Nivolumab-induced Acute Fibrinous and Organizing Pneumonia (AFOP)

Abstract

Although nivolumab is known to cause immune-related interstitial lung diseases (ILD), the detailed characteristics of ILD are still not fully understood. A 68-year-old man was treated with nivolumab because of unresectable sinonasal melanoma, he achieved a complete response soon after the initiation of the therapy and a complete response was thereafter maintained for 30 weeks until the patient experienced dyspnea of subacute onset. CT images revealed patchy infiltrates and ground-glass opacifications. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) contained elevated percentages of lymphocytes (53%) and neutrophils (30%). A transbronchial lung biopsy revealed intraalveolar fibrin balls without hyaline membranes, which was considered to be consistent with the pattern of acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP). This is the first report of AFOP induced by nivolumab.

Introduction

Nivolumab is a fully human immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody which binds and blocks programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptors on cancer cell membranes, resulting in the release of cancer immune-tolerance. Its development has drastically changed the treatment of various cancers including advanced melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (1-3). Despite its clinical benefits, nivolumab also induces a variety of immune-related adverse events. For example, clinical trials revealed that nivolumab caused interstitial lung disease (ILD) with the incidence ranging from 1.3 to 5.0% (4). However, the detailed clinical and pathological manifestations of nivolumab-induced ILD remain unclear.

On the other hand, acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) is a rare type of ILD characterized by intra-alveolar fibrin balls and organizing pneumonia with a patchy distribution (5). The present report describes a patient with advanced melanoma who developed nivolumab-induced ILD, where a lung biopsy established a pathological diagnosis of AFOP.

Case Report

A 68-year-old man with advanced melanoma in the ethmoidal sinus was referred to our institution for treatment. He had been treated with heavy-ion particle irradiotherapy (57.6 GyE/16 fr) 9 months ago because the disease was locoreginal and unresectable. Although a combination chemotherapy regimen consisting of dacarbazine, nimustine and vincristine had been started immediately after irradiation, multiple bone and pulmonary metastases developed shortly after one cycle of chemotherapy. Then, after being referred to our institution, nivolumab at a dose of 2 mg/kg, every 3 weeks, was administered, which thus resulted in a complete response. The treatment was continued for 30 weeks until admission to our hospital because of a worsening dyspnea and non-productive cough. The onset of dyspnea developed 3 days before admission. On examination, his body temperature was 36.8℃ and oxygen saturation on room air was 89%. His physical examination was unremarkable. Despite normal findings at 15 weeks before the onset of dyspnea (Fig. 1A and B), computed tomography (CT) images on admission revealed patchy infiltrates and ground-glass opacifications with interlobular septal thickening (Fig. 1C and D). Laboratory tests demonstrated white blood cell counts of 12,200 /μL with 76.4% neutrophils and 8.8% lymphocytes, C-reactive protein level of 20.9 mg/dL (normal <0.3 mg/dL), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level of 215 IU/L (normal, 119-229 IU/L), and KL-6 level of 183 U/mL (normal <500 U/mL). Electrolytes, creatinine, liver function tests were normal. Rheumatoid factor, anti-nuclear antibody and proteinase 3 (PR-3)- and myeloperoxidase (MPO) anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were negative. Anti-cytomegalovirus antibody and beta-glucan were below the detection limits. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) contained 600 nucleated cells/mm³, including lymphocytes (53.6%: CD4/CD8 was not evaluated because the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in an emergency setting), macrophages (5.7%), neutrophils (30.1%), and eosinophils (10.6%). A culture of the BALF was negative. Transbronchial lung biopsy revealed intraalveolar fibrin balls without hyaline membranes which was consistent with the pattern of AFOP (Fig. 2A). In contrast to the presence of lymphocytosis, neutrophilia and eosinophilia in the BALF, no marked infiltration of the inflammatory cells was observed in the alveolar septum, alveolar spaces and adjacent to the vascular structures. The absence of marked neutrophilia in lung tissue ruled out a diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (Fig. 2B). High dose corticosteroid administration (intravenous methylprednisolone at a dose of 1,000 mg for 3 days, followed by oral prednisolone at a dose of 1 mg/kg) was started, and the treatment was effective for ameliorating dyspnea as well as for improving the imaging findings (Fig. 1E and F). During the treatment with corticosteroid and without nivolumab, colitis with persistent diarrhea developed. Although the colitis was resolved with continuing corticosteroid and 2 shots of infliximab at a dose of 5 mg/kg, he died because of tumor relapse at the skull base in 4 months after the discontinuation of nivolumab. An autopsy was not permitted.

Figure 1.

CT images. Chest CT images after treatment with nivolumab and at 15 weeks before the onset of dyspnea show normal findings (A, B). At the onset of ILD, multiple bilateral patchy infiltrates and ground glass attenuation with interlobular septal thickening developed (C, D). After treatment with corticosteroids, these findings all improved (E, F). ILD: interstitial lung disease

Figure 2.

Pathological findings. Pathological evaluation of the lung revealed intraalveolar filling with fibrin balls (arrows) without hyaline membrane formation, thereby establishing the pathological diagnosis of acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia [Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, original magnification of ×10 in (A) and ×20 in (B)].

Discussion

Although it is challenging to diagnose drug-induced ILD because various other conditions should first be excluded, we diagnosed the present case as being nivolumab-induced. A negative culture of BALF, negative serological findings including autoantibodies, cytomegalovirus antibody and beta-glucan, and no usage of new drugs except for nivolumab might also rule out other etiologies for ILD.

The radiologic features of the present patient were characterized by patchy infiltrates and ground-glass opacifications with interlobular septal thickening. Retrospective radiology review of 27 patients with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 induced pneumonitis showed that ground-glass opacifications were the most common subtype (37%), and that interstitial pattern including interlobular septal thickening was observed in 22% of patients (6). These findings seem concordant to the radiologic characteristics of the present patient. An accumulation of over-activated T lymphocytes into the lymphatic tracts may cause an abnormal widening of the interlobular septa in this case, because interlobular septal thickening is also observed in patients with pulmonary edema, lymphangitic carcinomatosis, and pulmonary lymphoma which are related to an abnormality in lymphatic tract surrounding the pulmonary lobules. As a result, further investigation is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanism.

Among the 9 previously reported cases identified as nivolumab- or another anti-PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab-induced ILD, only 3 cases had a pathological diagnosis of ILD consisting of diffuse alveolar damage in one case and organizing pneumonia in 2 cases (Table) (7-13). Therefore, this report seems very unique in linking AFOP to a new type of nivolumab-induced ILD.

Table.

Summary of Reported Patients with Anti-PD-1 Antibody-induced ILD Including the Present Case.

Reference	Age/sex	Cancer type	Agent	Pattern of ILD	Method of diagnosis	BALF findings					Treatment for ILD	Outcome
						Cell counts (×105/mL)	AM (%)	Lym (%)	Neu (%)	Eos (%)
(7)	70/M	Melanoma	Nivo	ARDS	Clinical	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	IV steroids, IV IFX	Improved
(7)	38/F	Melanoma	Nivo	ARDS	Clinical	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	IV steroids, IV IFX	Dead
(7)	58/M	Melanoma	Nivo	NSIP	Clinical	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	Oral steroids	Improved
(8)	70/F	Melanoma	Nivo	OP	Biopsy	7.7	38.5	43.5	13.0	0	Oral steroids	Improved
(9)	70/F	Melanoma	Nivo	OP	Biopsy	2.76	58.9	37.3	2.3	1.5	IV steroids	Improved
(10)	35/F	Melanoma	Nivo	DAD	Autopsy	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	Not described	Dead
(11)	73/F	Melanoma	Nivo	DAD	Clinical	3.1	77.7	8.7	14.3	ND	mPSL pulse, IVCY	Improved
(12)	64/F	Melanoma	Pembro	OP	Clinical	ND	60.7	28.7	ND	ND	IV steroids	Improved
(13)	70/M	Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung	Nivo	OP	Clinical	11.7	65.0	32.5	2.0	0.5	Oral steroids	Improved
Present case	68/M	Melanoma	Nivo	AFOP	Biopsy	6.0	5.7	53.6	30.1	10.6	mPSL pulse	Improved

ILD: interstitial lung disease, PD-1: programmed death-1, BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, AM: alveolar macrophages, Lym: lymphocytes, Neu: neutrophiles, Eos: eosinophiles, ND: not described, Nivo: nivolumab, Pembro: pembrolizumab, ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome, NSIP: nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, OP: organizing pneumonia, DAD: diffuse alveolar damage, AFOP: acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia, IV: intravenous, IFX: infliximab, mPSL: methylprednisolone, IVCY: intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse

In 9 patients with nivolumab- or pembrolizumab-induced ILD, regardless of the pathological diagnosis, the outcome of ILD was also reported, and only 2 patients with autopsy confirmed diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and clinically diagnosed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respectively, died from ILD. ILD improved in 7 other patients, including 2 patients with pathologically proven organizing pneumonia. The present patient with AFOP also showed a significant improvement in his symptoms and also in the image findings after undergoing treatment with corticosteroids. Although the precise mechanisms underlying immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis have not yet been elucidated, a previous study reported that the infiltration and activation of T lymphocytes were commonly observed in normal tissues in patients with anti-PD-1 antibody-associated adverse events (14). Therefore, the activation of T lymphocytes may also play a role in developing pneumonitis, and this is concordant to the present patient where lymphocytosis was observed in the BALF.

The present patient also seems to be important in light of the pathogenesis of the rare disease of AFOP. The fact that this disease was evoked as an adverse event of an immune-check point inhibitor, and that marked lymphocytosis and neutrophilia in situ were confirmed by BAL, may suggest an immunological roles in the development of AFOP. Neutrophilia in BALF has also been reportedly observed in AFOP of idiopathic (15-17), drug-induced (18), lung transplantation-induced (19), and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-induced (20).

In conclusion, the present report provides important evidence that nivolumab-induced ILD contains AFOP. The findings presented therein may provide some valuable insight into the pathogenesis of AFOP. Further elucidating nivolumab-induced ILD is therefore warranted.

The authors state that they have no Conflict of Interest (COI).

Financial Support

This study was financially supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan (Kiban-C #26461182).