Long non-coding RNA PTENP1 inhibits proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells via AKT and MAPK signaling pathways

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the influence of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) PTEN pseudogene-1 (PTENP1) on the proliferation, migration and cycle of breast cancer cells and its mechanism. Lentiviral vectors expressing PTENP1 were synthesized and breast cancer cells MCF7 were transfected with LV003-GFP-PTENP1 and LV003-GFP, respectively. The proliferation capacities of breast cancer cells were detected using CCK-8 assay, and the migration capacities of breast cancer cells were detected using scratch assay; flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycles and Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of cyclin A2, CDK2, p-p44/42 MAPK, t-p44/42 MAPK, p-p38 MAPK, t-p38 MAPK, p-AKT, t-AKT in AKT and MAPK pathways. The absorbance values (A450) of cells in experimental group at 48 and 72 h were 1.4±0.3 and 2.3±0.47, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in control group (3.2±0.39, 3.4±0.58) (P<0.05). The number of cell colonies in experimental group was (48±13), which was significantly lower than that in control group (159±16) (P<0.01). The cell migration rate in experimental group was 22.8±3.3%, which was significantly lower than that in control group 61.8±5.2% (P<0.01). Western blot detection showed that the expression levels of cyclin A2, CDK2, p-AKT, p-p44/42 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK in experimental group were significantly decreased compared with those in control group. LncRNA PTENP1 can inhibit the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells via the AKT and MAPK signaling pathways.

Introduction

Breast cancer is a major disease threatening women's health. According to statistics, breast cancer accounts for one-third in all new-onset tumors in female (1). The occurrence and development of breast cancer are multi-gene and multi-step chain processes, which is promoted by gene abnormality; besides, abnormal epigenetic regulation also plays an important role in the occurrence process of breast cancer (2). In recent years, studies have found that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays an important role in the occurrence and development of breast cancer through the epigenetic regulation mechanism (3).

PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten) has been reported to inhibit progression and development of various cancers, and it was established as a tumor suppressor (4). For instance, PTEN can participate in suppressing the proliferation of cancer cells via negatively regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway (5,6), which suggests that PTEN is important in malignant transformation of cancer cells. However, little is known about the detailed mechanism how PTEN is changed during carcinogenesis. In recent years, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) has drawn increasing attention in the field of cancer. As reported, PTENp1 (PTEN pseudogene 1) could regulate the expression of the ancestral gene PTEN, thus exerted an effect on the process of carcinogenesis (7). However, the function and mechanism of PTEN pseudogene 1 (PTENP1) in breast cancer cells have not been completely clarified. Breast cancer cell lines expressing lncRNA PTENP1 stably were established in this study, so as to investigate the role of PTENP1 in the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells and its mechanism.

Materials and methods

Materials

Breast cancer cell line MCF7 and cell line 293T used for lentivirus packaging were purchased from Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. TRIzol reagent was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA), trypsin and fetal bovine serum DMEM were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA), dimethyl sulfoxide was from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), CCK-8 kit was from Dojindo (Kumamoto, Japan), RNA extraction kit and TRIzol were obtained from Takara (Otsu, Japan), and the rabbit anti-human p-p44/42MAPK, p-p38 MAPK, p-AKT, cyclin A2, CDK2 and mouse anti-human GAPDH monoclonal antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA).

Cell culture

MCF7 cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and the medium was placed in an incubator containing 5% CO2 at 37°C. Cells were digested by 0.25% trypsin, followed by passage; and cells in logarithmic phase were used for the experiment.

Construction of lncRNA PTENP1 lentiviral expression vector

According to DNA sequence of PTENP1 in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), the target gene PTENP1-3′UTR was amplified with DNA in human skin tissue as the template. Gene primer sequences were as follows: sense strand: 5′-AGTCACCTGTTAAGAAAATGAGAAGACAAA-3′, antisense strand: 5′-CTGTCCCTTATCAGATACATGACTTTCAA-3′. The recombinants expressing PTENP1 were constructed by LV003-GFP vector, followed by sequencing and identification.

Lentivirus packaging

Four kinds of plasmids (pspax2, pMD2G, pLVX-IRES-ZsGreen1 and pLV003-PTENP1) in lentiviral packaging system were prepared; ZsGreen1 expression cassette on the plasmid could express GFP; 293T cells were transfected with the plasmids containing the target gene and the four kinds of plasmids in lentiviral packaging system for virus packaging, and the virus supernatant was collected; the supernatant was centrifuged in a 40 ml ultra-speed centrifuge tube at 80,000 × g for 2 h at 4°C; the in a 40 ml ultracentrifuge tube. The virus precipitation was resuspended using iced PBS, dissolved at 4°C overnight and stored at −80°C.

Construction of breast cancer cell line MCF7 expressing lncRNA PTENP1 stably

When the cell fusion of MCF7 reached 60–70%, GFP-PTENP1 and LV003-GFP were added on the cell surface at the multiplicity of infection (MOI)=10, respectively. After 8 h, the normal DMEM medium containing 10% fetal calf serum was used. The experimental group (MCF7 cells transfected with LV003-GFP-PTENP1) and control group (MCF7 cells transfected with LV003-GFP) were set up. Puromycin (1 µl/ml) was added for screening after green fluorescence was observed under the fluorescence microscope, fluorescence photos were taken after 3 days, and the expression of PTENP1 was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR.

Detection of proliferation capacity of breast cancer cells via CCK-8

Cells taken from the two groups were inoculated onto the 96-well plates (2×10³/well) with 5 repetition wells in each group. CCK-8 solution was added with 10 µl/well at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, and the cells were incubated in an incubator for 2 h. A450 was measured with the microplate reader, and the growth curve was drawn according to A450s.

Detection of clone formation capacity of breast cancer cells via plate clone assay

Cells taken from experimental group and control group were digested to prepare the single-cell suspension, and the cell density was adjusted to 2×10³/ml, and 100 µl cell suspension was taken and inoculated onto the 6-well plate, and then 2 ml medium was added. The cell suspension was cultured in an incubator for 1–2 weeks and was seeded when the clone formation was visible, followed by Giemsa staining; and the number of clones was counted.

Detection of migration rate of breast cancer cells via scratch assay

The above-mentioned cells were inoculated onto the 6-well plate, and when the cell fusion reached 100%, a straight line was drawn in the middle of each well with 1-ml spearhead, and the photos of cells were taken after 24 h; the area change before and after the scratch was calculated. Cell migration rate (%) = (area in scratch - area after 24 h/area in scratch) × 100%.

Detection of protein expression via western blot method

Cells in logarithmic phase were taken from experimental group and control group; the total protein of each group was extracted and quantified according to the procedures in protein extraction kit. The protein was transferred to polyvinylidene chloride membrane by wet transfer method after acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The membrane was sealed by skimmed milk for 1 h. And then primary rabbit monoclonal p-AKT antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab81283); rabbit polyclonal t-AKT antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab38449); rabbit monoclonal p-P44/42MAPK antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab53277); rabbit monoclonal t-P44/42 MAPK antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab50011); rabbit polyclonal p-p38 MAPK antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab47363); rabbit polyclonal t-p38 MAPK antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab197348); rabbit monoclonal cyclinA2 antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab32386); rabbit monoclonal CDK2 antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab32147); rabbit polyclonal GAPDH antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab37168) were added. All the antibodies were all purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Then the protein was incubated overnight at 4°C. After the protein was washed with TBST three times, secondary goat anti-rabbit (HRP) IgG antibody (dilution, 1:2,000; cat. no. ab6721) was added for incubation for 1 h, followed by development via enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL).

Statistical analysis

SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis. The t-test was used for the comparison of protein expression levels and absorbance values between the two groups. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Influence of lncRNA PTENP1 on proliferation capability of breast cancer MCF7 cells

The growth curve of breast cancer MCF7 cells is shown in Fig. 1. A450 of cells in experimental group at 48 h and 72 h was 1.4±0.3 and 2.3±0.47, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in control group (3.2±0.39, 3.4±0.58) (P<0.05). Colony-forming assay is shown in Fig. 2, and the results showed that the number of cell clones in experimental group was 48±13, which was significantly lower than that in control group (159±16) (P<0.01).

Figure 1.

The growth curve of breast cancer MCF7 cells.

Figure 2.

Colony-forming assay of breast cancer MCF7 cells. (A) Control group; (B) experimental group; (C) compared with control group, colony number was significantly reduced in the experimental group (**P<0.01).

Influence of lncRNA PTENP1 on migration capacity of breast cancer MCF7 cells

Scratch assay showed that the cell migration rate in experimental group was 22.8±3.3%, which was significantly lower than that in control group 61.8±5.2% (p<0.01) (Fig. 3).

Figure 3.

Influence of lncRNA PTENP1 on migration capacity of breast cancer MCF7 cells between control group and experimental group (**P<0.01).

Influence of lncRNA PTENP1 on cyclin of breast cancer MCF7 cells

Cyclin A2 and CDK2 are the important proteins that promote cells to transform from S phase to G2 phase. Western blot detection showed that the expression levels of cyclin A2 and CDK2 in experimental group were significantly lower than those in control group (Fig. 4).

Figure 4.

Influence of lncRNA PTENP1 on cyclin of breast cancer MCF7 cells between control group and experimental group.

Influence of lncRNA PTENP1 on AKT and MAPK signaling pathways

Western blot detection showed that the expression of p-AKT protein, an important factor in AKT signaling pathway, in experimental group was significantly decreased compared with that in control group. In addition, the protein expression levels of p-p38 MAPK and p-p44/42 MAPK, important factors in MAPK signaling pathway, in experimental group were significantly decreased compared with those in control group (Fig. 5).

Figure 5.

Influence of lncRNA PTENP1 on AKT and MAPK signaling pathways of breast cancer MCF7 cells between control group and experimental group.

Discussion

lncRNA is a transcription RNA with the length of more than 200 nucleotides. lncRNA can not be translated into protein because of lack of a promoter. More and more studies have confirmed that lncRNA regulates the proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and migration of tumor cells through its participation in regulating chromatin modification, transcriptional activation, intranuclear interference and silencing of X chromosome (8). Studies have shown that lncRNA also plays an important regulatory role in the occurrence and development of breast cancer. In ERα-positive breast cancer, lncRNA H19 can improve the chemotherapy resistance of breast cancer by downregulating BIK, a pro-apoptotic gene (9). In breast cancer cells, long non-coding RNA UCA1 can enhance the chemotherapy resistance of tamoxifen, which may be realized through the regulation of miR-18a-HIF1α feedback loop (10). In this study, breast cancer cell MCF7 expressing PTENP1 was established. CCK-8 proliferation assay and plate clone assay showed that PTENP1 could inhibit the proliferation and growth of breast cancer cells, scratch assay showed that PTENP1 could inhibit the migration of breast cancer cells.

Via directly inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway and negatively regulating miR-21, PTEN could affect a series of cellular processes (11,12). As showed in our study, PTENp1 inhibited cell proliferation and migration via AKT signaling pathway as well as cell cycle related proteins such as cyclin A2 and CDK2. This discovery revealed that PTENp1, a kind of pseudogene transcript that blocks miRNA activity in breast cancer, could post-transcriptionally regulate many potential biological roles.

MAPK is a serine/threonine protein kinase in cells, which plays an important role in breast cancer. Abnormal changes of MAPK signaling pathway play an important role in the growth, differentiation and other physiological activities of breast cancer. To investigate the role of PTENP1 in MAPK signaling pathway in breast cancer cells, the protein expression levels of p-p44/42 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK in MCF7 expressing PTENP1 were detected, and it was found that PTENP1 could downregulate the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 (P44/42 MAPK) and p38 MAPK protein, important factors in MAPK signaling pathway in breast cancer cells, indicating that PTENP1 can also regulate the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells via regulating MAPK signaling pathway, in addition to inhibiting the activity of AKT signaling pathway in breast cancer cells.

In recent years, some scholars have proposed the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis; in other words, there are common microRNA binding sites in lncRNA and mRNA in corresponding functional network, which weakens the inhibiting effect of microRNA on homologous mRNA via microRNA adsorption (13–15). Studies show that lncRNA PTENP1 can also regulate the expression of PTEN through the method in ceRNA hypothesis, thus affecting the progression of tumor cells (16–18). Whether the mechanism of ceRNA is involved in breast cancer cells needs further study.

In conclusion, lncRNA PTENP1 can inhibit the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells, which may be realized through downregulating cyclin A2 and CDK2, the important proteins in cell cycle, and AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. lncRNA PTENP1 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of breast cancer, and the in-depth study on it can reveal not only the related mechanism of PTEN, its cancer suppressor gene, but also the role and mechanism of lncRNA in breast cancer. In addition, the in-depth study on lncRNA can provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.