Figure 4.

aMPV/C-induced complete autophagy is beneficial to viral replication. (A) Vero cells were mock-infected or infected with aMPV/C at the indicated time points (0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h) postinfection and then lysed and subjected to western blotting with anti-SQSTM1 antibody. ACTB was used as a protein loading control. The ratios of SQSTM1:ACTB were normalized to the control conditions. (B) Vero cells were mock-pretreated or pretreated with complete medium containing 20 μM chloroquine (CQ) for 1 h and then subjected to aMPV/C absorption for 1.5 h and further cultured in fresh medium with the presence or absence of 20 μM CQ for 72 hpi. Cell samples were then processed and analyzed using anti-LC3, anti-SQSTM1, and anti-viral F antibodies as described in (A). The presence of CQ is indicated with “+.” Representative results are displayed with graphs corresponding to the ratios of LC3-II:ACTB or viral F:ACTB normalized to the control conditions. (C) Vero cells were pretreated and infected as described in B. Progeny virus yields were examined by TCID₅₀ at 72 hpi in Vero cells. Error bars, mean ± SD of 3 independent experiments. Two-way ANOVA test, ^#P > 0.05; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, compared with the control group.