Developmental changes in channel properties can affect output of a simple circuit. The schematic depicts a simple circuit model in which the HVCINT neurons are stimulated, inhibiting HVCX neurons that in turn excite HVCRA neurons. The subsong and adult song model circuits vary only in their intrinsic physiology, maintaining the same synaptic weighting between neurons. The subsong circuit reflects the physiology of the neurons recorded during subsong, and the adult song circuit reflects the physiology of the neurons recorded during adult song. The circuit is not necessarily indicative of all microcircuitry within HVC, but rather, to show that the developmental changes in HVC intrinsic physiology observed in the present experiments are of sufficient magnitude to have a significant influence on the output of even a very simple, but plausible, HVC local circuit.