Association of Peripheral Total and Differential Leukocyte Counts with Obesity-Related Complications in Young Adults

Abstract

Objective

Obesity has been demonstrated to be associated with elevated leukocytes in adults and children. This study assessed the associations between peripheral total and differential leukocyte counts and obesity-related complications in young adults.

Methods

12 obese (median age 21.5 (range 19-28) years, median BMI 35.7 (range 32.0-44.9) kg/m²) and 11 normal (median age 23 (range 18-27) years, median BMI 19.5 (range 18.1-21.7) kg/m²) adults were enrolled. Complete blood count and serum levels of liver enzymes, fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipids were measured, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was calculated. Fat mass was calculated using a bioimpedance analysis device, and ultrasonography was performed to measure fat thickness and to detect fatty change of the liver.

Results

Total leukocyte and monocyte counts were significantly increased in obese young adults. Total leukocyte count was associated with liver enzyme levels, insulin resistance as well as visceral and subcutaneous fat thickness. Neutrophil count was associated with insulin resistance. Lymphocyte count was associated with serum liver enzymes, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Monocyte count was associated with serum liver enzyme, insulin resistance, visceral and subcutaneous fat thickness, body fat mass, and percentage body fat.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that chronic low-grade systemic inflammation is associated with obesity-related complications such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in young adults.

Introduction

Obesity is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in both adults and children, and its prevalence is increasing in the younger population [1,2]. Because obesity is associated with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and certain forms of cancer, early prevention of obesity has assumed great importance. Recently, it has become clear that obesity is also associated with immunological abnormalities [3]. Inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages have been shown to infiltrate into the adipose tissue in obese humans, and proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are produced by those inflammatory cells and adipocytes, causing chronic low-grade systemic inflammation [2,4,5].

Studies in the last few decades have demonstrated that obese adults and children have elevated total leukocytes [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14], the majority of which appear to be related to monocytes [15]; however, other types of leukocytes – such as lymphocytes and neutrophils – may also be elevated [9]. It is not known whether the number of these inflammatory cells in circulation is associated with obesity-related complications such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in young adults.

We therefore measured serum liver enzyme and lipid levels, insulin resistance, and fat volume and investigated the association of peripheral total and differential leukocyte counts with obesity-related complications in young adults.

Material and Methods

Subjects

12 students, each with a BMI of ≥35 kg/m² (obese group), were recruited from the participants at the 2013 annual health check-up held at the Health Care Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. In addition, 11 age-matched students, each with a BMI of 20-22 kg/m² (control group), were recruited. None of the subjects were on any medications, none were smokers, and all were negative for hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-hepatitis C virus antibody and anti-nuclear antigen, suggestive that they are free from chronic viral hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis. Their alcohol ingestion was <140 g/week. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine. After the purpose of the study had been explained to all subjects, written informed consent was obtained according to the tenets of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki.

Blood Examination

Blood samples were collected into ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid-dipotassium salt dihydrate (EDTA-2K) tubes, sodium fluoride (NaF) tubes, and in plain polystyrene tubes after overnight fasting. Complete blood count and the subtype fractions of leukocytes were analyzed by an automated blood cell counter (XS-1000i; Sysmex, Kobe, Japan). Other biochemical measurements were performed at SRL Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), and the following data were collected: total bilirubin (T-Bil, vanadate oxidase method, CV% = 1.351), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, standardization-adjusted ultraviolet method, CV% = 1.262), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, standardization-adjusted ultraviolet method, CV% = 1.309), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP, L-glutamyl-3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide substrate method, CV% = 1.895), cholinesterase (ChE, Japan Society of Clinical Chemistry (JSCC) method, CV% = 0.791), fasting blood glucose (FBG, hexokinase method, CV% = 1.12), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, latex agglutination inhibition method, CV% = 2.33), insulin (chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay, CV% = 4.25), total cholesterol (T-CHO, cholesterol dehydrogenase-ultraviolet method, CV% = 1.144), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, selective inhibition method, CV% = 1.571), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, direct method, CV = 2.504), triglyceride (TG, glycerol kinase-glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase-peroxidase method, CV% = 1.134), total protein (TP, Biuret method, CV% = 1.622), albumin (Alb, modified bromocresol purple method, CV% = 1.348), amylase (AMY, JSCC method, CV% = 1.174), blood urea nitrogen (BUN, urease method, CV% = 1.173), creatinine (Cre, enzymatic method, CV% = 1.304), uric acid (UA, uricase-peroxidase method, CV% = 1.253), and C-reactive protein (CRP, latex immunonephelometric method, CV% = 1.821). All tests were performed on the day of blood collection. The insulin resistance index was calculated from the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) using the following equation: (fasting insulin in μU/l) × (FBG in mmol/l) / 22.5 [16].

Body Composition Measurement

Body composition, including body fat mass and percentage body fat, was calculated using a bioimpedance analysis device (InBody S20; Biospace, Seoul, South Korea), which appears to be noninvasive and accurate for evaluating body composition [17].

Ultrasonography

Ultrasonography was performed for all subjects in the supine position using a probe located 1 cm above the umbilical scar on the abdominal midline (LOGIQ S7, GE Healthcare). Subcutaneous fat thickness was measured as the distance (cm) between the skin and the external surface of the rectus abdominis muscle, and visceral fat thickness was measured as the distance between the internal surface of the rectus abdominis muscle and the anterior wall of the aorta [18]. Fatty liver was defined on the basis of a combination of liver-kidney contrast (bright liver) and vascular blurring [19].

Statistical Analyses

Data are expressed as median with range. Differences in each parameter between the obese and control groups were examined for statistical significance using a nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Spearman's correlation coefficient and linear regression were used to assess the simple relationship between the variables. The significance threshold was set at p < 0.05.

Results

The characteristics of 11 control and 12 obese subjects are shown in table 1. Both groups had a similar age distribution (p = 0.126). The obese group included only males, whereas 4 out of 11 subjects in the control group were female. Fatty change of the liver was not observed in the control group, whereas 9 out of 12 subjects in the obese group exhibited fatty change of the liver on ultrasonography and were diagnosed with NAFLD. Body composition measurement using a bioimpedance analysis device demonstrated that body fat mass and percentage body fat were significantly higher in the obese group than in the control group. Furthermore, visceral fat thickness and subcutaneous fat thickness as measured by ultrasonography were significantly increased in the obese group compared with those in the control group. The obese group exhibited significantly higher serum levels of liver enzymes such as AST, ALT, γ-GTP, and ChE. Serum insulin, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, TG, UA, and CRP levels were significantly higher in the obese group than in the control group. On the other hand, Alb, AMY, and HDL-C levels were significantly higher in the control group than in the obese group. FBG, HbA1c, T-Bil, T-CHO, TP, BUN, and Cre levels were comparable between groups.

Table 1.

Subject characteristics and biochemical data

	Control group (n = 11)	Obese group (n = 12)
Male/female	7/4	12/0
Age, years	23 (18–27)	21.5 (19–28)
BMI, kg/m2	19.5 (18.1–21.7)	35.7 (32.0–44.9)***
BFM, kg	8.2 (6.0–14.9)	41.8 (26.6–63.0)***
PBF, %	14.6 (10.6–29.8)	39.1 (26.4–48.6)***
Visceral fat thickness, mm	23.2 (17.2–47.3)	69.4 (39.8–92.1)***
Subcutaneous fat thickness, mm	5.4 (3.2–9.9)	15.8 (11.5–29.8)***
Existence of fatty liver (+/–)	0/11	9/3
T-Bil, μmol/l	15.4 (5.1–34.2)	13.7 (6.8–35.9)
AST, U/l	17 (14–35)	25 (15–89)**
ALT, U/l	12 (9–42)	39.5 (13–189)***
γ-GTP, U/l	17 (11–28)	33.5 (14–133)**
ChE, U/l	276 (196–345)	406 (306–479)***
FBG, mmol/l	4.6 (4.3–5.1)	4.8 (4.2–5.3)
HbA1c, %	5.0 (4.7–5.9)	5.1 (4.5–5.6)
Insulin, μIU/ml	3.1 (2.2–6.4)	12.1 (6.3–32.4)***
HOMA-IR	0.7 (0.4–1.5)	2.6 (1.5–6.9)***
T-CHO, mmol/l	4.3 (3.7–5.5)	4.9 (3.6–10.5)
HDL-C, mmol/l	1.6 (1.3–2.5)	1.1 (0.8–1.3)***
LDL-C, mmol/l	2.2 (1.2–3.5)	3.4 (2.3–8.1)**
TG, mmol/l	0.5 (0.4–1.7)	1.2 (0.5–3.6)**
TP, g/l	73 (69–82)	73 (68–79)
Alb, g/l	47 (41–49)	44 (40–48)*
AMY, U/l	74 (59–229)	57.5 (36–75)**
BUN, mmol/l	4.2 (3.3–5.7)	3.8 (2.7–5.2)
Cre, μmol/l	71.6 (47.7–84.9)	67.6 (60.1–91.1)
UA, μmol/l	350.9 (148.7–452.0)	443.1 (232.0–535.3)**
CRP, mg/l	0.2 (0.0–4.8)	1.6 (0.2–28.1)**

BFM = Body fat mass; PBF = percent body fat; T-Bil = total bilirubin; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; γ-GTP = γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; ChE = cholinesterase; FBG = fasting blood glucose; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; T-CHO = total cholesterol; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG = triglyceride; TP = total protein; Alb = albumin; AMY = amylase; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; Cre = creatinine; UA = uric acid; CRP = C-reactive protein.

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01

^***p < 0.001 versus the control group.

The complete blood count of the subjects is presented in table 2. The peripheral erythrocyte and total leukocyte counts were significantly higher in the obese group than in the control group. Particularly, significant increases were noted in the monocyte count in the obese group compared with those in the control group. There was no significant difference in peripheral neutrophil, lymphocyte as well as eosinophil and basophil counts between groups.

Table 2.

Complete blood count of subjects

	Control group (n = 11)	Obese group (n = 12)
Erythrocytes × 104/μl	499 (420–566)	552 (473–635)*
Hb, g/dl	15.1 (11.5–17.1)	16.3 (13.8–17.8)
Ht, %	44.0 (34.5–48.7)	46.8 (40.7–51.2)
MCV, fl	89.7 (76.8–93.1)	85.5 (80.6–92.1)
MCH, pg	30.3 (25.6–33.0)	29.4 (27.7–32.5)
MCHC, %	34.5 (32.1–36.5)	34.8 (33.8–36.2)
Total leukocytes/μl	5,060 (3,480–11,090)	7,120 (4,090–11,600)*
Neutrophils/μl	3,106 (2,168–7,995)	4649 (1,950–8,827)
Lymphocytes/μl	1,788 (890–2,439)	2,141 (1,587–3,161)
Monocytes/μl	298 (197–487)	419 (269–552)**
Eosinophils/μl	130 (32–391)	152 (37–209)
Basophils/μl	32 (19–44)	29 (8–42)
Plt × 104/μl	22.9 (17.2–32.4)	26.1 (20.2–34.7)

Hb = Hemoglobin; Ht = hematocrit; MCV = mean corpuscular volume; MCH = mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MCHC = mean cell hemoglobin concentration; Plt = platelets.

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01 versus the control group.

We then analyzed whether peripheral total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts correlated with the serum levels of liver enzymes in all 23 subjects. A significant positive correlation was found between total leukocyte, lymphocyte or monocyte counts and AST, ALT, γ-GTP, and ChE levels (fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Correlation of peripheral total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts with serum levels of A aspartate aminotransferase (AST), B alanine aminotransferase (ALT), C γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP), and D choline esterase (ChE). Open squares represent control subjects. Closed squares represent obese subjects

Although peripheral total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts did not correlate with FBG and HbA1c (fig. 2A, B) levels, they significantly correlated with insulin levels and HOMA-IR (fig. 2C, D).

Fig. 2.

Correlation of peripheral total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts with A fasting blood glucose (FBG), B hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), C insulin, and D homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Open squares represent control subjects. Closed squares represent obese subjects.

Peripheral total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte. and monocyte counts did not correlate with T-CHO levels (fig. 3A); however, lymphocyte and monocyte counts positively correlated with LDL-C levels and negatively correlated with HDL-C levels (fig. 3B, C). Peripheral lymphocyte count significantly correlated with TG levels, but total leukocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte counts did not (fig. 3D).

Fig. 3.

Correlation of peripheral total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts with A total cholesterol (T-CHO), B low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and D triglycerides (TG). Open squares represent control subjects. Closed squares represent obese subjects.

Peripheral monocyte count, but not lymphocyte count, significantly correlated with visceral and subcutaneous fat thickness as measured by ultrasonography (fig. 4A, B) and with body fat mass and percentage body fat as calculated by a bioimpedance analysis device (fig. 4C, D).

Fig. 4.

Correlation of peripheral total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts with A visceral fat thickness measured by ultrasonography, B subcutaneous fat thickness measured by ultrasonography, C body fat mass calculated by a bioimpedance analysis device, and D percentage body fat calculated by a bioimpedance analysis device. Open squares represent control subjects. Closed squares represent obese subjects.

Discussion

In this study, we analyzed 12 obese and 11 normal (control) young adults and demonstrated that i) peripheral total leukocyte and monocyte counts increased significantly in obese young adults, ii) total leukocyte count was associated with liver enzyme levels, insulin resistance, and visceral and subcutaneous fat thickness in young adults, iii) neutrophil count was associated with insulin resistance, iv) lymphocyte count was associated with serum liver enzymes, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, and v) monocyte count was associated with serum liver enzyme, insulin resistance, visceral and subcutaneous fat thickness as well as body fat mass and percentage body fat.

Peripheral total leukocyte count was reportedly elevated in patients with NAFLD [20], and the presence of NAFLD was significantly associated with higher peripheral total leukocyte and monocyte counts [21]. In addition, a recent meta-analysis of 20 studies demonstrated a positive correlation between increased peripheral total leukocyte counts and diabetes risk [22]. Peripheral total leukocyte count is reportedly an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes in young men at values well within the normal range, and overweight and obese subjects with relatively low peripheral total leukocyte counts seem to be at a significantly lower risk of diabetes compared with those with higher leukocyte counts [23]. Furthermore, peripheral total leukocyte count has also been associated with dyslipidemia [24,25] and is suggested to be a predictor of coronary heart disease [26]. In the present study, peripheral total leukocyte and monocyte counts were significantly higher in obese young adults, and in an analysis of 23 subjects, we demonstrated that these counts were associated with serum liver enzyme, insulin resistance, and fat volume. Because of the high prevalence (9 out of 12 subjects) of NAFLD in the obese group, we concluded that excessive and ectopic fat deposition appears to cause early systemic inflammation, leading to the elevation of peripheral inflammatory cells such as monocytes. Therefore, obese young adults with elevated total leukocytes and monocytes may be considered for early preventive intervention.

Several reports demonstrated that obese adults and children have increased peripheral CD4+ T cells [8,9,12,27,28], but not CD8+ T cells [8,9,27]. These results suggest a selective redistribution of CD8+ T cells into adipose tissue [29]. In addition, patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) exhibited increased numbers of peripheral CD4+ T cells and both CD4+ CD45RO+ and CD8+ CD45RO+ memory T cells, together with a higher frequency of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells [30]. Furthermore, greater numbers and activation of CD14+ monocytes were associated with hyperglycemia and increased atherosclerosis in obese adults and children [31,32,33,34]. It has also been reported that reactive oxygen species production is increased in the peripheral monocytes of obese patients [35]. Therefore, CD4+ T cells, memory T cells, or CD14+ monocytes may be the major subtypes of increased leukocytes, although we did not measure the surface markers of peripheral leukocytes.

The influence of subcutaneous fat is more modest than that of visceral fat; however, subcutaneous fat tissue also affects the inflammatory process [36]. In the present study, peripheral monocyte count positively correlated with visceral and subcutaneous fat thickness as well as with body fat mass and percentage body fat. These results suggest that the peripheral monocyte number reflects fat volume. Because the number of subjects was limited, it was difficult to conclude that lymphocyte count was not associated with visceral or subcutaneous fat thickness. Further studies with a larger number of subjects are required to investigate this in greater depth.

In the present study, erythrocyte count was significantly higher in the obese group than in the control group. Other studies reported that higher erythrocyte count was associated with pre-diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance [37,38,39]. The activation of tyrosine kinase in the insulin receptor, which could be essential for the growth-promoting action of insulin, is widely accepted as the mechanism accounting for this finding [40].

Our study demonstrated that serum amylase levels were significantly decreased in the obese group. It has been reported that low serum amylase levels were associated with an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes [41] and with NAFLD in asymptomatic adults [42]. An explanation for this relationship is systemic ectopic fat deposition in organs, including the pancreas, and studies have linked intrapancreatic fat deposition with NAFLD and metabolic syndrome [43,44]. Systemic fat deposition in multiple organs may therefore be a common cause for NAFLD and pancreatic dysfunction, causing impaired exocrine function.

Conclusions

In conclusion, peripheral total leukocyte and monocyte counts are associated with obesity-related complications such as NAFLD, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in young adults; in addition, peripheral monocyte count is associated with fat volume. Given that chronic low-grade systemic inflammation contributes to morbidity and mortality, early detection of obesity in young adults and appropriate preventive intervention appear to be important. However, one limitation of the present study is the small number of subjects. Further studies with a larger number of participants will be required to corroborate our findings.

Disclosure Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.