 0.001)
Different use categories also had different levels of fidelity in the species that were reported for them. For instance, relatively few mentions in the construction and tool categories were of species that are uniquely associated with those categories. In contrast, a much greater proportion of mentions for medical uses were of species that were only used for medical uses. This pattern was also true of food plants (Fig. 9).
Fig. 9.
Number of mentions that of a species plotted against that species’ fidelity to the given use category
Does language influence use knowledge?
Interviewees who reported more Chácobo names did indeed tend to report more similar sets of knowledge, and knew more species and uses (Fig. 10). In addition, the number of plants or number of uses reported strongly increased with the number of Chácobo names participants knew (Fig. 11). Although in some degree this was a feature of the study (there was no way to informants to report more names than species), it was clear that very few of those participants with great knowledge of species or uses failed to report a large number of Chácobo names.
Fig. 10.
Chácobo language proficiency (point size) plotted onto the ordination of informants in plant space
Fig. 11.
The number of species (a) and uses (b) was significantly greater for those who reported more Chácobo names. Loess regression line (for Chácobo informants only) is shown
Discussion
While other studies found indecisive patterns of the influence of age, or accessibility to markets on traditional knowledge (negative [17, 23, 44, 55]; positive [25, 56, 57]), our study did not reveal any pattern that would link differences in plant–use knowledge to age or accessibility of a location, but simply to specific location and associated flora in each of the communities. In most communities the contact with nature still remains vital to the acquisition of knowledge [58, 59], and the facility to observe and identify the useful plants clearly adds to this.
The observation that local and indigenous languages often package rich traditional ecological knowledge has led to the question in many studies of whether indigenous language abilities influence plant knowledge, i.e. if native language speakers have a higher knowledge than participants only speaking a mainstream language [44, 60]. In our study, the link between language proficiency and other metrics of traditional knowledge (plants and uses reported) does support at least the correlation of these variables, and suggest the possibility of simultaneous language and knowledge retention (or erosion).
The general trend found in relation to the difference in intergenerational knowledge suggests that any patterns are most likely a result of both knowledge transmission, as well as in situ learning, and be related to the time during which people acquire and use knowledge, with the older informants taking more responsibility in their households, who have a need to learn and apply their knowledge [27, 54, 61]. The knowledge of older people might not have been affected by the need to find new subsistence activities, and was thus preserved without external influence [62]. The fact that the only generation that did show decrease of traditional knowledge (albeit slight) was the generation of 41–50-year old participants, who had grown up under restrictive missionary rule, is noteworthy.
The hypothesis that people who are relatively isolated from the market economy share more traditional knowledge than people who live close to cities or larger towns [25], was not met in our study, because in most places the contact to nature still remains vital to the acquisition of knowledge [58, 59]. The predominance of the use for Human food in the more widely shared knowledge can be explained as a long and constant learning process that begins in early childhood, and is common in the more remote locations [26, 54].
There is no doubt that Chácobo daily life has changed in the course of the last century. Early accounts of the Chácobo all indicate the wide use of bark–cloth, and little enthusiasm for the rather conservative clothing style which missionaries tried to introduce [2, 5]. Boom [7] mentions however the complete disappearance of this custom. However, while the Chácobo use western style clothing available in the markets of Riberalta, traditional bark cloth is still widely used for cultural purposes, and most participants knew how to make it.
Changes in the use of traditional implements were very subtle. Most households still use large pounding tubs, as well as the large wooden boards used to pound food, which have not changed over time. Large clay pans for roasting jibe (Manihot flour), and smaller ceramic pots are also widely used. Even little stools from the petioles of Mauritia flexuosa and balsa wood (Ochroma sp.), first documented by Nordenskjöld [1] are still found in many houses, although they were completely missed in all previous studies. The production of burden baskets has not changed since [1], and the same species are still used today. However, only a few older women in the communities still have the skills to weave baskets, and modern implements like backpacks are clearly replacing traditional materials. Similarly, canoes are still an important means of transportation. However, while Nordenskjöld, Haenke and Kelm described canoes made from bark [1, 2, 5], the modern variety is made of hollowed out tree trunks, which is already indicated in [7]. House construction and roofing have however not changed much in the last 100 years. Bows and arrows are still maintained as hunting implements, especially for fishing, and all arrow types found in previous studies are still used among the population, although 22 caliber rifles and 20 gauge shotguns are favored for hunting.
Based on previous reports, we originally hypothesized that many household artifacts as well as traditional clothing had disappeared from Chácobo life. Many of these artifacts were mentioned in the 1922–1970 accounts, but not in later studies. Boom [7] and Bergeron [8] in particular indicate that traditional tools and clothing had disappeared. This turned out to be an interview artifact. Early anthropologists, who focused on Chácobo daily life [2, 5], while Boom and Bergeron focused only on plants collected from one 1 ha forest plot [7, 8]. Our combined study indicates that in fact most artifacts of the Chácobo are still known, and also used, by a large part of the population. This includes traditional clothing that is still being prepared and used on important occasions, as well as hunting and household implements. In daily life however, no traditional clothing and ornaments are found anymore, and the large monkey tooth breast–plates mentioned by [1] and [2] have indeed disappeared.
In case of food, market access has indeed had an influence in Chácobo life. In the 1980’s cassava (Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae) was clearly the most important food for Chácobo, and seven varieties were planted (Boom 1987). Maize (Zea mays), was planted on 18% of the land, and upland rice (Oryza sativa) was only planted on 7% of the land [7]. Nowadays rice has become the staple food of the Chácobo, leaving cassava and maize in a more secondary role, However, all original traditional maize and cassava varieties, as well as traditional banana varieties, are still grown. In our work we also found all edible species mentioned by Boom (1987) as planted in home– and forest–gardens, but the Chácobo had incorporated many additional species, e.g. lemon (Citrus sinensis, Rutaceae) in home gardens, and Psidium, Myrica sp. and Eugenia sp. in the forest gardens. One noteworthy exception was the palm Huanimá (Bactris gasipaes var. chichagui, Arecaceae), actively sown formerly in abandoned clearings to collect palm fruits [7]. In 2015 the palm was only found rarely around the villages, and was no longer planted.
The Chácobo keep using a large number of plants for medicinal purposes although missionaries of the Summer Institute of Linguistics tried to eradicate traditional medicinal plant use and traditional agricultural practices, because they regarded this as pagan [4]. Early anthropological and missionary accounts mentioned hardly any medicinal species [2, 4, 5], but this was clearly an interview artifact. Of the 360 plant species collected by Boom, 174 species were of medicinal value [7]. Bergeron recorded 399 useful plant species, of which 166 were classified as medicinal [8]. This compares favorably to the over 331 useful plant species elucidated in the current study. The Chácobo still favor the preparation of remedies by boiling the leaves, bark or fruits to cure diseases. While Boom did not find a true “healer” among the Chácobo [7], several Chácobo healers were identified in the present study. The knowledge of medicinal plants was particularly alive among older informants interviewed, but younger participants still retained much of such knowledge. The use of plant poisons, especially for fishing was mentioned as highly important by [7], and is still practiced today.
One of the most profound changes in Chácobo life seems to be a return to nomadic patterns, now mostly linked to commerce and income generation. The production of oil from the seeds of Brazil nuts (Berthollettia excels) was reported by Boom [7], but is little practiced nowadays – all nuts are now sold to large companies in Riberalta. The Brazil nut harvest takes place from January and March, and during that time now almost the entire Chácobo population migrates to the South of the territory where the largest concentration of Berthollettia is encountered. During the rest of the year Alto Ivón remains the main population center. However, many Chácobo have “second” homes in Tokyo, where most of the fields are located at present, or in Triangulo, closer to their main fishing sources, and conveniently located at the road to Riberalta.
Conclusions
In this paper we illustrate the complexity of perspectives on knowledge at different ages, and the persistence of knowledge over almost a century. We found that traditional knowledge was only partially affected by the processes of exposure to a market economy, and that different knowledge domains experienced different trends as a result of these changes. Overall knowledge was widely distributed, similar to [63]. However, we did not observe a directional knowledge loss, contrasting [64].
We stress the importance to not directly conclude processes of knowledge loss, cultural erosion or acculturation when comparing the knowledge of different age groups. These results should be treated with caution, because they cannot rule out the role of other variables affecting knowledge, including changes in the composition of other important factors that might be affected by the influence of access to a market economy. It is important to remember that learning, and accumulating experiences, require time. For this reason, the alternative explanation that the knowledge of older people tends to have accumulated over time, compared to the younger generation, should also be considered. It also needs to be taken into account that older generations might have different perceptions of their environment, because their points of reference are different from those of younger people. The ability to generate and apply knowledge in human populations enables actions and adjustments in response to current and future changes. Similarly, the ability to generate and apply knowledge, and not the knowledge itself, helps to increase the resilience of socio–ecological systems.
The analysis presented here clearly suggests that perceived knowledge “loss” might easily be an artifact of the researcher’s presence, of limited time, and of a very limited number of participants. Training local interviewers provides an excellent tool yield more reliable information on traditional knowledge and its potential loss in the future.
In compliance with the Nagoya Protocol, the original field notebooks, as well as the complete dataset, and a guide on useful plants of the Chácobo was repatriated to the Chácobo [65]. All members of the tribe have access to the compiled interview data for purposes of learning and education. The data collected are a valuable resource to the community as a tool to preserve their traditional knowledge, and will encourage the launch of research projects and community activities so the information does not become static. Species identified as being most important to the community can be targeted for conservation and restoration activities.
Acknowledgments
We greatly thank Ravi Ortiz, President of the Central Indígena de la Región Amazónica de Bolivia (CIRABO), and Maro Ortiz, Capitan General of the TCO Chácobo, as well as all our Chácobo friends and counterparts, and the whole Chácobo population for all their friendship and support. We thank the National Geographic Society (Grant #9244–13) for support of the fieldwork.
Funding
This study was funded by the National Geographic Society (Grant 9244–13) and endowment funds of the William L. Brown Center at Missouri Botanical Garden, for which we are grateful.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data contain the names of all participants, and cannot be shared publicly. Data without participant data can be obtained upon request after an access and benefit sharing agreement agreement with CIRABO.
Authors’ contributions
NYPZ and RBU designed the study; NYPZ, RBU, ALHM, GOS, MOV, DOA, JSM, MSM, SC, BCM, GCM and ES conducted the fieldwork; ALMH curated and identified the collections and entered the original data; NYPZ and RBU analyzed the data and NYPZ, RBU and NPZ wrote the manuscript; REH conducted the statistical analysis; all authors read, corrected and approved the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Before conducting interviews, both the permission of CIRABO, and individual prior informed consent was obtained from all participants. No further ethics approval was required. All work conducted was carried out under the stipulations of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The right to use and authorship of any traditional knowledge of all participants is maintained, and any use of this information, other than for scientific publication, does require additional prior consent of the traditional owners, as well as a consensus on access to benefits resulting from subsequent use.
Consent for publication
This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data and further consent for publication is not required.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Narel Y. Paniagua Zambrana, Email: nyaroslava@yahoo.es
Rainer W. Bussmann, Email: rbussmann@gmail.com
Robbie E. Hart, Email: Robert.hart@mobot.org
Araceli L. Moya Huanca, Email: araceli.tulipa@gmail.com
Gere Ortiz Soria, Email: Chacobo1@yahoo.com.
Milton Ortiz Vaca, Email: Chacobo2@yahoo.com.
David Ortiz Álvarez, Email: Chacobo3@yahoo.com.
Jorge Soria Morán, Email: Chacobo4@yahoo.com.
María Soria Morán, Email: Chacobo15@gmail.com.
Saúl Chávez, Email: Chacobo16@gmail.com.
Bertha Chávez Moreno, Email: Chacobo17@gmail.com.
Gualberto Chávez Moreno, Email: Chacobo18@gmail.com.
Oscar Roca, Email: Chacobo33@gmail.com.
Erlin Siripi, Email: Cavineno1@gmail.com.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The raw data contain the names of all participants, and cannot be shared publicly. Data without participant data can be obtained upon request after an access and benefit sharing agreement agreement with CIRABO.