Abstract
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to reveal the current state of preventive measures and lifestyle habits against heat illness in radiation decontamination workers and to examine whether young radiation decontamination workers take less preventive measures and have worse lifestyle habits than the elder workers.
Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study. Self-administered questionnaires were sent to 1,505 radiation decontamination workers in Fukushima, Japan. Five hundred fifty-eight men who replied and answered all questions were included in the statistical analysis. The questionnaire included age, duration of decontamination work, previous occupation, lifestyle habit, and preventive measures for heat illness. We classified age of the respondents into five groups: <30, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and ≥60 years and defined the workers under 30 years of age as young workers. Logistic regression analysis was used to reveal the factors associated with each lifestyle habit and preventive measures.
Results:
In comparison with young workers, 50-59-year-old workers were significantly associated with refraining from drinking alcohol. Workers 40 years of age or older were significantly associated with cooling their bodies with refrigerant. Furthermore, 30-39-year-old workers and 40-49-year-old workers were significantly associated with adequate consumption of water compared to young workers.
Conclusion:
The results of our study suggests that young decontamination workers are more likely to have worse lifestyle habits and take insufficient preventive measures for heat illness. This may be the cause of higher incidence of heat illness among young workers.
Keywords: Heat illness, Occupational health management, Radiation decontamination
Introduction
The Great East Japan Earthquake and the subsequent tsunami on March 11, 2011, resulted in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. This led to a large fallout of radioactive materials, including cesium-137 and cesium-134. The Japanese government decided to employ a large-scale decontamination effort to reduce the risk of radioactive exposure. Due to the high requirement for decontamination workers, many workers were brought in from outside the decontamination area. Although the presumed number of workers was 15,000-20,000 in the Fukushima prefecture, the actual number is unknown. Decontamination work is a physically demanding outdoor labor job that includes removing soil, weeds and leaf fall, and washing houses and roads1). The workers have to wear long sleeves and pants as well as cotton gloves, dust masks, and boots in order to avoid radioactive exposure even in hot, humid conditions1).
Previously, we reported that more than half of the decontamination workers experienced symptoms of heat illness during one summer2). This was despite the government demanding that employers protect their workers from risks such as heat illness3). Sleep deprivation4,5) and excessive alcohol consumption6,7) were risk factors for heat illness; however, most of the workers were temporary employees and their lifestyle, in general, was casual8). Sawano et al. have pointed out a high prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases, such as dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, in hospitalized decontamination workers9). A casual lifestyle might increase the risk of exertional heat illness. Nevertheless, little information is available on lifestyle habits and preventive measures for heat illness in radiation decontamination workers.
Previous studies, including ours2), have shown that exertional heat illness mainly occurs in young workers. Although younger age tends to be associated with better physiological heat tolerance than older age10,11), age has been identified as a risk factor12). Some young workers even developed severe symptoms of heat illness, such as headaches and nausea2). One reason for this is thought to be due to the heavier workloads given to the younger workers13). For another reason, we speculated unhealthier lifestyle habits and insufficient preventive measures for heat illness among younger decontamination workers. The aim of this study was to reveal the lifestyle habits and preventive measures for heat illness in radiation decontamination workers and to determine whether the young radiation decontamination workers take fewer preventive measures and have worse lifestyle habits than the elder workers.
Methods
Subjects
This study was conducted by the Fukushima Occupational Health Promotion Center. In August 2013, self-administered questionnaires were sent to 1,505 radiation decontamination workers who worked at companies that participated in this study and were returned anonymously by mail. By the end of October 2013, 651 workers (628 men and 23 women) replied to the questionnaire. Among them, 558 men who answered all questions were included in the statistical analysis. The response and effective response rates were 42.5% and 37.1%, respectively.
Questionnaire
The questionnaire included questions regarding age, sex, duration of decontamination work, previous occupation, risk education provided daily by employer, lifestyle habits, and preventive measures against heat illness. The questions regarding lifestyle habits and preventive measures against heat illness were multiple choice questions, and the options were taken from the "Worker's manual on occupational safety management14)." The questions covered the following topics: enough sleep before a working day; daily breakfast consumption; refraining from consuming a lot of alcohol before a working day; cooling body with refrigerant; adequate consumption of water during breaks; intake of salt with water.
We classified previous occupation into two groups, depending on whether they were involved in outdoor manual work, which consisted of construction, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, and radiation decontamination. Age was classified into five groups: <30, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and ≥60 years, and we defined the workers under 30 years of age as young workers. The duration of employment was divided into two groups: one or more years and less than one year. This is because the workers who had engaged in more than one year of decontamination work were considered as having experienced the decontamination work in summer.
Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 23. Mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for age, and median and the 25th-75th percentiles were calculated for the duration of decontamination work. Descriptive statistics for the other items and measurements were calculated using frequencies and proportions. The relationships between the age groups and questionnaire items and the relationships between the age groups and the preventive measures were analyzed by chi-square test. We used logistic regression analysis to calculate the odds ratio (OR), along with the 95% confidence interval (CI), to identify the variables associated with the preventive measures. The model included age, duration of employment, previous occupation, and daily education. A P value below 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Ethics
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of the Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization (Announce No.3) and the Ethics Committees of Fukushima Medical University (Application No. 1728).
Results
The descriptive statistics are shown in Table 1. The mean age of participants was 47.1 years of age (SD: 13.4). The median duration of decontamination work was 6.0 (25th-75th percentile: 3.0-10.2) months. One hundred seventy-two workers (30.8%) had previous experience in outdoor manual labor, and four hundred twenty-seven workers (76.5%) were given daily education about preventing exertional heat illness. Only 103 workers (18.5%) cooled their body with refrigerant during work, and this was the least common of the preventive actions. In contrast, water was adequately consumed by 449 workers (80.5%).
Table 1.
Characteristics and preventive measures of radiation decontamination workers.
| Characteristics | |
| Age (mean±SD) | 47.09±13.39 |
| Working duration (25th-75th percentiles) | 6.0 (3.0-10.2) |
| Ex-outdoor manual worker (%) | 172 (30.8) |
| Preventive action conducted by employee | |
| Daily education (%) | 427 (76.5) |
| Preventive measures and lifestyle habit | |
| Adequate sleep (%) | 418 (74.9) |
| Breakfast consumption (%) | 387 (69.4) |
| Refrain from drinking (%) | 298 (53.4) |
| Cool body (%) | 103 (18.5) |
| Adequate drink water (%) | 449 (80.5) |
| Salt intake (%) | 349 (62.5) |
The number of participants in the <30, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and ≥60 years age groups were 74, 100, 108, 162, and 144, respectively (Table 2). No significant differences were observed between the age groups and each item on the questionnaire. Table 3 shows the significant differences in the chi-square test between each age group and the following categories: refraining from alcohol consumption, cooling the body, and water consumption.
Table 2.
Characteristics and preventive action conducted by decontamination workers by age groups.
| n | Outdoor manual worker | Daily education | One or more years of employment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group (%) | ||||
| <30 | 74 | 62 (83.8) | 57 (77.0) | 15 (20.3) |
| 30-39 | 100 | 85 (85) | 75 (75) | 25 (25) |
| 40-49 | 108 | 82 (75.9) | 85 (78.7) | 19 (17.6) |
| 50-59 | 162 | 124 (76.5) | 126 (77.8) | 31 (19.1) |
| ≥60 | 144 | 87 (60.4) | 84 (58.3) | 27 (18.6) |
| χ2 test | 0.302 | 0.898 | 0.630 |
Table 3.
Preventive measures and lifestyle habits by age group.
| n | Adequate sleep | Breakfast consumption | Refrain from drinking | Cool body | Water consumption | Salt intake | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group (%) | |||||||
| <30 | 74 | 47 (63.5) | 46 (62.2) | 39 (52.7) | 15 (20.3) | 66 (89.2) | 43 (58.1) |
| 30-39 | 100 | 74 (74) | 68 (68) | 57 (57) | 24 (24) | 85 (85) | 67 (67) |
| 40-49 | 108 | 84 (77.8) | 86 (79.6) | 68 (63.0) | 23 (21.3) | 89 (82.4) | 73 (67.6) |
| 50-59 | 162 | 129 (79.6) | 110 (67.9) | 85 (52.5) | 31 (19.1) | 125 (77.2) | 100 (61.7) |
| ≥60 | 144 | 84 (58.3) | 77 (53.5) | 49 (34.0) | 10 (6.9) | 84 (58.3) | 66 (45.8) |
| χ2 test | 0.106 | 0.108 | 0.049 | 0.042 | 0.048 | 0.442 |
Table 4 shows the ORs for each preventative measure. In comparison with young workers, 40-49-year-old workers (OR 3.101, 95% CI 1.358-7.083), 50-59-year-old workers (OR 2.639, 95% CI 1.157-6.019), and ≥60-year-old workers (OR 2.321, 95% CI 1.061-5.078) were significantly associated with cooling the body. In contrast with young workers, the 30-39 years of age group (OR 3.015, 95% CI 1.272-7.147) and the 40-49 years of age group (OR 2.070, 95% CI 1.019-4.206) were significantly associated with adequate water consumption. In addition, the daily education was significantly positively associated with every measure. While workers with previous experience in outdoor manual work tended to refrain from alcohol consumption (OR 1.624, 95% CI 1.056-2.498) and cooled their body (OR 4.047, 95% CI 1.874-8.740), those with one or more years of experience as a decontamination worker tended not to cool their body (OR 0.434, 95% CI 0.228-0.826).
Table 4.
Relationship between preventive measures, age groups, and characteristics.
| Adequate sleep | Breakfast consumption | Refrain from drinking | Cool body | water consumption | Salt intake | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group (%) | ||||||
| <30 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 30-39 | 0.586 (0.308-1.115) | 0.731 (0.388-1.377) | 1.411 (0.764-2.607) | 2.383 (0.976-5.819) | 3.015 (1.272-7.147) | 0.938 (0.509-1.727) |
| 40-49 | 0.982 (0.527-1.830) | 0.995 (0.549-1.805) | 1.738 (0.986-3.064) | 3.101 (1.358-7.083) | 2.070 (1.019-4.206) | 1.441 (0.810-2.563) |
| 50-59 | 1.212 (0.648-2.269) | 1.809 (0.965-3.391) | 2.276 (1.295-3.999) | 2.639 (1.157-6.019) | 1.619 (0.832-3.151) | 1.458 (0.829-2.563) |
| ≥60 | 1.364 (0.768-2.423) | 0.958 (0.565-1.626) | 1.434 (0.867-2.371) | 2.321 (1.061-5.078) | 1.162 (0.655-2.060) | 1.122 (0.679-1.856) |
| Daily education | 2.315 (1.511-3.546) | 3.144 (2.083-4.747) | 3.840 (2.498-5.903) | 9.795 (3.506-27.361) | 3.175 (2.015-5.002) | 2.826 (1.886-4.236) |
| Ex-outdoor manual worker | 1.244 (0.776-1.994) | 1.201 (0.762-1.892) | 1.624 (1.056-2.498) | 4.047 (1.874-8.740) | 0.844 (0.492-1.447) | 1.510 (0.985-2.314) |
| One or more years of employment | 1.133 (0.692-1.855) | 0.831 (0.528-1.308) | 1.088 (0.706-1.676) | 0.434 (0.228-0.826) | 1.210 (0.696-2.105) | 0.854 (0.554-1.316) |
Discussion
In this study, we revealed the preventive measures and lifestyle habits against exertional heat illness in radiation decontamination workers and analyzed the results by age group. Except for cooling of the body, every preventive measure and appropriate lifestyle habit was taken by more than half of the workers. To identify the kind of workers that did not live a healthy lifestyle and did not take measures for heat illness recommended in the worker's manual on occupational safety management14), we investigated age, previous occupation, daily education, and duration of employment. As a result, our speculation that young workers live an unhealthier lifestyle and take less preventive measures than the elder workers was supported partially. Young workers tended not to consume an adequate amount of water, not to cool their body, and not to refrain from alcohol consumption in comparison with the elder workers. We therefore believe that such insufficient preventive measures and an unhealthier lifestyle habit of young workers may be the cause of the high number of heat illnesses.
Previous studies show that education on exertional heat illness raises awareness of the dangers of heat illness among workers and makes them receive medical check-ups before developing serious conditions15,16). In our study, daily education on heat illness was given to 76.5% workers, and this had a significantly positive relationship with every preventive measure. It is important that all workers receive such education, especially younger workers who are at higher risk due to personal habits and lack of awareness. Further, it requires to investigate which type of education is most effective.
Maeda et al. reported that, in Japanese forestry workers, a short duration of employment was one of the risk factors contributing to the onset of heatstroke13). In our study, the workers with less than one year of experience in decontamination work tended to cool their body. The additional investigation into the relationship between the duration of employment and the prevention measures is needed.
There were some limitations to our study. No questions about heat acclimatization were included in the questionnaire. Past studies indicated that heat acclimatization not only improves exercise capacity in hot environments17), but also prevents heat illness18,19). Indeed, the Japanese government requires strict heat illness preventive programs for workers who have not been acclimated to heat stress20). In addition, we were unable to take workers' clothing into consideration as they have no say in what they can wear to protect themselves from radioactive exposure during work1). Further, we couldn't investigate the workload of the workers, which is thought to be one of the causes of the high number of heat illnesses among young workers13). Despite these limitations, this study was the first to focus on preventive measures and lifestyle habits against heat illness in radiation decontamination workers.
In conclusion, we revealed that younger decontamination workers tended to have unhealthier lifestyle and take insufficient preventive measures against heat illness. However, daily education on the dangers of heat illness is associated with improvement in taking every preventative measure. To decrease the high incidence of exertional heatstroke in young decontamination workers, employers should provide intensive daily education and especially encourage young workers to live a healthier lifestyle and to take appropriate preventative measures.
Acknowledgments: This research was conducted and supported by the Occupational Health Research of the Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization.
Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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