Dear editor,
Treatment of infection caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) strains due to simultaneously resistance to different class of antibiotics is a major burn unit concern worldwide [1]. Multidrug-resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa (MDR-P. aeruginosa) are non-susceptible to at least three antibiotics belonged to different classes especially carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides [2]. Since determination of clonal relatedness among bacterial infectious agents is an essential pre-requisite to take appropriate infection control practices, the aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and document the presence of high-risk clone of MDR-P. aeruginosa in burn wound infections.
A cross-sectional study was carried out between March 2013 and September 2013 at a referral burn hospital of Isfahan province, Iran. The hospital is the only burn referral center in the region, serving about five million people. In total, 100 burn patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) during period of study were included. During the study period, sterile swabs were used for sample collection from wounds of burn patients whom, based on clinical signs, we suspected had a wound infection. After identification, antibiotic resistance profile was determined by disk diffusion method. Finally, MDR-clone of identified P. aeruginosa was subjected to multi locus sequence typing (MLST), according to previously described procedures [3].
The specimens of 30 (30%) patients yielded bacterial growth. From these, 13 (43.3%) patients were female. The susceptibility patterns of isolated bacteria against applied antibiotics were as follows: ceftazidime (16.7%; 5/30), polymyxin B (100%; 30/30), gentamicin (73.3%; 22/30), piperacillin (6.7%; 2/30), ceftriaxone (6.7% 2/30), imipenem (73.3%; 22/30), ciprofloxacin (50%; 15/30), aztreonam (13.3%; 4/30), meropenem (70%; 21/30), and amikacin (73.3%; 22/30). Out of the 30 isolated strains of P. aeruginosa, 8 (26.7%) were MDR, showing resistance against all applied antibiotics except for polymyxin B. We found four different sequence types (STs); ST235, ST233, ST357, and ST664.
In present study, P. aeruginosa isolates were mostly resistant against piperacillin (93.3%), ceftriaxone (93.3%), and aztreonam (86.7%). These findings are similar to other studies performed in Iran [4, 5]. Salimi et al. reported that many isolates of P. aeruginosa collected from burn patients referred to Mottahari hospital in Tehran province were resistant to used antibiotics, ceftizoxime (87%), aztreonam (80.2%), kanamycin (79.4%), and ceftazidime (74.8%) [6]. MLST of P. aeruginosa revealed that some MLST STs such as ST235, ST175, and ST111 are high risk and epidemic clones because these STs showed resistance against multiple different classes of antibiotics, also were associated with high mortality and morbidity rate worldwide [7, 8]. Four different STs in MDR-P. aeruginosa were detected (Table 1). The most common type was ST664 and ST357, which were detected in four and two isolates, respectively. Other types including ST233 and ST235 were also detected in one isolate. The majority of our STs including ST233, ST664, and ST357 were identified for the first time in Isfahan. Study conducted by Fazeli et al. in Isfahan province showed that the majority of MDR-clone of P. aeruginosa belonged to ST235 [9]. Likewise, results of different independent studies revealed that ST235 is an international clone and distributed worldwide [7, 8]. For example, Cholley et al. reported that ST235 was the most common MDR-clone isolated from France hospitals [8]. In another study performed in different hospitals of Korea, ST235 was known to be the most frequent type with higher rate of non-susceptibility to different classes of antibiotics including penicillins, expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones [10].
Table 1.
Characteristics of MDR-P. aeruginosa isolated from burn wound infection
| Isolates | Allelic profiles (acsA, aroE guaA, mutL, nuoD, ppsA, trpE) |
ST | Antibiotic resistance pattern |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2-4-5-3-1-6-11 | 357 | R: CAZ, IMP, MEM, CIP, ATM, PIP, AMK, GM |
| 2 | 2-4-5-3-1-6-11 | 357 | R: CAZ, IMP, MEM, CIP, ATM, PIP, AMK, GM |
| 3 | 38-11-3-13-1-2-4 | 235 | R: CAZ, IMP, MEM, CIP, ATM, PIP, AMK, GM |
| 4 | 9-5-11-3-4-40-18 | 664 | R: CAZ, IMP, MEM, CIP, ATM, PIP, AMK, GM |
| 5 | 9-5-11-3-4-40-18 | 664 | R: CAZ, IMP, MEM, CIP, ATM, PIP, AMK, GM |
| 6 | 9-5-11-3-4-40-18 | 664 | R: CAZ, IMP, MEM, CIP, ATM, PIP, AMK, GM |
| 7 | 9-5-11-3-4-40-18 | 664 | R: CAZ, IMP, MEM, CIP, ATM, PIP, AMK, GM |
| 8 | 16-5-30-11-4-31-41 | 233 | R: CAZ, IMP, MEM, CIP, ATM, PIP, AMK, GM |
MDR-P. aeruginosa Multidrug-resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa, ST sequence type, R resistance, CAZ ceftazidime, IMP imipenem, MEM meropenem, CIP ciprofloxacin, ATM aztreonam, PIP piperacillin, AMK amikacin, GM gentamicin
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Ms. Beige for her excellent assistant.
Funding
This work was partially funded by a grant (no. 392063) from the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.
Availability of data and materials
The data used in this publication is kept by authors and is available upon request.
Authors’ contributions
The study design was performed by HV, HGS, and JF. The laboratory test was performed by HV. The interpretation of results was done by HV and HGS. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethic approval and consent to participate
This study was confirmed by ethics committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Contributor Information
Hamid Vaez, Email: hamidvaez@hotmail.com.
Hajieh Ghasemian Safaei, Email: ghasemian@mui.ac.ir.
Jamshid Faghri, Email: faghri@mui.ac.ir.
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Data Availability Statement
The data used in this publication is kept by authors and is available upon request.